
Glass.. 

Book . _JJL 



% 5L 



/ 

Dean's Stereotype Edition. 
THE 

LATIN RE ADJ2R, 

BY 

FREDERIC JACOBS ,oS9 

AND / A/ / 

FREDERIC WILLIAM DORING. 

WITH 

NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS, 

PARTLY TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN, 

AND 
PARTLY DRAWN FROM OTHER SOURCES, 



BY JOHN D. OGILBY, 

PRINCIPAL OP THE GRAMMAR SCHOOL OF COLUMBIA COLLEGE, NEW'TORK, 



PART FIRST, 

TROM THE SEVENTH GERMAN EDITION. 

NINTH NEW YORK EDITION. 




NEW YORK. 
W. E. DEAN, PRINTER & PUBLISHER, 

2 ANN STREET. 
1852. 



By transfer J* 



A 



^W 



Entered, 
According to the Act of Congress, in the year 1845, by 

WILLIAM E. DEAN, 

In the Clerk's office of the Southern District of 
New Fork. 



STEREOTYPED BY FRANCIS F. RIPLEY, 
NEW YORK. 



PREFACE 



The Latin Reader, now offered to the public, forms part of a 
work well known in Germany, under the title of " Lateinisches 
Elementarbuch zum offentlichen und Privat-Gebrauche von 
Friedrich Jacobs und Friedrich Wilhelm Doring." The Ger- 
man edition consists of six parts, of which the 1st and 2nd are 
comprised in this volume. The 3rd contains extracts from 
Caesar, Curtius Rufus, Livy, Sallust, and Tacitus ; the 4th is 
made up of excerpts from Cicero's Epistles and Orations; the 
5th is composed of selections from Ovid, Martial, and the An- 
thologia Latina 5 and the 6th embraces parts of Catullus, Ti- 
bullus, Propertius, Lucretius, Virgil, and Seneca. As this lit- 
tle book is intended merely to give the learner such an ac- 
quaintance with the fundamental principles of the Latin lan- 
guage as will enable him to enter with advantage upon the 
study of the preparatory course for our College, it has been 
deemed advisable to omit the contents of the last four volumes. 
A part of them is contained in the course for entrance, and the 
rest is too difficult for mere beginners. 

It may be necessary here to state the reason for publishing 
a New York edition, when one has already been issued from 
the Boston press. It will be readily acknowledged, that if the 
assistance of notes is necessary to the learner in Germany, 
where the advantages in classical instruction are incomparably 
greater than in our country, they are much more requisite to 
the American pupil. It has been the object of the editor, there- 
fore, to supply this deficiency in the previous American edi- 
tions. Most of the Notes have been translated from the Ger- 
man ; others have been supplied, which the superior state of in- 
struction on the Continent would render unnecessary there. 

It is hoped that this little work may be found serviceable to 
those who use it, and contribute in some degree to the advance- 
ment of sound elementary education. 

Grammar School, Columbia College. 
New York, Jan. 1830. 



CONTENTS OF PART FIRST. 



First Division, 


Second 


do. 


Third 


do. 


Fourth 


do. 


Fifth 


do. 


Sixth 


do. 


Seventh do. 


Eighth 


do. 



Page 
Introductory Exercises, .... i 

Fables from iEsop, ------ 14 

Mythological Extracts, - - ... 25 

Anecdotes of Eminent Persons of Antiquity, 31 

Roman History, - - - - - - 39 

The Geography and Nations of Antiquity, - 58 

Notes, --•••-.-77 

Dictionary! ....... 113 



FIRST DIVISION. 



INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 

J 

SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE. ;< £. 

Bed. I. Lingua Graeca. Silva umbrosa. Hora ultima. 
Divitiae incertae, Tenebrae spissae. Latebrae tutae. 

Poeta bonus. Agricola laboriosus. Auriga peritus. Col 
legae optimi. 

Boreas violentus Pyrites durus. Cometes rutilus. Pla 
netae vagi. 

Crambe recocta. Epitome accurata, brevis. 

Bed. II. Amicus carus. Servus infidus. Liber bonus. 
Vir generosus. Ager fructuosus. \ Silentium altum. Vincu- 
lum firmum. Verba vera. 

Humus humida. Dialectus Attica. Diphthongus longa. 
Periodus concinna. Methodus optima. 

Bed. III. Sermo Latinus. Sermones prudentissimi. Pa- 
vo pictus. : Pavones splendidi. Pugio cruentus. Pudor inge- 
nuus. Flos caducus. Ros matutmus. Mores antiqui.| Pes 
claudus. Pedes graciles. Frater germanus. Anser tardus. 
Mus parvus, f Mures albi. Lepus timidus. Lepores pavidi. 
Paries proximus. Parietes picti. 

Origo incerta. Consuetudo optima. Gens barbara. Gente.s 
remotae. 

Ordo primus. Ordmes densi. Cardo ferreus. Marmor can- 
didum. Marmora maculosa. Iter longum. Itinera longinqua. - 
Rus amoenum. Rura jucundissima. Crus dextrum. Papa- 
ver rubrum. Ver jucundum. 

Seges laeta. Merces larga. Gluies exoptata. Lex divina. 
Leges severae. Faex sordida. 

Aestas calida. Aetas aurea. Laus jucunda. Fraus im- 
proba. Turris alta. Vulpes astuta. Fames dira. Mors cita. 
Nox longa. Noctes gelidae. Plebs infima. 

Amnis limpidus. Axis ferreus. Cinis tepidus. Crinis fla- 



2 INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 

vus. Crines rutili. Finis optatus. Ignis lucidus. Lapis du- 
rus. Lapldes asperi. Mensis ultimus. Piscis mutus. Vec- 
xis robustus. 
1 Grex magnus. Apex summus. Rex potentissimus. 

Mons altissimus. / Fons clarus. Fontes frigidi. Pons lig- 
neus. Dens acutus. Dentes validi. Rudens crassus. 

Mare vastum. Maria alta. Poema longum. Aenigma 
inexplicabile. Nomen infaustum. Nomina illustria. Caput 
crassum. Capita cana. Corpus obesum. Corpora formosa. 
Vas aureum. 

Senectus morosa. Salus insperata. Palus profunda. Pa- 
ludes vastae. Incus dura. Incudes ferreae. Virtus eximia. 

Decl. IV. Gradus tardus. Casus insolitus. Sensus acerri- 
mus. Fructus maturus. 

Cornu rigldurxL Cornua alta. Tonitru raucum. Gelu sae- 
vum. 

Manus sinistra. Manus validae. Porticus spatiosa. Mag- 
nificae porticus. Acus acuta. Domus ampla. 

Decl V. Res magna. Spes certa. Species venusta. Gla- 
cies lubrlca. Dies serena. Dies longissimi. 

A Substantive depending upon another Substantive. X JL / / 

Coruscum lumen stellarum. Motus continuus siderum. 
Magna vis consuetudinis. Suavis recordatio praeteriti tempo- 
ris. Scientia utilissimarum rerum. Hostilium armorum stre- 
pitus. Summa altissimorum montium cacumina. Altae pro- 
cerarum arborum radices. Acutissimus dentium molarium 
dolor. Fabrlca vasorum fictilium. Romulus primus Romano- 
rum rex. Antiquissimae decern virorum leges. Acerrimum lit- 
terarum studium. 

A Substantive depending upon an Adjective. 

Dux belli peritissimus. Gens artium rudis. Puer praecep- 
torum immemor. Regio fecunda pecorum. Ingenium sum- 
marum rerum capax. Cista librorum plena. Homines labo- 
ris patientes. 

Canis similis lupo. Lex omnibus utilis. Mediclna corpori 
salutaris. Disciplina pueris necessaria. Terra apta vitibus. 
Labor accommodatus viribus. Sermo omnibus auditoribus 
gratus. Patria mihi gratissima. Verba honestati contraria. 
Domus nostrae domui proxima. Mors omnibus communis. 
Vita periculis obnoxia. 



L EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCES. 

SIMPLE PROPOSITIONS. 

Subject and Predicate* 

Terra est rotunda. Vera amicitia est sempitema. Euro- 
pa est peninsula. Fames et sitis sunt molestae. Plurimae 
stellae soles sunt. Ebrietas est vitanda. 1 i Nemo semper fe- 
lix est. Non omnes milites sunt fortes. Maximum animal 
terrestre est elephas. 

Tarquinius Superbus fait ultimus rex Romanorum. | Soma 
aliquamdiu fait caput orbis terrarum. Athenae 2 olim illustres 
faerunt. Avarus nunquam erit contentus. Ubi faisti, cessa- 
tor ? quare nee 3 tu nee frater adfaistis pompae ? Estote at- 
tenti, tranquilli, diligentes. 

I Bonus laudatur, improbus vituperatur. Oves non ubique 
tondentur. In India gignuntur maxima animalia. Hyaenae 
plurimae gignuntur in Africa. In Africa nee cervi, nee apri, 
nee ursi inveniuntur. In Syria nigri leones reperiuntur. 
Apud Romanos mortui 4 plerumque cremabantur. Fortes 
laudabantur, ignavi vituperabuntur. Litterae 5 a Phoenicibus 
inventae sunt. Carthago, Corinthus, Numantia, et multae 
aliae urbes a Romanis eversae sunt. 

Innocentia mea me consolabitur. Multa polliceris, nihil ex- 
sequeris. Aliter psittacus loquitur, aliter homo. Omnes mo- 
riemur ; alii citius, alii 6 serius. Oculi saepe mentiuntur. 

Usage of Prepositions. 

Propero ad flnem. Nulla habemus arma contra mortem. 
Nulla est firma amicitia inter malos. Galli 7 habitant trans 
Rhenum. Vir generosus mitis est erga victos. Cometae o b ra- 



* Three things are required to constitute a proposition, i. e. the. subject the 
predicate, and the copula. j > 

The subject is that concerning which any thing is affirmed or denied ; so in the 
proposition, Terra est rotunda, Terra is the subject. . 

m The predicate (praedico, are,) is that which is affirmed or denied of the sub- 
ject : so rotunda is the predicate of the above-mentioned proposition, since it is 
declared or affirmed of the earth that it is round. 

The copula is the form of a proposition; it represents the act of the mind af- 
firming, or denying, and accordingly joins or disjoins the terms or ideas which 
constitute the proposition, or, in other words, the subject and predicate : so in 
the phrase quoted, est is the copula, since it joins the subject, terra, with the 
predicate, rotunda. In the phrase, Vera amicitia est sempitema, vera amicitia 
is the subject, , sempitema the predicate, and est the copula. Maximum animal 
terrestre est elephas; elephas is the subject, maximum animal terrestre, the pre- 
dicate, and est the copula. * 



4 EXERCISES OF SIMPLE SENTENCES. 

ritatem et speciem sunt mirabiles. Servi parent propter me- 
turn, boni propter officium. Navigatio juxta litus saepe est 
periculosa. 

Imperium populorumest^eraes reges et magistratus. Pisces 
extra aquam exspirant. Res praeter opinionem cecidit. 1 

Aquilae nidificant in rupibus et arboribus. Coccyx semper 
parit in alienis nidis. In senectute hebescunt sensus ; visus, 
auditus debilitatur. Gluidam homines nati sunt cum dentibus. 
Xerxes cum paucissimis militibus ex Graecia aufugit. L, 
Metellus 2 primus elephantos ex primo Punico bello duxit in 
triumpho. Cantabit vacuus coram latrone viator. Sidera ab 
ortu ad occasum commeant. Britannia a Phoenicibus 3 in- 
venta est. Apes sine rege esse non possunt. Infans nihil sine 
aliena ope potest. Dulce est pro patria mori. Venenum ali- 
quando pro remedio fuit. 

The Accusative governed by Verbs. 

Crocodilus ova parit. Elephantus odit 4 murem et suem. 
Cameli diu sitim tolerant. Accipitres non edunt cor da avium. 
Lanae nigrae nullum colorem bibunt. Senes minime sentiunt 
morbos contagiosos. Cervi cornua quotannis amittunt. Ceres 
frumentum invenit ; Bacchus vinum ; Mercurius litteras. Ca- 
nes soli dominos suos bene novere ; 5 soli nomina sua agnos- 
cunt. Culices acida 6 petunt, ad dulcia 1 non advolant. Hys- 
trix aculeos longe jaculatur. Crocodilus dies in terra agit, 
nodes in aqua. 

The Accusative of Measure. 

Rhinoceros cornu habet in naso saepe tres pedes longum. 
Elephas altus est duodecim vel quatuordecim pedes. Quae- 
dam bestiolae nonnisi unum diem vivunt. duaedam anima- 
lia totam hiemem dormiunt. Alexander Magnus tredecim 
annos regnavit. 

The Genitive depending upon Substantives. 

Infinita est multitudo morborum. Litterarum usus est anti- 
quissimus. Asia et Africa greges ferorum asinorum alit. 
Magna est linguarum inter homines varietas. Innumerabilia 
sunt mortis signa, salutis paucissima. Cyrus omnium in ex- 
ercitu suo militum nomina tenebat. Canis vestigia ferarum 
diligentissime scrutatur et persequitur. Nemo non 8 benignus 
f* st sui judex. Leonum animi index cauda. 9 



EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCES. 5 

The Genitive depending upon Adjectives. 

Mens criminis, conscia tranquilla esse non potest. Inter ve- 
teres belli duces Caesar rei militaris peritissimus fait. Germa- 
nmfrugum et vini fertilissima est. Non semper veritaiis satis 
amantes sumus. Veteres Romani gloriae faerunt cupidissimi. 

The Genitive depending upon Verbs, and answering to the 
question, where ? 

In omni officio maximi 1 aestimatur dantis voluntas. 

Per garni 2 quot annis publicum spectaculum gallorum pug- 
nantium edebatur. 

Pausanias, rex Spartae, proditionis accusabatur. Cur tarn 
probum virum insimulas furti ? Alcibiades absens capitis est 
damnatus. Nemo se timoris prorsus absolvere poterit. 

The Dative answering to the question, to whom ? and to what? 

Antiquissimus hominibus specus erant 3 pro domibus. Nulli 
animali memoria major est quam cani. Gallinacei leonibus 
terrori sunt. 4 Homini plurima ex homine fiunt mala. Avaro 
omnia desunt, inopi pauca, sapienti nihil. Ira insaniae est 
simillima. 

The Dative answering io the question, for what 1 

Non nobis 5 tantum vivimus, sed patriae etiam et amicis. 
Prospicite patriae, consulite amicis, parcite hostibus. Homo 
fariosus ne liber is quidem 6 parcit suis. Nee sacris nee pro- 
fanis 1 milites pepercerunt. 8 Deus rebus humanis consulit. 
Vir sapiens et probus invidet 9 nemini. 

The Ablative answering to the question, by what means ? 

wherewith ? 

Apri in morbis sibi medentur 10 hedera. Pyrrhus rex tactu 
pollicis in dextro pede lienosis medebatur. Oleo insecta exani- 
mantur. Ferae domantur fame atque verberibus. Anacreon 
poeta aclno uvae passae exstinctus est. Crocodilus pelle 
durissima contra omnes ictus munitur. In Africa elephanti 
capiuntur foveis. Elephanti spirant, bibunt, odorantur probos- 
cide. Populi quidam vescuntur 11 locustis. Dentes usu atte- 
runtur, sed igne non cremantur. Mures alpmi binis pedibus 
gradiuntur, prioribus, 12 ut manibus, utuntur. 13 

PART I. B 



6 EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCES. 

The Ablative answering to the question, wherein? 

Leaenae juba carent. 1 Leones facile per triduum cibo ca- 
rent. Elephanti maxime amnibus gaudent. Apes tinnitu 
aeris gaudent, eoque convocantur. 

The Ablative of time answering to the question, when ? 

Quibusdam in locis anseres bis anno velluntur. Color lusci- 
niarum autumno mutatur. Hieme ursi in antris dormiunt. Ne- 
mo mortalium omnibus horis sapit. Primores dentes septimo 
mense gignuntur; septimo anno iidem decidunt. Antipater 
Sidonius, poeta, quotannis, die natali suo, febre corripiebatur. 

The Ablative of Quality. 

Reperiuntur interdum cervi candido colore. Hippopotamus 
in Nilo habitat, magna bellua, ungulis binis, dorso, juba, hin- 
nltu, ut equus, rostro reslmo, cauda et dentibus, ut aper. 
Halcyon est colore cyaneo, collo gracili et procero. Genus 
quoddam earum magnitudine distinguitur et cantu. 

The Ablative of price answering to the question, for what ? 

Isocrates orator unam orationem viginti talentis vendidit. 
Luscinia Candida sex sestertiis Romae venit. 2 Multo plerum- 
que sanguine constat victoria. Victi saepe pacem ingentX 
pecunia emunt. Tranquillitas animi neque auro neque gem- 
mis est venalis. 

The Ablative of names of towns answering to the question, 

where ? 

Carthagine* interdum pueri diis immolabantur ; Spartat 
pueri ad aram Dianae loris caedebantur. Aulide Iphigenia, 
Agamemnonis filia, Dianae caesa est. Alexander Babylone 
mortuus est. Athenis eloquentia et philosophia nata est. 
Thebis Pindarus floruit, Syracusis Theocritus. Sardibus 
regnavit Croesus. Gadibus in Hispania antiquissimis tem- 
poribus Phoenlces habitabant. 

The Infinitive as the subject. 

Errare est humanum. Turpe est, beneficium repetere* 
Beneficiis gratiam non refer re etiam turpius est. Parentes 
non amare est impium. Laus est, bonis placer e. Melius est, 
sero discere quam nunquam. 



EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCES, 



The Infinitive as the complement of the Predicates. 

Malo tacere quam temere loqui. Non poenae metus, sed 
virtutis amor nos ab injuria prohibere debet. Et prodesse 1 vo- 
lant et delectare poetae. Vir prudens nihil solet temere 
neque dicer e neque facere. 

The Infinitive as an Accusative governed by a Verb, 

Equo vehi 2 Bellerophon invenit; ex equo pugnare 3 Thes- 
sali. Aurum vestibus intezere, invenit rex Attalus. Romae 
elephantes docebantur per nines incedere. 

The Nominative of the Gerund, or the Gerund of necessity. 

Semper pugnandum est contra cupiditates et lubidinem, 
Juveni 4 parandum est, seni utendum. Apud Pythagoram 
discipulis per quinque annos tacendum erat. Senibus quoque 
discendum est. 

The Genitive of the Gerund. 

Honestissima est contentio beneficia beneficiis vincendi. 5 
Parsimonia est scientia vitandi sumtus supervacuos, et re fa- 
miliari recte utendi. 6 Justitia est constans et perpetua volun- 
tas suum cuique tribuendi. 

Homo natura 7 est cupidus nova 8 semper videndi et audien- 
di. Ut equus 9 equitandi imperito ita libri sunt inutiles igna- 
ro legendi. 

The Dative of the Gerund. 

Olim calamus adhibebatur scribendo, hodie pennae 10 anse- 
rum. Aqua marina inutilis est bibendo. Culex habet telum 
et 11 fodiendo et sorbendo idoneum. 

The Accusative of the Gerund. 

Non omnes aequaliter ad discendum propensi sumus. Ut 
equus ad cursum, bos ad arandum, canis ad indagandum, sic 
homo natus est ad intelligendum et ad agendum. Puerorum 
ingenium primum se inter ludendum aperit. 

The Ablative of the Gerund. 

Funem abrumpes nimium tendendo. Docendo discimus. 
Mens alitur discendo et cogitando. Lacedaemonii exerce- 



8 THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 

bant juvenes vena?ido, currendo, esuriendo, sitiendo, algendo, 
aestuando. 

In jocando adhibenda est moderatio. Virtus cernitur in 
agendo. Poenis mali a peccando absterrentur. In legendo 
apum prudentiam imitari debemus. 

Exercises upon the Verbs, Miscellaneous Sentences. 

Festina lente. Ne temere jurato, Sapere aude. Pueri 
parento majoribus. Nosce te ipsum. Ne repellite sa A ubria 
consilia. Fatere si quid 1 peccavisti. Loquere rarius, Imi- 
tare bonos. Obsequere prudentibus. Ne quasvis injurias 
ulciscimini. 

Si probitatem amabis, et ipse 2 a probis amaberis. Mox 
nabis sine cortice. In quibus sedibus habitabimus post mor- 
tem ? Sequere me, nee errabis. Qui se ipsum non coercet, 
carcere et vinculis coercebitur. Virtus neque incendio, ne- 
que naufragio amittetur. Tempus ruit, et cito ultima hora 
superveniet. Improbum et scelestum mala conscientia nun- 
quam non comitabitur et cruciabit. Bonus bonos imitabitur, 
eorumque vestigia sequetur. 

Surdum et stupidum docendo operam perdidisti. Recte ju- 
dicas, et, ut veteres loquuntur, rem acu tetigisti. Stultos arti- 
bus tuis fefellisti, prudentes non falles. Romani antiquissi- 
mis temporibus foedera cum Carthaginiensibus pepigerunt. 
Res male cedidit, non vestra culpa, sed fortunae casu. 

Catillna ausus est consulatum vi et armis petere. Alexan- 
der nunquam non fortunae et fortitudini suae confisus est. 
Frustra inimici caede gavisus es. Captivi apud Romanos 
sub hasta 3 venierunt. Pueri non morigeri vapulant. Gigan- 
tes coelum armis petere ausi sunt. 

THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 

By Comparison. 

Canes Indici grandiores sunt, quam caeteri. Nullum ma- 
lum est vehementius et importunius quam invidia. Praestat 
mori quam servire. In montibus aer purior est et tenuior 
quam in vallibus. Aestate dies sunt longiores quam hieme. 
Margaritarum Indicarum color est purior, quam reliquarum 
omnium. 

Abridged Comparison. 
Nihil est dementia* divinius. Aurum gravius est argento 



THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 9 

Adamas durior est ferro ; ferrum durius caeteris metallis. 
Ut animus corpore est nobilior, ita virtus praestantior est robore 
et externa specie. Gluanto honesta mors turpi vita est potior ! 

Apposition. 

Carthago atque Corinthus, opulentissimae urbes, 1 eodem an- 
no a Romanis eversae sunt. Q,uam brevi tempore populi Ro- 
mani omnium gentium victoris, libertas fracta est! Lacedae- 
monios, fortissimos mortalium, non ferrum sed aurum vicit. 
Athenas, artium olim et litterarum domicilium, philosophiae 
et eloquentiae altrices, 2 barbari everterunt. Pythagoras dis- 
cipulis suis nullam aliam rem magis commendabat, quam 
frugalitatem, caeterarum virtutum genitricem. Thebae, 3 
Boeotiae caput, sub monte Cithaerone sitae sunt. 

Sentences subjoined by means of the relative Pronoun. 

Non omnis ager, qui seritur, fert fruges. Psittacus, quern 
India mittit, reddit verba, quae accepit. Achilles, cujus res 
gestas Homeri carmina celebrant, ad Hellespontum sepultus 
est. Myrmecides quidam quadrigam fecit ex ebore, quam 
musca alis integebat. Qui bonis non recte utitur, 4 ei bona ma- 
la flunt. Qui non facit, quod 5 spopondit, mendax vocatur et 
perfidus. 

By Adverbs of time. 

Ager, quum plures annos quievit, uberiores fructus efferre 
solet. Gaudemus, quum res videmus insolitas, quas antea non 
videramus. Nunquam non doleo, quando horam inani ser- 
mone perdidi. Ceres frumenta invenit, quum antea homines 
glandibus vescerentur. Nave primus in Graeciam Danaus 
advenit, quum antea ratibus navigaretur. Alexander, rex 
Macedoniae, quum Thebas cepisset, Pindari vatis familiae pe- 
percit. Magna debemus suscipere, dum vires suppetunt. Cer- 
vi, quamdiu cornibus carent, 7 noctu ad pabula procedunt. 

By Conjunctions denoting a cause or reason. 

Frustratibi vires elephanti optas, quum ratione sis praeditus, 
qua veF elephantus domatur. Quum sit in hominibus ratio et 
prudentia, deus haec 9 procul dubio etiam majora habet. Pla- 
to Socratis sermones litteris mandavit, quum ipse Socrates lit- 
teram reliquisset nullam. 

b2 



10 THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 



By Conjunctions denoting a purpose and a consequence. 

Tanta est in India ubertas soli, ut sub una ficu turmae equi- 
turn condantur. 1 Ursi per hiemem tarn gravi somno premun- 
tur, ut ne vulneribus quidem 2 excitentur. Delphini tanta in- 
terdum vi e mari' exsiliunt, ut vela navium transvolent. In 
India serpentes ad tantam magnitudinem adolescunt, ut inte- 
gros hauriant cervos taurosque. Fac, ut homines animum 
tuum pluris faciant, quam omnia, quae 3 illis tribuere possis. 
Unde factum est, ut tantas divitias tarn cito amiseris ? Nemo 
unquam tarn potens fuit, ut nullius auxilio egeret. 

Note. — The relative pronoun is also used in the 
following manner, as a substitute for ut. Nulla terra 
tarn fertilis est, quae omnia largiatur. Nulla gens 
tarn fera est, tamque barbara, quae non habeat sen- 
sum religionis. Bestiis deus motum et sensum de- 
dit, quo vitam tuerentur ; hominibus rationem addi- 
. dit, qua regerentur appetltus. 

Alexander edixit, ne quis 4 ipsum praeter Apellem pingeret. 
Pythagoreis interdictum fuit, ne fabis vescerentur. Oculi pal- 
pebris sunt muniti, ne quid incidat. Nihil fere tarn reconditum 
est, quin 5 quaerendo inveniri possit Nunquam tarn mane 
egredior, neque tarn vesperi domum revertor, quin 6 te in fundo 
conspicer fodere, aut arare, aut aliquid facere. Xerxes non 
dubitabat, quin? copiis suis Graeeos facile superaturus esset. 

By inter rogatives. 

Quaeritur unuswe 8 sit mundus, an plures. Disputabant ve- 
teres philosophi, casrnie factus sit mundus, an mente divina. 
Augustus cum amicis suis consultabat, utrum imperium ser- 
varet, an deponeret. Quis numerare potest, quoties per totam 
vitam lacrymas fuderit ; aut quot mor bis homo sit obnoxius ? 

Fortunae munera, honores, divitiae, forma, quamdiu nobis 
adfutura sint, nullo modo sciri potest. Moriendum certe est; 
sed quo te loco mors exspectet, incertum. Gentes, quae igno- 
rant, qua de caussa, 9 Sol Lunaque deficiat, defectum horum lu- 
minum pro malo omine habent. 



THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 11 

By the Accusative with the Infinitive. 

Aristoteles tradit, in Latmo, Cariae monte, hospites a scor- 
pionibus non laedi, indigenas interimi. M. Varro narrat, a 
cuniculis sujfossum 1 in Hispania oppidum, a talpis in Thessa- 
lia ; ab ranis incolas urbis in Gallia pulsos, ab locustis in 
Africa; ex Gyaro insula incolas a muribusfugatos, in Italia 
Amyclas a serpentibus deletas esse. 

Homerus Pygmaeos populum ad Oceanum, a gruibus in- 
festari prodidit ; Aristoteles eosdem in cavernis vivere narrat. 
Virgilius per testamentum jusserat carmina sua cremari; 2 id 
Augustus fieri vetuit. Aristippus philosophus, quum per de- 
serta Libyae iter faceret, servos, qui pecuniam aegre porta- 
bant, earn abjicere jussit. Pythagoras discipulos jubebat, un- 
umquemque diem precibus ad deos incipere. Darius rex Nito- 
cridis reginae sepulcrum aperiri jusserat, quod speraverat, se 
multum ibi auri inventurum esse. 

Sertorius cervam alebat candidam, quam 3 Hispaniae gentes 
fatidicam esse credebant. Illustre est inter philosophos nomen 
Anaxagorae, quern veteres nunquam in vita risisse ferunt. No- 
li 4 facer e quidquam, quod dubites justumne sit, an inlquum. 

Note. — Some passive verbs are accompanied by a 
nominative with the infinitive. Perperam Homerus 5 a 
quibusdam Lycurgi temporibus vixisse tra&itur. Tha- 
les Milesius primus defectionem Solis praedixisse fer- 
tur. Romulus ad deos transiisse dicitur. Noli mirari, 
sapientes stultis stultos videri. Multa, quae stulti ad- 
mirantur, sapientibus absurda esse videntur. Contem- 
ner videmini, quae nobis laude videntur dignissima. 

Use of Participles. 

Exempia fortunae variantis sunt innumera. Galli galli- 
nacei diem venientem cantu nuntiant. Cecrops urbem a se 
conditam appellabat Cecropiam. Augustus primus Romae 
tigrin ostendit mansuefactam. 

The union of several Propositions by Participles. 

Gymnosophistae in India totos dies 5 ferventibus arenis in- 
sistunt, Solem intuentes. Epimenides puer, aestu et itinere 
fessus? septem et quinquaginta annos in specu dormivisse di- 
citur. Julius Caesar simuldictare, et legentem 8 audire solebat. 
Leo prostratis parcit. 

Aves aduncos ungues habentes 9 carne vescuntur, nee unquam 



12 THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 

congregantur. Canis venaticus venatorem comitantem loro 
ad ferarum lustra trahit. Beneficium non in eo consistit, quod 
datur, sed in ipso dantis animo. Struthiocameli Africi alti- 
tudinem equitis equo insidentis excedunt. Interdum delphini 
conspecti sunt, defunctum delphinum port antes, et quasi funus 
agent es. 

Multa, quae de infantibus ferarum lacte metritis produntur, 
fabulosa videntur. Homo quidam, lapide ictus, oblitus est 
litteras ; alius ex praealto tecto lapsus, matris et affinium no- 
mina dicere non potuit. L. Siccius Dentatus, centies vicies 
proeliatus, 1 quinquaginta quinque cicatrices adverso corpore 5 
habebat, nullam in tergo. 

Leones satiati 3 innoxii sunt. Elephantes amnem transituri 4 
minimos praemittunt. Pavo laudatus gemmatam pandit cau- 
dam. Gallus, ab adversario victus, occultatur silens et ser- 
vitium patitur. Leo vulneratus percussorem intelligit, et in 
quantalibet multitudine appetit. Olores iter facientes colla im- 
ponunt praecedentibus, fessos duces ad terga recipiunt. 5 Tes- 
tudines inmari degentes conchyliis vivunt; in terram egressae, 
herbis. Sarmatae longinqua itinem facturi, inedia pridie prae- 
parant equos, potum exiguum impertientes, atque ita longissi- 
mam viam continuo cursu conficiunt. Elephanti, equitatu 
circumvenii, infirmos aut fessos aut vulneratos in medium ag- 
men recipiunt. Multos morientes cura sepulturae angit. 

Danaus ex Aegypto in Graeciam advectus, rex Argivorum 
factus est. Alexander Bucephalo equo defuncto duxit exse- 
quias, urbemque Bucephalon appellatam ejus tumulo circum- 
dedit. 6 P. Catienus Plotinus patronum 7 adeo dilexit, ut, heres 
omnibus ejus bonis institutus, 8 in rogum ejus se conjiceret et 
concremaretur. Erinacei volutati super poma, humi jacen- 
tia, ilia spinis affixa in cavas arbores portant. 

Beneficia non in vulgus effundenda sunt. Indicum mare 
testudines tantae magnitudinis 9 alit, ut singulae tugurio tegen- 
do 10 sufficiant. Leones, senes facti, appetunt homines, quo- 
niam ad persequendas feras vires non suppetunt. Struthioca- 
melis ungulae sunt cervmis similes, comprehendendis lapidibus 
utiles, quos in fuga contra sequentes jaculantur. 

Ablative absolute. 

Senescente Luna, ostrea, tabescere dicuntur, crescente eddem 
gliscunt. Caepe contra, Luna deficiente, revirescere, adoles- 
cente, inarescere dicitur. Geryone interemto, Hercules in Ita- 
liam venit. Sabinis debellatis, Tarquinius triumphans Romam 
rediit. Jasone Lycio inter fecto, canis, quern habebat, cibum 



THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 13 

capere noluit, inediaque confectus est. Regis Lysimachi ca- 
ms, corpora domini accensae pyrae impcsito, in flammas se 
conjecit. Nicomede rege interfecto, equus ejus vitam finivit 
media. Chilo, unus e septem sapientibus, filio victore 1 Olym- 
piae, prae gaudio expiravit. Apes, aculeo amisso, statim 
emori existimantur. Eaedam, rege interfecto aut morbo con 
sumto, fame luctuque moriuntur. Pavo, cauaa amissa pu- 
dibundus ac moerens quaerit latebram. Erinacei, ubi sen 
sere venantem, contracto ore pedibusque convolvuntur 8 in for 
mam pilae, ne quid comprehendi possit praeter aculeos. 
Anaxagoram nuntiata morte filii dixisse ferunt : sciebar° m » 
genuisse mortalem. 



IL FABLES FROM JESOP. 



1. Accipiter et Columbae. 

Columbae milvii metu 1 accipitrem rogaverunt, ut eas defen- 
deret. Ille annuit. At in columbare receptus, 2 uno die ma- 
jorem stragem edidit, quam milvius longo tempore potuisset 
edere. — Fabula docet, malorum patrocinium vitandum esse. 

2. Mus et Milvius. 

Milvius laqueis irretitus musculum exoravit, 3 ut eum corro- 
sis plagis 4 liberaret. Quo facto, 5 milvius liberatus murem ar- 
ripuit et devoravit. — Haec fabula ostendit, quam gratiam mali 
pro beneficiis reddere soleant. 6 

3. Hoedus et Lupus. 

Hoedus stans in tecto domus lupo praetereunti 7 maledixit. 
Cui 8 lupus, non tu, inquit, sed tectum mihi maledicit? — Saepe 
Jocus et tempus homines timidos audaces reddit. 

4. Grus et Pavo. 

Pavo coram grue pennas suas explicans, quanta est, inquit, 
formositas mea et tua deformitas ! At grus evolans, et quanta 
est, inquit, levitas mea et tua tarditas ! — Monet haec fabula, 
ne ob aliquod bonum, quod nobis natura tribuit, alios contem- 
namus, quibus natura alia et fortasse majora dedit. 

5. Pavo. 

Pavo graviter conquerebatur apud Junonem, 10 dommam su- 
am, quod 11 vocis suavitas sibi negata esset, 12 dum luscinia, avis 
tarn parum decora, cantu excellat. 12 Cui Juno, et merito, in- 
quit ; non enim 13 omnia bona in unum conferri oportuit. 

6. Anseres et Grues. 

In eodem quondam prato pascebantur anseres et grues. Ad 
veniente domino prati, 14 grues facile avolabant ; sed anseres, im 



II. FABLES FROM JESOP, 15 

pediti corporis gravitate, deprehensi et mactati sunt. — Sic sae- 
pe pauperes cum potentioribus in eodem crimine deprehensi, 
soli dant poenam, dum illi salvi evadunt. 

7. Capra et Lupus. 

Lupus capram in alta rupe stantern conspicatus, cur non, 
inquit, relinquis nuda ilia et sterilia loca, et hue descendis in 
herbidos campos, qui tibi laetum pabulum offerunt ? Cui 1 res- 
pondit capra: mihi non est in animo? dulcia tutis 3 praeponere. 

8. Venter et Membra. 

Membra quondam dicebant ventri : nosne* te semper ministe- 
rio nostro alemus, dum ipse summo otiofrueris? 5 Nonfaciemus. ' 
Dum igitur ventri cibum subducunt, corpus debilitatur, et 
membra sero invidiae suae poenituit. 6 

9. Canis et Boves. 

Canis jacebat in praesepi bovesque latrando 7 a pabulo arce- 
bat. Cui unus bourn, quanta ista, inquit, invidia est, quod? 
non patiris, ut eo cibo vescamur? quern tu ipse caper e nee velis 
nee possis! 10 — Haec fabula invidiae indolem declarat. 

10. Vulpes et Leo. 

Vulpes, quae nunquam leonem viderat, quum ei forte occur- 
risset leo, ita est perterrita, ut paene moreretur formidine. 
Eundem 11 conspicata 12 iterum, timuit quidem, sed nequaquam . 
ut antea. Tertio illi obviam facta, 12 ausa est 13 etiam propius 
accedere, eumque alloqui. 

11. Cancn. 

Cancer dicebat filio : mifili, ne sic obliquis semper gressibus 
incede, sed recta via li perge. Cui 15 ille, mi pater, respondit, 
libenter tuis praeceptis obsequar, si te prius idem facientem 16 
videro. 11 — Docet haec fabula, adolescentiam nulla re magis, 
quam exemplis, instrui. 

t2. Boves. 

In eodem prato pascebantur tres boves in maxima concor- 
dia, et sic 18 ab omni ferarum incursione tuti erant. Sed dissi- 
dio inter illos orto, 19 singuli a feris petiti et laniati sunt. — Fa- 
bu*a docet, quantum boni 20 sit 21 concordia. 



16 II. FABLES FROM ^JSOP. 



13. Asinus. 



Asinus, pelle leonis indutus, territabat homines et bestias, 
tanquam leo esset. 1 Sed forte, dum se celerius movet, aures 
eminebant : unde agnitus, 2 in pistrinum abductus est, ubi poe- 
nas petulantiae dedit. — Haec fabula stolidos notat, qui irnme- 
ritis honoribus superbiunt 

14. Mulier et Gallina. 

Mulier quaedam habebat gallinam, quae ei quotidie ovum 
pariebat aureum. Hinc suspicari coepit, illam 3 auri massam 
intus celare, et gallinam occidit. Sed nihil in ea reperit, nisi 
quod in aliis gallinis reperiri solet. Itaque dum majoribus 
divitiis inhiabat, etiam minores perdidit. 

15. Viator es et Asinus. 

Duo qui una 4 iter faciebant, asinum oberrantem in solitu- 
dine conspicati, accurrunt laeti, 5 et uterque eum sibi vindicare 
coepit, quod eum prior 5 conspexisset. 6 Dum vero conten- 
dunt 7 et rixantur, nee a verberibus abstinent, asinus aufugit, 
et neuter eo potitur. 

16. Corvus et Lupi. 

Corvus partem praedae petebat a lupis, quod eos totum di- 
em comitatus esset. 8 Cui illi, non tu nos, inquiunt, sed prae- 
dam sectatus es, idque 9 eo animo ut ne nostris quidem corpo* 
ribus 10 parceres, si exanimarentur. 

Merito in actionibus non spectatur, quid fiat, 11 sed quo ani- 
mo fiat. 

17. Pastor es et Lupus. 

Pastores caesa ove convivium celebrabant. Gluod quum u 
lupus cerneret, ego, inquit, si agnum rapuissem, quantus tw 
multus fieret I At isii impune ovem comedunt ! Turn unus 
illorum, nos enim ld inquit, nostra, non aliena ove epulamur. 

18. Carbonarius et Fullo. 

Carbonarius, qui spatiosam habebat domum, invitavit fullo- 
nem, ut ad se commigraret. Ille respondit : quaenam inter 
nos esse possit societas ? quum tu vestes, quas ego nitidas 1 * red* 



11. FABLES FROM JESOP. 17 

didissem, 1 fuligine et maculis inquinaturus esses. — Haec fa- 
bula docet, dissimilia non debere conjungi. 

19. Tubicen. 

Tubicen ab hostibus captus, ne me, inquit, interficite ; 2 nam 
inermis sum, neque quidquam habeo praeter hanc tnbam. At 
hostes, propter hoc ip sum? inquiunt, te interim emus ; quod, 
quum ipse pugnandi sis imperitus* alios ad pugnam incitare 
soles. — Fabula docet, non solum maleficos esse puniendos, 
sed etiam eos, qui alios ad male faciendum irritent. 5 

20. Accipitres et Columbae. 

Accipitres quondam acerrime inter se belligerabant. Hos 
columbae in gratiam reducere conatae effecerunt, ut illi pacem 
inter se facerent. Qua flrmata, accipitres vim suam in ipsas 
columbas converterunt. — Haec fabula docet, potentiorum dis- 
cordias imbeciilioribus saepe prodesse. 

21. Mulier et Gallina. 

Mulier vidua gallinam habebat, quae ei quotidie unum 
ovum pariebat. Ilia existimabat, si gallinam diligentius sa- 
ginaret, fore, ut ilia bina aut terna 6 ova quotidie pareret. 7 
Quum autem cibo superrluo gallina pinguis esset facta, plane 
ova parere desiit. — Haec fabula docet, avaritiam saepe dam- 
nosam esse. 

22. Vulpes et Uva. 

Vulpes uvam in vite conspicata, ad illam subsiiiit omnium 
virium suarum contentione, si earn forte attingere posset. 
Tandem defatigata inani labore, discedens dixit: afi nunc 
etiam 9 acerbae sunt, nee eas in via repertas tollerem. Haec 
fabula docet, multos ea contemnere, quae' se assequi posse 
desperent. 11 

23. Vulpes et Leaena. 

Vulpes ieaenam exprobrabat, quod non nisi unurn catulum 
pareret. Huic dicitur respondisse, 12 unum, sed leonem. — 
Haec fabula, non copiam, sed bonitatem rerum aestimandam 
esse, docet. 

PART I. C 



18 II. FABLES FROM .ESOP. 



24. Mures. 



Mures aliquando habuerunt consilium, quomodo a fele ca- 
ver ent. 1 Multis aliis propositis, 2 omnibus placuit, ut ei tintin- 
nabulum annecteretur : sic enim ipsos, 3 sonitu admonitos, 
earn fugere posse. Sed quum jam inter mures quaereretur, 
qui feli tintinnabulum annecteret, nemo repertus est. — Fabula 
docet, in suadendo plurimos esse audaces, sed in ipso periculo 
timidos. 

25. Canis Mordax. 

Cani mordaci paterfamilias jussit tintinnabulum ex aere ap- 
pendi, 4 ut omnes eum cavere possent. Ille vero aeris tinnitu 
gaudebat, et quasi virtutis suae praemium esset, 5 alios canes 
prae se contemnere coepit. Cui unus senior, o te stolidum, 6 
inquit, qui ignorare videris, 1 isto tinnitu piavitatem morum 
tuorum indicari ! — Haec fabula scripta est in eos, qui sibi in- 
signibus rlagiticrum suorum placent. 8 

26. Canis et Lupis. 

Lupus canem videns bene saginatum, quanta est, inquit, fe- 
licitas tual Tu, ut videtur, laute vivis, at ego fame enecor. 
Turn canis, licet, inquit, mecum in urbem venias et eadem feli- 
citate f maris? Lupus conditionem accepit. Dum una eunt, 
animadvertit lupus in collo canis attritos pilos. Quid hoc 
est ? inquit. Num jugum sustines ? cervix enim tua tota est 
glabra,. Nihil est, canis respondit. Sed inter diu me alligajit, 
ut noctu sim vigilantior ; at que haec sunt vestigia collaris, 
quod cervlci circumddri solet. Turn lupus, vale, inquit, 
amice! nihil moror 10 felicitatem servitute emtam ! — Haec fa- 
bula docet, liberis nullum commodum tanti esse, 11 quod servi- 
tutis calamitatem compensare possit. 



12 



27. Lupus el Grus. 



In faucibus lupi os inhaeserat. Mercede igitur conducit 13 
gruem, qui illud extrahat/ 14 Hoc grus longitudine colli facile 
effecit. ' Quum autem mercedem postularet, subridens lupus 
et dentibus infrendens, num tibi, inquit, parva merces vidfctur, 
quod caput incolume ex lupi faucibus extraxisti 1 



II. FABLES FROM MSOF. 19 



28. Agricola et Anguis. 

Agricola anguem reperit, frigore paene exstinctum. Mise- 
ricordia motus, 1 eum fovit sinu et subter alas recondidit. Mox 
anguis recreatus vires recepit, et agricolae, pro beneficio, le- 
tale vulrms inflixit. — Haec fabula docet, qualem mercedem 
mali pro beneficiis reddere soleant. 2 

29. Asinus et Equus. 

Asmus equum beatum praedicabat, qui tarn copiose pasce- 
retur, 3 quum sibi post molestissimos labores ne paleae quidem 
satis 4 praeberetur. Forte autem bello exorto, equus in proe- 
lium agitur, et circumventus ab hostibus, post incredibiles la- 
bores tandem, multis vulneribus confossus, 5 collabitur. Haec 
omnia asinus conspicatus, o me stolidum* inquit, qui beatitudi- 
nem ex praesentis temporis fortuna aestimaverim P 

30. Agricola et Filii. 

Agricola senex, quum mortem sibi appropmquare sentiret, 
filios convocavit, quos, ut fieri solet, interdum discordare no- 
verat, 8 et fascem virgularum afferri jubet. 9 Quibus allatis, 10 
filios hortabatur, ut hunc fascem frangerent. Quod quum 11 
facere non possent, distribuit singulis singulas virgas, iisque 
celeriter fractis, docuit illos, quam rlrma res esset concordia, 
quamque imbecillis discordia. 

31. Equus et Asinus. 

Asinus, onustus sarcmis, equum rogavit, ut aliqua parte 12 
oneris se levaret, 13 si se vivum videre vellet. Sed ille x asini 
preces repudiavit. Paulo post igitur asinus labore consumtus 
in via corruit et errlavit animam. Turn agitator omnes sar- 
cinas, quas asinus portaverat, atque insuper etiam pellem asino 
detractam, in equum imposuit. Ibi ille sero priorem super- 
biam deplorans, o me miserum, u inquit, qui parvulum onus in 
me recipere noluerim, 15 quum nunc cogar tantas sarcinas fer- 
re, una cum pelle comitis mei, cujus preces tarn superbc con- 
temseram. 

32. Mulier et Ancillo.e. 

Mulier vidua, quae texendo 16 vitam sustentabat, solebat ancil- 
las suas de nocte 17 excitare ad opus, 18 quum primum galli cantum 



20 II. FABLES FROM JESOP. 

audivisset. At illae, diuturnc jabore fatigatae, statuerunt gal- 
lum interiicere. Quo facto,* deteriore conditione 2 quam prius 
esse eoeperunt Nam domina, de hora noctis incerta, 3 nunc 
famulas saepe jam prima nocte 4 excitabat. 

33. Testudo et Aquila. 

Testudo aquilam magnopere orabat, ut sese 5 volare 6 do- 
ceret. Aquila ei ostendebat quidem, earn rem petere naturae 
suae contrariam ; sed ilia nihilo minus instabat, et obsecrabat 
aquilam, ut se volucrem facer e vellet. Itaque unguiis arrep- 
tam aquila sustulit 7 in sublime, et demisit illam, ut per aerem 
ferretur. Turn in saxa incidens comminuta interiit. 8 Haec 
fabula docet, multos cupiditatibus suis occoecatos consilia pru- 
dentiorum respuere, et in exitium ruere stultitia sua. 

34. Luscinia et Accipiter, 

Accipiter esuriens rapuit lusciniam. Quae quum 9 intelli- 
gent, sibi mortem impendere, ad preces conversa, orat accipi- 
trem, ne se w perdat sine causa. Se enim avidissimum ventrem 
illius no7i posse explere, et suadere adeo, ut grandiores aliquas 
volucres venetur} 1 Cui accipiter, 12 insanirem, inquit, si par- 
tarn praedam 13 amittere, et incerta pro certis sectari vellem. 

35. Senex et Mors. 

Senex in silva ligna ceciderat, iisque sublatis 14 domum 15 re- 
dire coepit. Quum aliquantum viae 16 progressus esset, et 
onere et 17 via defatigatus, 18 fascem deposuit, et secum aetatis 
et inopiae mala contemplatus, Mortem clara voce invocat, 
quae ipsum ab omnibus his malis liber et. 19 Turn Mors, sen is 
precibus auditis subito adstitit, et quid vellet, percunctatur. 
At Senex, quern jam votorum suorum poenitebat,' nihil, inquit, 
sed requiro? 1 qui onus paululum allevet, 2 * dum ego rursus subeo. 

36. Inimici. 

In eadam navi vehebantur duo, qui inter se capitalia odia 
exercebant. Unus eorum in prora, alter in puppi residebat. 
Orta tempestate ingenti, quum omnes de vita desperarent, 
interrogat is, qui in puppi sedebat, gubernatorem, utram par- 



II. FABLES FROM JESOP. 21 

tern nazis prius subme.rsum ir? existimaret? Cui guberna- 
tor, proram, respondit. Turn ille, jam mors mihi non moles- 
ta est, quum inimici mei mortem adspecturus sim. 

37. Hinnuleus et Cervus. 

Hinnuleus quondam patrem suum his verbis interrogate 
dicitur : Mi pater, quum multo sis major canibui et tarn »r- 
dua cornua habeas, quibus a te vim propulsare possis* qui 
Jit, 5 ut canes tantopere metuas ? Ibi cervus ridens, mi nate, 
inquit, vera memoras ; mihi tamen, nescio quo pacto, semper 
accidit, ut, audita canum voce, in fugam staiim convertar. — 
Haec fabula docet, natura formidolosos 6 nullis rationibus for- 
tes reddi posse. 

38. Hoedus et Lupus. 

Quum hoedus evasisset lupum et confugisset in caulam 
ovium, quid tu, stulte, inquit ille, 7 hie te salvum futurum 3 
speras, ubi 9 quotidie pecudes rapi et diis mactari videas ? 
Non euro, inquit hoedus; nam si moriendum sit, 10 quanto 
praeclarius mihi erit, meo cruore aspergi 11 aras deorum im- 
mortalium, quam irrigari siccas lupi fauces. — Haec fabula 
docet, bonos mortem, quae omnibus imminet, non timere, si 
cum honestate et laude conjuncta sit. 

39. Corvus et Vulpes. 

Corvus alicunde caseum rapuerat, et cum illo in altam 
arborem subvolarat. "Vulpecula, ilium caseum appetens, 
corvum blandis verbis adoritur; quumque primum formam 
ejus pennarumque nitorem laudasset, pol, vz inquit, te avium 
regem esse dicerem, si cantvs pulchriludini tuae responderet. 
Turn ille, laudibus vulpis inflatus, etiam cantu se valere de- 
monstrare voluit. Ita vero e rostro aperto caseus delapsus 
est, quern vulpes arreptuiu devoravit. 1H — Haec fabula docet, 
vitandas esse adulator am voces, qui blanditiis suis nobis in- 
sidiantur. 

40. Leo. 
\ 

Societatem junxerant Leo, Juvenca, Capra, Ovis. Prae- 
da autem, quam ceperant, in quatuor partes aequales divisa, 14 
leo, prima, ait, mea est; debetur enim haec praestantiae 
meae. Tollam et seciindam, quam meretur robur meum. 

c 2 



22 II. FABLES FROM JESOP. 

Tertiam vindicat sibi egregius labor meus. 1 Gluartam qui 
sibi arrogare voluerit, 2 is sciat, se habiturum me inimicum 
sibi. Quid facerent imbeciiles bestiae, aut quae 3 sibi leonem 
infestum habere vellet ? 

41. Mus et Rusticus. 

Mus a Rustico in caricarum acervo deprehensus, tarn acri 
morsu ejus digitos vulneravit, ut ille eum dimitteret, die ens : 
nihil, mehercule, tarn pusillum est, quod de salute desperare 
debeat, 4 modo 5 se defendere et vim depulsare velit. 

42. Vullur et Aviculae. 

Vultur aliquando aviculas invitavit ad convivium, quod lJ- 
lis daturus esset 6 die natali suo. Quae 7 quum ad tempus 
adessent, eas carpere et occidere, epulasque sibi de invitatis 
instruere coepit. 

43. Ranae. 

Ranae laetabantur, quum nuntiatum esset, Solem uxorem 
duxisse. Sed una caeteris 8 prudentior, O vos stolidos ! 9 in- 
quit ; nonne meminisiis, quant o fere vos saepe unius Solis aes- 
tus excruciet ? i0 Quid igitur fiet, quum liberos etiam pro- 
creaverit? 

44. Ranae et Jupiter. 

Ranae aliquando regem sibi a Jove petivisse dicuntur. 11 
Quarum 12 ille precibus exoratus trabem ingentem in lacum 
dejecit. Ranae sonitu perterritae primum refugere, deinde 
vero, trabem in aqua natantem conspicatae, magno cum con- 
temtu in ea consedervmt aliumque sibi novis clamoribus re- 
gem expetiverunt. Turn Jupiter, earum stultitiam punitu- 
rus, 13 hydrum illis misit, a quo 14 quum plurimae captae peri- 
rent, sero eas stolidarum precum poenitur. 15 

45. Lupi et Past ores. 

Q,uum Phib'ppus, rex Macedoniae, cum Atheniensibus foe- 
dus initurus esset, ea conditione, ut oratores suos 16 ipsi tra 
derent, Demosthenes 17 populo narravit fabulam, qua 18 iis cal- 
lidum regis consilium ante oculos poneret. Dixit enim, lu- 
pos quondam cum pastoribus pactos esse, se nunquam in 
posterum greges esse impugnaturos, si canes ipsis dederen- 



II. FABLES FROM JESOP. 23 

tur. Placuisse stultis pastoribus conditionem ; sed quurn lupi 
caulas excubiis nudatas vidissent, eos impetu facto 1 omnem 
gregem dilaniasse. 



46. Puer mendax. 

Puer oves pascens crebro per lusum magnis clamoribus 
opem rusticorum imploraveret, ]upos gregem suum aggressos 
esse fingens. Saepe autem frustratus" 2 eos, qui auxiiium latu- 
ri advenerant, tandem lupo revera irruente 3 mukis cum lacry- 
mis vicinos orare coepit, 4 ut sibi et gregi subvenirent. At 
illi eum pariter ut antea ludere existimantes, preces ejus et 
lacrymas neglexerunt, ita ut lupus libere in oves grassaretur, 
plurimasque earum dilaniaret. 



47. Corvus. 

Corvus, qui caseum forte repererat, gaudium alta voce sig- 
nificavit. (iuo sono 5 allecti 3 plures corvi famelici advola- 
verunt, impetuque in ilium facto, 7 opimam ei dapem eripue- 
runt. 



48. Comix et Columba. 

Cornix columbae gratulabatur foecunditatem, quod singulis 
mensibus pullos excluderet. At ilia, ne mei, inquit, doloris 
causam commemores. Nam quos pullos educo, eos s dominus 
raptos aut ipse comedit, aut aliis comedendos 9 vendit. Ita 
mihi mea foecunditas novum semper luctum parit. 



Vul 



49. Leo, Asinus et Vulpes. 

Vulpes, asinus et leo venatum 10 iverant. Ampla praeda 
facta, leo asinum illam partiri jubet. Qui quum singulis sin- 
gulas partes poneret aequales, leo eum correptum 11 dilaniavit, 
et vulpeculae partiendi negotium 1 " 2 tribnit. Ilia astutior, 13 leoni 
partem maximam apposuit, sibi vix minimam reservans parti- 
culars Turn ]eo subridens ejus prudentiam laudare, 14 et unde 
hoc didicerit, 15 interrogare coepit. Et vulpes, Hujus 16 me, in- 
quit, calamitas docuit, quid minores potentioribus debeant. 



24 IT FABLES FROM JESOl*. 



50. Muscae. 



Effusa mellis copia est : Muscae advolant 
Pascuntur. At Mox impeditis cruribus 
Revolare nequeunt. Heu miseram, inquiunt, vicem ! l 
Cibus iste blandus, qui pellexit suaviter, 
Nunc fraudulentus'^ quam crudeliier necat ! 
Perf Ida voluptas 3 fabula hac depingitur. 

51. Cancer. 

Mare cancer olim deseruit, in littore 
Pascendi cupidus. 4 Vulpes hunc simul 5 adspici 
Jejuna, simul 5 accurrit, et praedam capit. 
Nae, dixit ille, jure plector, qui, 6 salo 7 
Quum fuerim natus, voluerim solo 7 ingredi ! 

Suus unicuique praefmitus est locus, 
Cluem praeterire sine periclo non licet. 

52. Culex et Taurus. 

In cornu tauri parvulus quondam culex 
Consedit ; seque 8 dixit, mole si sua 
Eum gravaret, avolaturum illico. 
At ille : 9 nee 10 te considenlem 11 senseram. 



III. MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 



1. Cadmus, Agenoris films, quod draconem, 1 Martis filium, 
fontis cujusdam in Boeotia eustodem, occiderat, omnem suam 
proiern" 2 interemtam vidit, et ipse cum Harmonia, uxore sua, 
in Illyriam 3 fugit, ubi ambo in dracones conversi sunt. 

2. Amycus, Neptuni filius, rex Bebryciae, 4 omnes, qui in 
ejus regna venissent, cogebat caestibus secum contendere, et 
victos occidebat. Hie quum Argonautas 5 ad certamen provo- 
casset, Pollux 6 cum eo contendit et eum interfecit. 

3. Otos et Ephialtes, Aloei filii, mira magnitudine 7 fuisse 
dicuntur. Nam singulis mensibus novem digitis 3 crescebant. 
Itaque quum essent annorum 9 novem, in coelum ascender e 
sunt conati. Hue sibi aditum sic faciebant, ut montem Ossam 
super Pelion 18 ponerent, aliosque praeterea montes exstrue- 
rent. Sed Apollinis sagittis interemti sunt. 

4. Daedalus Euphemi filius, artifex peritissimus, ob cae- 
dem Athenis 11 commissam, in Cretam abiit ad regem Minoem. 
Ibi labyrinthum 12 exstruxit. A Minoe aliquando in custodiam 
conjectus, sibi et Icaro filio alas cera aptavit, et cum eo avola- 
vit. Dum Icarus altius evolabat, cera solis calore liquefacta, 
in mare decidit, quod ex eo Icarium pelagus 13 est appellatum ; 
Daedalus autem in Siciliam pervenit. 

5. Aesculapius, Apollinis filius, medicus praestantissimus, 
Hippolyto, Thesei filio, vitam reddidisse dicitur. Ob id faci- 
nus Jupiter eum fulmine percussit. Turn Apollo, quod filii 
mortem in Jove ulcisci non poterat,^}yclopes, 14 qui fulmina 
fecerant, interemit. Ob hoc factum, Apollinem Jupiter Ad- 
meto, regi Thessaliae, 15 in servitutem dedit. 

6. Alcestim, Peliae filiam, quum multi in matrimonium pe- 
terent, Pelias promisit, se filiam ei esse daturum, qui feras cur- 
rui junxisset. Admetus, qui earn perdite amabat, Apollinem 
rogavit, ut se in hoc negotio adjuvaret. Is quum ab Admeto, 
dum ei serviebat. liberaliter esset tractatus, aprum ei et leo- 
nem currui junxit, quibus ille Alcestim avexit. Idem gravi 
morbo implicitus, 16 munus ab Apolline accepit, ut praesens peri- 



26 III. MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 

culum effugeret, si quis 1 sponte pro eo moreretur. Jam quum 
neque pater, neque mater Admeti pro eo mori voluissent, uxor 
se .Alcestis morti obtulit, quam Hercules, 2 forte adveniens, 
Orci 3 manibus eripuit et Admeto reddidit. 

7. Cassiope 4 filiae suae Andromedae formam Nereidum 5 
formae anteposuit. Ob hoc crimen illae a Neptuno postulave- 
runt, ut Andromeda ceto immani, quod oras populabatur, obji- 
ceretur. Quae quum ad saxum alligata esset, Petseus 6 ex 
Libya, ubi Medusam 7 occiderat, advolavit, et, bellua devicta 
et interemta, Andromedam liberavit. 

S. Quam quum abducere vellet victor, 8 Agenor, cui antea 
desponsata fuerat, Perseo insidias struxit, ut eum interficeret, 
sponsamque eriperet. Ille, re cognita, 9 caput Medusae insidi- 
antibus ostendit, quo viso, 10 omnes in saxa mutati sunt. Perse- 
us autem cum Andromeda in patriam 11 rediit. 

9. Ceyx, Hesperi filius, quum in naufragio periisset, Alcy- 
one, conjugis morte audita, se in mare praecipitavit. Turn 
deorum misericordia ambo in aves sunt mutati, quae Alcy- 
ones appellantur. Hae aves pariunt hiberno tempore. Per 
illos dies mare tranquillum esse dicitur ; unde nautae tran- 
quillos et serenos dies Alcyonios appellare solent. 

1 0. Tantalus, Jo vis filius, tarn carus fuit Diis, ut Jupiter ei 
consilia sua concrederet eumque ad epulas Deorum admitte- 
ret. At ille, quae apud Jovem audiverat, cum mortalibus 
communicabat. Ob id crimen dicitur apud inferos in aqua 
collocatus esse, semperque sitire. Nam quoties haustum 
aquae sumturus est, aqua recedit. Turn etiam poma ei super 
caput pendent ; sed quoties ea decerpere conatur, rami vento 
moti 12 recedunt. Alii saxum ejus capiti impendere dicunt, 
cujus ruinam timens, perpetuo metu cruciatur. 

11. In nuptiis Pelei 13 et Thetidis 14 omnes Dii invitati erant 
praeter Discordiam. Haec ira commota malum 15 misit 16 in me- 
dium, 17 cui inscripta erant verba; Pulcherrima me habeto. Turn 
Juno, Venus et Minerva illud simul appetebant; magnaque 
inter eas discordia exorta,Hf upiter Mercurio 18 imperat, ut Deas 
ad Paridem, 19 Priami fllium, duceret, qui in monte Ida 20 greges 
pascebat; nunc earum litem diremturum esse. 21 Huic Juno, 
si se pulcberrimam judicasset, omnium terrarum regnum est 
pollicita ; Minerva ei splendidam inter homines famam pro- 
misit ; Venus autem Helenam, Ledae et Jovis filiam, se ei in 
conjugium dare spopondit. 22 Paris, hoc dono prioribus ante- 
posito, 23 Venerem pulcherrimam esse judicavit. Postea, Ve- 
neris hortatu, Lacedoemonem profectus, Helenam conjugi suo 
Menelao 24 eripuit. . Hinc bellum Trojanum originem cepit, ad 



IIL MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 27 

quod tota fere Graecia, duce Agamemnone, Menelai fratre, 
profecta est. 

12. Thetis, Pelei conjux, quum sciret, Achillem, filium su- 
um, cito periturum esse, 1 si Graecorum exercitum ad Trojam 
sequeretur, eum misit in insulam Scyron 2 regique Lycomedi 
commendavit. Iile eum muliebri habitu inter filias suas ser- 
vabat. Graeci autem quum audivissent, Achillem ibi occul- 
tari, Ulysses, rex Ithacae, 3 in regio vestibule munera feminea 
in calathiscis ponebat, simulque clypeum et hastam, mulieres- 
que advocari 4 jussit. Quae dum omnia contempiabantur, su- 
bito tubicen cecinit; quo sono audito, Achilles arma arripuit. 
Unde 5 eum virum esse intellectum est. 

13. Quum totus Graecorum exercitus Aullde 6 convenisset, 
adversa tempestas eos ob iram Dianae retinebat. Agamem- 
non 7 enim, dux .illius expeditionis, cervam Deae sacram vul- 
neraverat, superbiusque 8 in Dianam loquutus erat. Is quum 
haruspices convocasset, hi responderunt, iram Deae expiari 
non posse, nisi filiam suam Iphigemam ei immolasset. Hanc 
ob causam Ulysses Argos profectus, mentitur, Agamemnonem 
filiam Achilli in matrimonium promisisse. Sic earn Aulidern 
ahduxit. 9 Ubi quum pater earn immolare vellet, Diana, virgi- 
nem miserata, , cervam ei supposuit. Iphigeniam ipsam per 
nubes in terram Tauricam 10 detulit, ibique templi sui sacerdo- 
tern fecit. 

14. Troja e vers a quum Graeci domum redire vellent, ex 
Achillis 11 tumulo vox dicitur fuisse audita, quae Graecos mo- 
nebat, ne fortissimum virum sine honore relinquerent. Q,uare 
Graeci Polyxenam, Priami filiam, quae virgo fuit formosissi- 
ma, ad sepulcrum ejus immolaverunt. 

15. Prometheus, Japeti filius, primus homines ex ]uto 
finxit, iisque ignem e coelo in ferula attulit, monstravitque, 
quomodo cinere obrutum servarent. Ob hanc rem Vulcanus 
eum in monte Caucaso 12 Jovis jussu clavis ferreis alligavit ad 
saxum ; aquila ei apposita, quae 13 cor exederet. Quantum 
vero interdiu exederat, tantum nocte crescebat. Hanc aqui- 
lam insequenti tempore Hercules transfixit sagittis, Prome- 
theumque liberavit. 

16. Pluto, 14 inferorum Deus, a Jove fratre petebat, ut sibi 
Proserpinam, Jovis et Cereris filiam, in matrimonium daret. 
Jupiter negavit 15 quidem, Cererem passuram esse, ut filia in 
tenebris Tartari moraretur; sed fratri permisit, ut earn, si 
posset, raperet. Quare Proserpinam, in nemore Ennae in 
Sicilia rlores legentem, Pluto, quadrigis ex terrae hiatu pro- 
veniens, rapuit. 



28 III. MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 

17. Ceres quurn nesciret, ubi filia esset, earn per totum 
orbem terrarum quaesivit. In quo itinere ad Celeum venit, 
regem Eleusiniorum, 1 cujus uxor Metanira puerum Tripto- 
lemum pepererat, rogavitque, ut se tanquam nutricem in do- 
mum reciperent. duo facto, quum Ceres alumnum suum 
immortalem reddere vellet, eum interdiu Jacte divino alebat, 
noctu clam igne obruebat. 2 Itaque mirum in modum cresce- 
bat. Quod quum mirarentur parentes, earn observaverunt. 
Qui quum viderent, Cererem puerum in ignem mittere. pater 
exclamavit. Turn Dea Celeum exanimavit; Triptolemo au- 
tem cur rum draconibus junctum tribuit, frugesque mandavit, 
quas 3 per orbem terrarum .vectus disseminaret. 

18. Althaea, Thestii filia, ex Oeneo peperit Meleagrum. 
Ei Parcae 4 ardentem titionem dederunt, praefantes, Melea- 
grum tarn diu victurum, 5 quam diu is titio foret incolumis. 
Hunc itaque Althaea diligenter in area clausum servavit. 
Interim Diana, Oeneo irata, quia ei sacra annua non fecerat, 
aprum mira magnitudine misit, qui agrum Calydonium 6 vas- 
taret. Quern Meleager cum juvenibus ex omni Graecia 
delectis interfecit, pellemque ejus Atalantae 7 donavit. Cui 
quum Althaeae fratres earn eripere vellent, ilia Meleagri aux- 
ilium imploravit, qui avunculos occldit. Turg Althaea, gravi 
ira in filium commota, titionem ilium fatalem in ignem conje- 
cit. Sic Meleager periit. At sorores ejus, dum fratrem inso- 
labiliter lugent, in aves 8 mutatae sunt. 

19. Europam, Agenoris filiam Sidoniam, Jupiter, in tau- 
rum mutatus, Sidone 9 Cretam 10 transvexit, et ex ea procrea- 
vit Minoem, Sarpedonem et Rhadamanthum. Hanc ut re- 
ducerent, Agenor filios suos misit, conditione addita, 11 ut nee 
ipsi redirent, nisi sororem invenissent. Horum unus, Cad- 
mus 12 nomine, quum erraret, Delphos 13 venit, ibique responsum 
accepit, bovem praecedentem sequeretur ; 14 ubi ille decubuis- 
set, ibi urbem conderet. Quod quum facer et, in Boeotiam 15 
venit. Ibi aquam quaerens, ad fontem Castalium draconem 16 
invenit, Martis filium, qui aquam custodiebat. Hunc Cadmus 
interfecit, dentesque ejus spar sit et aravit. 17 Unde Sparti 1 * 
enati sunt. Pugna inter illos exorta, quinque superfuerunt, 
ex quibus quinque nobiles Thebanorum 19 stirpes origin em 
duxerunt. 

20. Quum Bacchus, Jovis ex Semele filius, exercitum in 
Indiam duceret, Silenus' 20 ab agmine aberravit. Quern Mi- 
das, rex Mygdoniae, 21 hospitio liberaliter accepit, eique du- 
cem dedit, qui eum ad Bacchum reduceret. Ob hoc bene- 
ficium Bacchus Midae optionem dedit, ut, quidquid vellet, a 



III. MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 29 

se peteret. Ille petiit, ut quidquid tetigisset, 1 aurum fieret. 
Gluod quum irnpetrasset, quidquid tetigerat, aurum fiebat. 
Primo gavisus est hac virtute sua : mox inteilexit, nihil ipsi 
hoc munere perniciosius esse. Nam etiam cibus et potio in 
aurum mutabatur. Quum jam fame cruciaretur, petit a Bac- 
cho, ut donum suum revocaret. Gluem 2 Bacchus jussit in 
ffumine Pactolo se abluere, quumque aquam tetigisset, facta 
est colore aureo. 3 

21. Schoeneus 4 Atalantam filiam formosissimam dicitur 
habuisse, quae cursu viros superabat. Haec quum a pluri- 
bus in conjugium peteretur, pater ejus conditionem propo- 
suit, ut, qui earn ducere vellet, prius cursu cum ea contende- 
ret; si victus esset, occideretur. Multos quum superasset 
et interfecisset, tandem ab Hippomene victa est. Hie enim 
a Yenere tria mala aurea acceperat. Dum currebant, rio- 
rum 5 unum post alterum projecit, iisque Atalantae cur sum 
tardavit. Nam dum mala colligit, Hippomenes ad metam 
pervenit. Huic itaque Schoeneus filiam uxorem dedit. 
Quam quum in patriam duceret, oblitus Veneris beneflcio se 
vicisse, grates ei non egit. Hanc ob causam Hippomenes 
mutatus est in leonem, Atalanta in leaenam. 

22. Nisus, rex Megarensium, in capite crinem purpureum 
habuisse dicitur, eique praedictum fuit, tarn diu eum regna- 
turum, quam diu eum crinem custodisset. Hunc Minos, rex 
Cretensium, bello aggressus est. Qui quum urbem Mega- 
ram 6 oppugnaret, Scylla, Nisi filia, amore ejus correpta est, 
et, ut ei victoriam pararet, patri dormienti fatalem crinem 
praecidit. Ita Nisus a Minoe victus et occisus est. Quum 
autem Minos in Cretam rediret, Scylla eum rogavit, ut earn 
secum aveheret. Sed ille negavit, 7 Cretam tantum scelus 8 
esse recepturam. Turn ilia se in mare praecipitat, 9 navem- 
que persequitur. Nisus in aquilam marinam conversus est, 
Scylla in piscem, quern Cirim vocant. Hodieque, %i quando 
ilia avis hunc piscem conspexerit, mittit se in aquam rap- 
tumque unguibus dRaniat. 

23. Amphion, Jo vis et Antiopes Alius, qui Thebas muris 
cirixit, 10 Nioben, Tantali filiam, in matrimonium duxit. Ex qua 
procreavit Alios septem, totidemque fllias. Quern partum 11 Nio- 
be Latonae liber^s anteposuit, superbiusque 1 * loquuta est in 
Apollinem et Dianam. Ob id Apollo filios ejus venantes sa- 
gittis interfecit, Diana autem filias. Niobe, liberis orbata, in 
saxum mutata esse dicitur, 13 ejusque lac^ymae hodieque ma- 
nare narrantur. 13 Amphion autem, quum templum Apollinis 
expugnare vellet, a-b Apolline sagittis est interfectus. 

FART I. D 



SO III. MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 

24. Phineus, Agenoris filius, ab Apolline futurarum re 
rum scientiam acceperat. Quum vero hominibus deorum 
consilia enuntiaret, Jupiter eum excoecavit, et immisit ei Har- 
py ias, 1 quae Jo vis canes 2 esse dicuntur, ut cibum ab ore ei au- 
ferrent. Ad quern quum Argonautae 3 venissent, ut eum iter 
rogarent, 4 dixit, se illis iter demonstraturum esse, si eum poena 
liberarent. Turn Zetes et Calais, Aquilonis filii, qui pennas 
in capite et in pedibus habuisse dicuntur, Harpyias fugave- 
runt in insula s Strophadas, 5 et Phineum poena liberarunt 6 






31 



IV. ANECDOTES OF EMINENT PERSONS OF 
ANTIQUITY. 



L Thales interrogates, an facta hominum deos later ent, 1 
respondit, ne cogitata quidem. 

2. Solon, qui Atheniensibus leges scripsit, dieebat, nemi- 
nem, dum viveret, 2 beatum haberi posse, quod omnes a'd ulti- 
mum usque diem ancipiti 3 fortunae obnoxii essenL 

3. Pythagorae philosophi tanta fuit apud. discipulos suos 
auctoritas, ut, quae ab eo 4 audivissent, ea in dubitatiohem ad- 
ducere non auderent. Rogati autem, ut causam redderent eo- 
rum, quae dixissent, respondebant, Ipsum dixisse. Ipse autem 
erat Pythagoras. 

4. Bias, unus ex septem Sapientibus, quum patriam Prie- 
nen 5 ab hostibus expugnatam et eversam fugeret, interrogates, 
cur nihil ex bonis suis secum ferret ; ego verof respondit, bona 
mea mecum porto omnia. 

5. Democritus, cui pater ingentes divitias reliquerat, omne 
fere patrimonium suum civibus donavit, ne domesticarum re- 
rum cura a philosophiae studio avocaretur. 

6. Etiam Crates Thebanus bona sua inter Thebanos divi- 
sit, nihil sibi servans praeter peram et baculum^ Haec enim 
Cynicorum 7 instrumenta erant. A. quo consilio quum amici 
et propinqui eum avocare studerent, eos correpto bacuio fu- 
gavit, nihil puichrius esse arbitratus, quam ab omnibus curis 
vacuum uni philosophiae operam dare. 

7. Anaxagoras quum a longinqua peregnnatione, scientiae 
augendae causa suscepta, in patriam rediisset, agrosque suos 
neglectos et desertos videret, 8 non essem, inquit, salvus, nisi 
ista periissent. 9 

8. Carneades usque ad extremam senectam nunquam ces- 
savit a philosophiae studio. Saepe ei accidit, ut, quum cibi 
capiendi causa accubuisset, 10 cogitationibus inhaerens, 11 ma- 
num ad cibos appositos porrigere oblivisceretur. 

9. Idem adversus Zenonem Stoicum scripturus, caput hel- 
leboro purgabat, ne corrupti humores sollertiam et acumen 
mentis impedirent 



32 IV. ANECDOTES. 

10. Anaxagoras, philosophus, morte filii audita, vultu nihil 
immutato dixit : Sciebam me mortalem genuisse. 

11. Archytas Tarentinus, 1 quum ab itinere reversus, agros 
suos villici 2 socordia neglectos videret, graviter te castigarem, 
inquit, nisi iratus essem. 

12. Plato quoque quum in servum vehementius 3 exarsisset, 4 
veritus 5 ne vindictae .modum excederet, Speusippo adstanti 
mandavit, ut de illius poena statueret. 

13. Idem, discendi cupiditate ductus, 6 Aegyptum peragra- 
vit, et a sacerdotibus illius regionis geometriam et astronomiam 
didicit. Idem in Italiam trajecit, ut ubi Pythagorae 7 philoso- 
phiam et instituta disceret. 

14. Athenienses Socratem damnaverunt, quod novos deos 
introducere videbatur. Protagoram quoque philosophum, qui 
ausus fuerat scribere, se ignorare, an dii essent, Athenienses 
ex urbe pepulerunt. 

15. Xanthippe, Socratis uxor, morosa admodum fuisse fer- 
tur. 8 Quam ejus indolem quum perspexisset Alcibiades, So- 
cratem interrogavit, quid esset, quod 9 mulierem tarn acerbam 
et jurgiosam non exigeret domo. Turn ille, quoniam, inquit, 
dum Mam domi perpetior, insuesco, ut ceterorum quoque forts 
petulantiam et injurias facilius feram. 

16. Xenocrates philosophus quum maledicorum quorun- 
dam sermoni inter esset, 10 neque quidquam ipse loqueretur, in- 
terrogatus, cur solus taceret, respondit : quia dixisse me ali* 
qnando poenituit 11 tacuisse nunquam. 

17. Hegeslas philosophus in disputationibus suis mala el 
cruciatus vitae tarn vividis color ibus repraesentabat, ut multi, 
qui eum audiverant, sponte se occiderent. Gluare a Ptole- 
maeo 12 rege ulterius his de rebus disserere est prohibitus. 

18. Gorglae Leontino 13 qui eloquentia et eruditione om- 
nes suae aetatis homines superare existimabatur, 14 universa 
Graecia in templo Apollinis Delphici 15 statuam auream col- 
locavit. 

19. Idem quum annum centesimum septimum ageret, in- 
terrogatus, quapropier tarn diu vellet in vita remanere ? res- 
pondit : quia nihil habeo, quod 16 senectutem meam accusem. 

20. Illustrissimi saepe viri humili loco nati fuerunt. So- 
crates, quern oraculum Apollinis sapientissimum omnium ho 
minum judicavit, obstetrlcis filius fuit. Euripides, poeta, 
tragicus, matrem habuit, quae olera venditabat; et Demos- 
thenis, oratoris eloquentissimi, patrem cultellos vendidisse 
narrant. 

21. Homerus, princeps poetarum Graecorum, dolore ab- 



IV. ANECDOTES. 3£ 

sumtus esse creditur, 1 quod quaestionem 2 a piscatoribus ipsi 
propositam solvere non posset. 

22. Simonides, poeta praestantissimus, gloriatur in quo- 
dam poemate, se octoginta annos natum 3 in certamen musi- 
cum 4 descendisse, et victoriam inde retulisse. Idem ali- 
quamdiu vixit apud Hipparchum, Pisistrati fliium, Athenarum 
tyrannum. Inde Syracusas se contulit ad Hieronem regem, 
cum quo familiariter vixisse dicitur. Primus carmina statu- 
te pretio scripsit ; quare eum Musam venalem reddidisse di- 
cunt. 5 

23. Quum Aeschylus Atheniensis, qui parens tragoediae 
dicitur, in Sicilia versaretur, ibique in loco aprico sederet, 
aquila testudinem glabro eius capiti immisit, quod pro saxo 
habuit. Quo ictu ille exstinctus est. 

24. Euripides, qui et ipse s magnum inter poetas tragicos 
nomen habet, a coena domum rediens 7 a canibus laceratus 
est. 

25. Athenienses quondam ab Euripide postulabant, ut ex 
tragoedia sententiam 8 quandam tolleret. Ille autem in sce- 
nam progressus dixit : se fabulas componere solere, ut popu- 
lum doceret, non ut a populo disceret. 

26. Philippides, comoediarum scriptor, quum in poetarum 
certamine praeter spem vicisset, et ilia victoria impense gau- 
deret, eo ipso gaudio repente exstinctus est. 

27. Pindarus, poeta Thebanus, Apollini gratissimus fuisse 
dicitur. Quare saepe a sacerdotibus in templun Delphicum 
ad coenam vocabatur, parsque ei tribuebatur donorum, quae 
sacrificantes deo obtulerant. Ferunt etiam Pana 9 Pindari 
hymnis tantopere fuisse laetatum, ut eos in montibus et silvis 
caneret. Quum Alexander, rex Macedoniae, Thebas diripe- 
ret, unius Pindari domo et familiae pepercit. 10 

28. Diogenes Cynic us Myndum 11 profectus, quum videret 
magniflcas portas et urbem exiguam, Myndios monuit, ut 
portas clauderent, ne urbs egrederetur. 

29. Demosthenes, Atheniensis, incredibili studio et labore 
eo pervenit, ut, quum 12 multi eum ingenio parum valere ex- 
istimarent, omnes aetatis suae oratores superaret eloquentia. 
Numquam tamen ex tempore dicebat, neque in concione vo- 
lebat assurgere, nisi rem, de qua ageretur, 13 accurate antea 
meditatus esset. Unde plerique eum timidum esse existima- 
bant. Sed in hac re Periclis 14 consuetudinem imitabatur, qui 
non facile de quaque re dicere, nee existimationem suam for- 
tunae committere solebat. 

30. Pericles in concionem iturus, 15 quum animo perpende- 
ret, quantum periculi inconsiderate dicta hominibus afTer- 

d2 



34 IV. ANECDOTES. 

rent, solebat precari a diis, ne quod 1 ipsi verbum imprudent] 
excideret, quod reipublicae officere posset. 

31. Minos, Cretensium rex, saepe se in speluncam quan- 
dam conferebat, ibique se cum Jove colloqui legesque ab eo 
accipere dicebat. Etiam Lycurgus 2 Lacedaemoniis persua- 
sit, 3 se leges suas ab Apolline dicticisse. 

32. Quum Lycurgus, Lacedaemoniorum legislator, Del- 
phis in templum Apollinis intrasset, ut a deo oraculum pete- 
ret, Pythia 4 eum his verbis allocuta est : nescio, utrum Deus 
an homo appellandus sis ; sed deus potius videris esse. 

33. Leonidas, rex Lacedaemoniorum, quum Persae 5 dice- 
rentur sagittarum multitudine solem obscuraturi, 6 respondisse 
fertur : melius itaque in umbra pugnabimus. 

34. Cyrus 7 omnium suorum militum nomina memoria te- 
nebat. Mithridates autem, rex Ponti, 8 duarum et viginti gen- 
tium, quae sub regno ejus erant, linguas ita didicerat, ut cum 
omnibus, quibus imperabat, sine interprete loqui posset. 

35. Themistocles interroganti, utrum Achilles 9 esse mallet, 
an Homerus, respondit : Tu vero mallesne te in Olympico 
certamine 10 victorem renuntian, an praeco esse, qui victorum 
nomina proclamat 1 

36. Epaminondas, 11 Thebanorum imperator, in belloadver- 
sus Lacedaemonios, animos suorum religione excitandos ratus, 
arma in templis affixa 12 nocte detraxit, persuasitque militibus, 
quum ilia abesse viderent, deos iter suum sequi, ut ipsis proe- 
liantibus adessent. 

37. Idem in pugna ad Mantineam 13 graviter vulneratus est. 
Quum animam recepisset, interrogavit circumstantes amicos, 
an clypeus u salvus esset? deinde, an hostes fusi essent? Illi 
utrumque affirmaverunt. Turn demurn hastam e corpore 
educi jussit. Quo facto statim exspiravit. . 

38. Epaminondas tanta fuit abstinentia 15 et integritate, ut 
post plurima bella, quibus Thebanorum potentiam incredibi- 
liter auxerat, nihil in supellectili haberet praeter ahenum et 
veru. 

39. Lysander, 16 dux Lacedaemoniorum, militem quendam, 
via egressum, castigabat. Cui dicenti, ad nullius rei rapinam 
se ab agmine recessisse, respondit : ne speciem quidem rap- 
turi praebeas voloP 

40. Iphicrates, dux Atheniensium, quum praesidio teneret 
Corinthum, et sub adventum hostium ipse vigilias circumiret, 
vigilem, quern dormientem invenerat hasta transfixit. Quod 
factum 18 quibusdam ei, ut saevum, exprobrantibus, qualem inve- 
ni, inquit, lalem reliqui. 

41. Quumquidam Thrasybulo, 19 qui civitatem Atheniensium 



IV. ANECDOTES. S5 

a tyrannorum dominatione libera vit, dixisset : quantas tibi 
gratias Athenae debent I ille respondit : Dii faciani, ut quan- 
tas 1 ipse patriae debeo gratias, tantas ei videar retulisse. 2 

42. Philippus, rex Macedonum, monentibus eum quibus- 
dam, ut Pythiam quendam caveret, fortem militem, sed ipsi 
alienatum, quod tres fiiias aegre aleret, nee a rege adjuvare- 
tur, dixisse fertur : Quid ? si partem corporis haberem aegram, 
abscinderenv' potius an curarem ? Deinde Pythiam ad se vo- 
catum, 4 accepta difficultate rei domesticae, pecunia instruxit. 
Q,uo facto, nullum rex militem Pythia 5 fideliorem habuit. 

43. Mulier quaedam ab eodem Philippo, quum a convivio 
temulentus recederet, damnata, 6 a Philippo, inquit, temulento 
ad Philippum sobrium provoco. 

44. Philippus, rex Macedoniae, praedicare solebat, se ora- 
toribus Atheniensium maximam gratiam habere. Nam con- 
viciis suis, inquit, efficient, ut quotidie melior evadajn, dum 
eos dictis factisque mendacii arguere conor. 

45. Ejusdem regis epistola fertur scripta ad Aristotelem 
philosophum, qua nlium 7 sibi natum esse nuntiavit. Erat ilia 
epistola verbis concepta fere his : Filium mihi genitum esse 
scito. Quod 3 equidem diis habeo gratiam : non tarn quod 
natus est, quam quod ei contigit nasci temporibus vitae tua,e. 
Spero enim fore, ut a te educoAus et eruditus dignus evadat 
et nobis et rebus, 10 quas ipsi relicturi sumus. 

46. Alexander, Macedo, Philippi Alius, quum puer a prae- 
ceptore suo audivisset, innumerabiles mundos esse, heu me 
miser urn, inquit, qui ne uno quidem adhuc potitus sum ! 

47. Quum Alexander quondam Macedonum quorundam 
benevolentiam largitionibus sibi conciliare conatus esset, 
Philippus eum his verbis increpuit : Sperasne 11 eos 12 tibifideles 
essefuturos, quos pecunia tibi conciliaveris ? Scito, amorem 
non auro emi, sed virtutibus. 

48. Alexandre Macedoni, Asia debellata, 13 Corinthii per 
legatos gratulati sunt, regemque civitate sua 14 donaverunt. 
Quod officii 15 genus quum Alexander risisset, unus ex lega- 
tis, nulli unquam, inquit, civitatem dedimus alii, quam tibi et 
Her culi. Quo audito Alexander honorem sibi delatum lu- 
bentissime 16 accepit. 

_ 49. Quum Alexander Graeciae populis imperasset, ut di- 
vinos ipsi honores decernerent, Lacedaemonii his verbis ute- 
bantur: 17 quoniam Alexander deus esse voluit, esto deus; La- 
conica brevitate 18 regis notantes vecordiam. 

t 50. Lysimachus, 19 rex Thraciae, Theodorum Cyrenaeum, 20 
virum Kbertatis amantissimum et regiae dominationi infestum, 
cruci afflgi jussit. Cui ille, hujusmodi minis, inquit, purpu 



36 IV. ANECDOTES. 

ratos tuos lerreas. Mea quidem 7iihil interest, 1 humine 2 an sub- 
lime 3 putrescam. 

51. Mausoius, rex Cariae, 4 Artemisiam habuit conjugem. 
Haec, Mausolo defuncto, ossa cineremque mariti contusa et 
odoribus mixta cum aqua potabat. Exstruxit quoque, ad con- 
servandam ejus memoriam, sepulcrum 5 illud nobilissimum, ab 
ejus nomine appeilatum, quod inter septem orbis terrarum mi- 
racula 6 numeratur. Quod quum Mausoli manibus 7 dicaret, 
certamen instituit, praemiis amplissimis ei propositis, 8 qui de- 
functum regem optime laudasset. 

52. Dionysius, 9 qui a patre Syracusarum et paene totius 
Siciliae tyrannidem acceperat, senex, patria pulsus, Corinthi 
pueros litteras docuit. 

53. Mithridates, rex Ponti, saepe venenum hauserat, ut 
sibi a eland estinis caver et insidiis. Hinc factum est, ut, quum 
a Pompejo superatus mortem sibi consciscere vellet, ne velo- 
cissima quidem venena ei nocerent. 

54. Q,uum Gyges, rex Lydiae 10 ditissimus, oraculum Apol- 
linis interrogaret, an quisquam mortalium se esset felicior, 11 
deus Aglaum quendam Psophidium 12 feliciorem praedicavit. 
Is autem erat Arcadum pauperrimus, parvuli agelli possessor, 
cujus terminos, quamvis senex, nunquam excesserat, fructibus 
et voluptatibus angusti ruris contentus. 

55. Pyrrhus, 13 rex Epiri, quum in Italia esset, audivit, Ta- 
rentinos quosdam juvenes in convivio parum honorifice de se 
loquutos esse. Eos igitur ad se arcessitos percunctatus est, 
an dixissent ea, quae ad aures suas pervenissent. Turn unus 
ex his, nisi, inquit, vinum nobis defecisset, niulto etiam jplura 
et graviora in te loquuturi eramus. u Haec criminis excusa- 
tio iram regis in risum convertit. 

56. Marsyas, frater Antigoni, 15 regis Macedoniae, quum 
causam haberet cum privato quodam, fratrem rogavit, ut de 
ea domi cognosceret. At ille, in foro potius, 16 inquit. Nam 
si culpa vacas, innocentia tua ibi melius apparebit; sin dam- 
nandus es, nostra justitia. 

57. Clara sunt apud Catanenses 17 nomina fratrum Anapi 
et Ampbinomi, qui patrem et matrem humeris per medios 
ignes Aetnae portarunt, eosque cum vitae suae periculo e 
flammis eripuerunt. 

58. Spartanus quidam quum rideretur, quod claudus in pug- 
nam iret, at 13 mihi, inquit, pugnare, non fugcre est propositum. 

59. Spartanus quidam in magistratus petitione ab aemulis 
victus, maximae sibi laetitiae esse, 19 dixit, quod patria sua se 
meliores 20 cives haberet. 

60. Quum homo qmdam, qui diu in uno pede stare didice 



IV. ANECDOTES, 37 

rat, Lacedaemonio cuidam dixisset, se non arbitrari, Lacedae- 
mo/iiorum quemquam tamdiu idem face re posse, iile respon- 
dit: at anseres 1 te diutius. 

61. Diagoras Rhodius, 2 quum tres ejus fiiii in ludis Olym- 
picis 3 victores renuntiati essent, tanto affectus est gaudio, ut in 
ipso stadio, inspectante populo, 4 in filiorum manibus animam 
redderet. 

62. Scipio Africanus 5 nunquam ad negotia publica accede- 
bat, ante quam in templo Jovis precatus esset. 

63. Scipio dicere solebat, hosti non solum dandam esse 
viam fugiendi, sed etiam muniendam. Similiter Pyrrhus, rex 
Epiri, 6 fugienti hosti pertinaciter instandum esse negabat ; 7 
non solum, ne fortius 5 ex necessitate 9 resisteret, sed ut postea 
quoque facilius acie cederet, ratus, victores fugientibus non 
usque ad perniciem instaturos esse. 

64. Metellus Pius, in Hispaniabellum gerens, interrogatus, 
quid postero die facturus esset ? twiicam meam, inquit, si id 
eloqui posset, comburerem. 

65. L. Mummius, qui, Corintho 10 capta, totam Italiam ta- 
bulis statuisque exornavit, ex tantis manubiis nihil in suum 
usum convertit, ita ut, eo defuncto, non esset unde 11 ejus filia 
dotem acciperet. Gluare senatus ei ex publico dotem decre- 
vit. 

66. Scipio Africanus major 12 Ennii poetae imaginem in se- 
pulcro gentis Corneliae 13 collocari jussit, quod Scipionum res 
gestas carminibus suis illustraverat. 

67. M. Cato, Catonis Censorii filius, in acie, cadente 
equo prolapsus, quum se recollegisset, animadvertissetque 
gladium excidisse vagina, rediit in hostem : acceptisque ali- 
quot vulneribus, recuperato demum gladio 14 ad suos reversus 
est. 

63. Q. Metellus Macedonicus in Hispania quinque cohor- 
tes, quae hostibus cesserant testamentum facere jussas, ad 
locum 15 recuperandum misit; minatus, eos 16 non nisi post vic- 
toriam receptum iri. 

69. Publius Decius consul, quum in bello contra Latinos 
Ilomanorum aciem cedentem videret, 17 capite pro reipublicae 
salute devoto, ,b in medium hostium agmen irruit, et magna 
strage edita plurimis telis obrutus cecidit. Haec ejus mors 
Romanorum aciem restituit iisque victoriam paravit. 

70. L. Junius Brutus, qui Romam a regibus liberavit, 19 fi- 
hos sups, qui Tarquinium regem expulsum restituere conati 
erant, ipse capitis damnavit, eosque virgis caesos- 3 securi per- 
cuti jussit. 

71. Gl Marcius Rex, consul, quum filium unicum, juve- 



38 IV. ANECDOTES. 

nem summae pietatis et magnae spei, morte amisisset, dolo- 
rem suum ita coercuit, ut a rogo adolescentis protenus curi- 
am peteret, iblque muneris sui negotia strenue obiret. 

72. In bello Romanorum cum Perseo, 1 ultimo Macedo- 
niae rege, aecidit, ut serena nocte subito luna deficeret. 
Ilaec res ingentem apud milites terrorem excitavit, qui exis- 
timabant, hoc omine 2 futuram cladem portendi. Turn vero 
Sulpicius Gallus, qui erat in eo exercitu, in concione militum 
causam hujus rei tarn diserte exposuit, ut postero die omnes 
intrepido animo pugnam committerent. 

73. L. Siccius Dentatus ob insignem fortitudinem appel- 
latus est Achilles Romanus. Pugnasse is dicitur centum et 
viginti proeliis ; cicatricem aversam 3 nullam, adversas quin- 
que et quadraginta tulisse ; coronis 4 esse donatus aureis duo- 
deviginti, obsidionali una, muralibus tribus, civicis quatuor- 
decim, torquibus tribus et octoginta, armillis plus centum 
sexaginta, hastis duodeviginti. Phaleris idem donatus est 
quinquies viciesque. Triumphavit cum imperatoribus suis 
triumphos novem. 

74. Hannibal em in Italiam proficisceutem tria millia Car- 
petanorum 5 reliquerent. Quorum exemplum ne caeteri quo- 
que barbari 6 sequerentur, edixit, eos a se esse dimissos, et in- 
super in fidem ejus rei 7 alios etiam, quorum fides ipsi suspec- 
ta erat, domum remisit. 

75. Hannibal quum elephan'tos compellere non posset, ut 
praealtum flumen transirent, neque rates haberet, quibus eos 
trajiceret, 8 jussit ferocissimum elephantorum sub aure vulne- 
rari, 9 et eum, qui vulnerasset, se in flumen conjicere illudque 
tranare. Turn elephantus exasperatus ad persequendum 
doloris sui auctorem tranavit amnem, et reliqui quoque eum 
secuti sunt. 



SECOND DIVISION. 



AN EPITOME OF ROMAN HISTORY, 

FROM THE EARLIEST AGES TO THE TIME OF THE 

EMPERORS. 



LIBER PRIMUS, 

1. Antiquissimis temporibus Satumus in Italiam vemsse 
dicitur. Ibi haud procul a Janiculo 1 arcem condidit, eamque 
Saturniam appellavit. Hie Italos primus agriculturam docuit. 

2. Postea Latinus in iliis regionibus imperavit. Sub hoc 
rege Troja 2 in Asia eversa est. Hinc Aeneas, Anchisae 
filius, cum-multis Trojanis, quibus ferrum Graecorum peper- 
cerat, 3 aufugit, et in Italiam pervenit. Ibi Latinus rex ei be- 
nigne recepto filiam Laviniam in matrimonium dedit. Aene- 
as urbem condidit, quam in honorem conjugis Lavinium ap- 
pellavit. 

3. Post Aeneae mortem, Ascanius, Aeneae filius, regnum 
accepit. Hie sedem regni in alium locum transtulit, urbem- 
que condidit in monte Albano, eamque Albam longam 4 nun- 
cupavit. Eum secutus est Silvius, qui post Aeneae mortem 
a Lavinia genitus erat. Ejus poster! omnes, usque ad Ro- 
mam conditam, Albae regnaverunt. 

4. Unus ho rum regum, Romulus Silvius, se Jove majorem 
esse dicebat, et, quum'tonaret, militibus imperavit, ut clypeos 
hastis percuterent, dicebatque, hunc sonum multo clariorem 
esse quam tonitru. Fulmine ictus et in Albanum lacum 
praecipitatus est. 

5. Silvius Procas, rex Albanorum, duos fllios IeDquJt, Nu- 
mitorem et Amuiium. Horum minor natu, Amuiius, fratri 
optionem dedit, utrum regnum habere vellet, an bona, quae 
pater reliquisset. Numitor paterna bona praetulit ; Amuiius 
reirnum obtinuif., 



40 V. ROMAN HISTORY. 

6. Amulius, ut regnum firmissime possideret, Numitons 
filium per insidias interemit, et flliam fratris, Rheam Silri- 
am, Vestalem virginem fecit. Nam his Vestae sacerdotibus 1 
non licet viro nubere. 2 Sed haec a Marte geminos filios, 
Romulum et Remum, peperit. Hoc quum Amulius compe 
risset, matrem in vincuia conjecit, pueros autem in Tiberim 
abjici jussit. 

7. Forte Tiberis aqua ultra ripam 3 se effuderat, et quum 
pueri in vado essent positi, aqua rerluens eos in sicco reliquit. 
Ad eorum vagitum lupa accurrit, eosque uberibus suis aluit. 
Quod videns Faustulus quidam, pastor illius regionis, pueros 
sustulit, et uxori Accae Laurentiae nutriendos 4 dedit. 

8. Sic Romulus et Remus pueritiam inter pastores transe- 
gerunt. Quum adolevissent, et forte comperissent, quis ipso- 

rum avus, quae mater fuisset, Amuliurrrinterfecerunt, 
^] te et Numitori avo regnum restituerunt. Turn urbem con- 
754 ' diderunt in monte Aventino, quam Romxdus a suo no- 
mine Romam vocavit. Haec quum moenibus circum- 
daretur, Remus occisus est, dum fratrem irridens moenia 
transiliebat. 

9. Romulus, ut civium numerum augeret. asylum 5 pate- 
fecit, ad quod multi ex civitatibus suis pulsi 6 accurrerunt. 
Sed novae urbis civibus conjuges deerant. Festum itaque 
Neptuni et ludos instituit. Ab hos quum multi ex finitimis 
populis cum mulieribus et liberis venissent, Romani, inter 
ipsos ludos, spectantes virgines rapuerunt. 

10. Populi illi, quorum virgines raptae erant, bellum ad- 
versus raptores susceperunt. Quum Romae appropinqua- • 
rent, forte in Tarpejam virginem inciderunt, quae in arce 7 sa- 
cra procurabat. Hanc rogabant, ut viam in arcem monstra- 
ret, eique permiserunt ut munus sibi posceret. Ilia petiit, ut 
sibi darent, quod in sinistris manibus gererent, annulos au- 
reos et armillas significans. At hostes, in arcem ab ea per- 
ducti, scutis Tarpejam obruerunt; nam et haec in sinistris 
manibus gerebant. 

1 1. Turn Romulus cum hoste, qui montem Tarpejum tene- 
bat, pugnam conseruit in eo loco, ubi nunc forum Romanum 
est. In media caede raptae processerunt, et hinc patres, hinc 
conjuges et soceros complectebantur et rogabant, ut caedis 
finem facerent. Utrique his precibus commoti sunt. Romu- 
lus foedue icit, et Sabinos in urbem recepit. 8 

12. Postea civitatem descripsit. Centum senatores legit, 
eosque cum ob aetatem, turn ob reverentiam iis debitam, Pa- 
tres appellavit. Plebem in triginta curias distribuit, easquo 



LIBER I. 41 

raptarum nominibus nuncupavit. Anno regni tricesimo 
septimo, quum exercitum lustraret, 1 inter tempestatem A' <w 
ortam, repente oculis hominum subductus est. Hinc alii 
eum a senatoribus interfectum, alii ad deos sublatum 2 esse ex- 
istimaverunt. 

13. Post Romuli mortem unius anni interregnum fuit. 
Quo elapso Numa Pompilius, Curibus, urbe in agro Sabino- 
rum, natus, rex creatus est. Hie vir bellum quidem nullum 
gessit; nee minus tamen civitati profuit. Nam et leges dedit, 
et sacra plurima instituit, ut populi barbari et bellicosi mores 
molliret. Omnia autem, quae fkciebat, se nymphae Egeriae, 
conjugis suae, jussu facere dicebat. Morbo decessit, quadra- 
gesimo tertio imperii anno. 

14. Numae successit Tullus Hostilius, cujus avus se 

in bello adversus Sabinos fortem et strenuum virum gj 
praestiterat. Rex creatus bellum Albanis indixit, idque 
trigeminorum,*Horatiorum et Curiatiorum, eertamine finivit. 
Albam propter perfidiam Metii Fuffetii 3 diruit. Quum trigin- 
ta duobus annis regnasset, fulmine ictus cum domo sua arsit, 

15. Pest hunc Ancus Marcius, Numae ex fllia nepos, 
suscepit imperium. Hie vir aequitate et religione avo ~\\Y m 
similis, Latinos bello domuit, urbem ampliavit, et nova ei 
moenia circumdedit. 4 Carcerem primus aedificavit. Ad Tibe- 
ris ostia urbem condidit, Ostiamque vocavit. Vicesimo quar- 
to anno imperii morbo obiit. 

16. Deinde regnum Lucius Tarquinius Priscus acce- 

pit, Damarati filius, qui tyrannos patriae Corinthi 5 fu- ^Y' 
giens in Etruriam 6 venerat. Ipse Tarquinius, qui no- 
men ab urbe Tarquiniis accepit, aliquando Romam profectus 
erat. Advenienti aquila pileum abstulit, et postquam alte 
evolaverat, reposuit. Hinc Tanaquil conjux, mulier augu- 
riorum perita, regnum ei portendi intellexit. 

17. Quum Romae commoraretur, Anci regis familiarita- 
tem consequutus est, qui eum filiorum suorum tutorem reli- 
quit. Sed is pupillis regnum intercepit. Senatoribus, quos 
Romulus creaverat, centum alios addidit, qui minorum gen- 
tium 7 sunt appellati. Plura bella feliciter gessit, nee paucos 
agros, hostibus ademtos, 8 urbis territorio adjunxit. Primus 
triumphans urbem intravit. Cloacas fecit ; Capitolium 9 in- 
choavit. Tricesimo octavo imperii anno per Anci filios, qui- 
bus regnum eripuerat, occisus est. 

18. Post hunc Servius Tullius suscepit imperium, 
genitus ex nobili femina, captiva tamen et famula. ^7' 
Quum in domo Tarquinii Prisci educaretur, flamma in ' 
ejus capite visa est. Hoc prodigio Tanaquil ei summam 

PART I. E 



42 V. ROMAN HISTORY. a 

dignitatem portendi intellexit, et conjugi persuasit, ut eum 
sicuti liberos suos educaret. G,uum adolevisset, rrex ei filiam 
in matrimonium dedit. m 

19. Q,uum Priscus Tarquinius occisus esset, Tanaquil de 
superiore parte domus populum allocuta est, dicens : regem 
grave quidem, sed non letale vulnus accepisse ; eum petere, ut 
populus, dum convaluisset, Servio Tullio obediret. Sic Ser- 
vius regnare coepit, sed bene imperium administravit. Mon- 
tes tres urbi adjunxit. Primus omnium censum 1 ordinavit. 
Sub eo Roma habuit capitum octoginta tria millia civium 
Romanorum cum his, qui in agris erant. 

20. Hie rex interfectus est scelere filiae Tulliae et 
220 Tarquinii Superbi, filii ejus regis, cui Servius succes- 
serat. Nam ab ipso Tarquinio de gradibus Curiae 2 de- 
jectus, quum do mum fugeret, interfectus est. Tullia in forum 
properavit et prima conjugem regem salutavit. Gluum domum 
rediret, aurigam super patris corpus, in via jac^ns, carpentum 3 
agerejussit. 

21. Tarquinius Superbus cognomen moribus meruit. Bello 
tamen strenuus plures finitimorum populorum vicit. Tem- 
plum Jovis in Capitolio aedificavit. Postea, dum Ardeam 
oppugnabat, urbem Etruriae, imperium perdidit. Nam quum 
films ejus Lucretiae, nobilissimae feminae, conjugi Tarquinii 
Collatini, vim fecisset, haec se ipsa occidit in conspectu ma- 
riti, patris et amicorum, postquam eos obtestata fuerat, ut 
hanc injur iam' 1 ulciscerentur. 

22. Hanc ob causam L. Brutus, Collatinus, aliique 
243 nonnulli in exitium regis conjurarunt, populoque per- 
suaserunt, ut ei portas Urbis clauderet. Exercitus 
quoque, qui civitatem Ardeam cum rege oppugnabat, eum 
reliquit. Fugit itaque cum uxore et liberis suis. Ita Romae 
regnatum est per septem reges, annos ducentos quadraginta 
tres. 

23. Hinc consules eoepere pro uno rege duo creari, ut, si 
unus maius esset, alter eum coerceret. Annuum iis imperium 
tributum est, ne per diuturnitatem potestatis insolentiores 
redderentur. Fuerunt igitur anno primo, expulsis regibus, 
consules L. Junius Brutus acerrimus libertatis vindex, et Tar- 
quinius Collatinus, maritus Lucretiae. Sed Collatino pauio 
post dignitas sublata est. Placuerat enim, ne quis ex Tar- 
quiniorum familia Romae maneret. Ergo cum omni patri- 
monio suo ex urbe migravit, et in ejus locum Valerius Publi- 
cola consul factus est. 

24. Commovit bellum urbi rex Tarquinius. In prima 
pugna Brutus, consul, et Aruns, Tarquinii filius, sese invi- 



LIBER I. 43 

cem occiderunt. Romani tamen ex ea pugna victores reces- 
serunt. Brutum Romanae matronae, quasi communem pa- 
trem, per annum luxerunt. 1 Valerius Publicola Sp. Luere- 
tium, Lucretiae patrem, collegam sibi fecit ; qui quum morbo 
exstinctus esset, Horatium Pulvillum sibi collegam sumsit. 
Ita primus annus quinque consules habuit. 

25. Secundo quoque anno iterum Tarquinius bellum 
Romanis intulit, Porsena, rege Etruscorum, auxilium ei j^Jf' 
ferente. In illo bello Horatius Codes solus Pontem 
ligneum 2 defendit et hostes cohibuii, donee pons a tergo rup- 
tus esset. Turn se cum armis in Tiberim conjecit et ad suos 
transnavit. 

26. Dum Porsena urbem obsidebat, Q,u. Mucins Scaevo- 
la, juvenis fortis animi, in castra hostis se contulit, eo consilio, 
ut regem oc cider et. At ibi scribam regis pro ipso rege inter- 
fecit. Turn a regiis satellitibus comprehensus et ad regem 
deductus, quum Porsena eum ignibus allatis 3 terreret, dextram 
arae accensae imposuit, donee flammis consumta esset. Hoc 
facinus jex miratus juvenem dimisit incolumem. Turn hie, 
quasi beneficium referens, ait, trecentos alios juvenes in eum 
conjurasse. Hac re territus Porsena pacemcum Romanis fe- 
cit, Tarquinius autem Tusculum se contulit, ibique privatus 
cum uxore consenuit. 

27. Sexto decimo anno post reges exactos, populus 
Romae seditionem fecit, questus, quod tributis et mili- ^kq' 
tia. a senatu exhaurifetur. Magna pars plebis urbem 
reliquit et in montem trans Anienem 4 amnem secessit. Turn 
patres turbati Menenium Aprippam miserant ad plebem, qui 
earn senatui conciliaret. 5 Hie iis inter alia fabulam 6 nar- 
ravit de ventre et membris humani corporis ; qua populus 
commotus est, ut in urbem rediret. Turn primum tribuni 
plebis 7 creati sunt, qui plebem adversum nobilitatis superbiam 
defenderent. 8 

28. Octavo decimo anno post exactos reges, Q,u. 
Marcius, Coriolanus diet us ab urbe Volscorum 9 Corio- ^• V 
li, quam bello ceperat, plebi invisis fieri coepit. Quare 
urbe expulsus ad Yolscos, acerrimos Romanorum hostes, 
contendit, et ab iis dux exercitus factus Romanos saepe vi 
cit. Jam usque ad quintum -milliarium 10 Urbis accesserat, 
nee ullis civium suorum legationibus flecti poterat, ut patriae 
parceret. Denique Veturia mater et Volumnia uxor ex urbe 
ad eum venerunt ; quarum flectu et precibus commotus est, 
ut exercitum removeret. Quo facto a Volscis ut proditor oc- 
cisus esse dicitur. 

29. Romani quum adversum Vejentes 11 bellum gererent, 



44 V. ROMAN HISTORY. 

familia Fabiorum sola hoc bellum suscepit. Profecti sunt 
trecenti sex nobilissimi homines, duce Fabio consule. 
^074* Quum saepe hostes vicissent, apud Cremeram 1 fluvium 
castra posuerunt. Ibi Vejentes, dolo usi, eos in insi- 
dias pellexerunt. In proelio ibi exorto omnes perierunt. Unus 
superfuit ex tanta familia, qui propter aetatem puerilem duci 
non potuerat ad pugnam. Hie genus propagavit ad Q,u. Fa- 
bium Maximum, ilium, qui Hannibalem 2 prudenti cunctatione 
debilitavit. 3 

30. Anno trecentesimo et altero ab Urbe condita 
302 Decemviri 4 creati sunt, qui civitati leges sc ?rent. 

Hi primo anno bene egerunt; secundo autem g nina- 
tionem exercere coeperunt. Sed quum unus eorum j^ppius 
Claudius virginem ingenuam, Virginiam, Virginii centurionis 
filiam, corrumpere vellet, pater earn occidit. Turn ad milites 
profugit, eosque ad seditionem commovit. Sublata est de- 
cemviris potestas, ipsique omnes aut morte aut exilio puniti 
sunt. 

31. In bello contra Veientanos Furius Camillus ur- 
~- g * bem Falerios 5 obsidebat. In quo obsidione quum ludi 

literarii magister principum filios ex urbe in castra hos- 
tium duxisset, Camillus hoc donum non accepit, sed sceles- 
tum hominem, manibus post tergum vinctis, pueris Falerios 
reducendum tradidit ; 6 virgasque iis dedit, quibus proditorem 
in urbem agerent. 

32. Hac tanta animi nobilitate commoti Falisci urbem Ro- 
manis tradiderunt. Camillo autem apud Romanos crimini 
datum est, quod albis equis 7 triumphasset, et praedam mique 
divisisset ; damnatusque ob earn causam et civitate expulsus 

est. Paulo post Galli Senones 8 ad Urbem venerunt, 
■^* y* Romanos apud flumen Alliam 9 vicerunt, et Urbem etiam 

occuparunt. Jam nihil praeter Capitolium defendi po- 
tuit. Et jam praesidium fame laborabat, et in eo erant, 10 ut 
pacem a Gallis auro emerent, quum Camillus cum manu mi- 
litum superveniens hostes magno proelio superaret. 

LIBER SECUNDUS. 

1. Anno trecentesimo nonagesimo quarto post Ur- 
394 ^ em con ^ tam Galli iterum ad Urbem accedebant, et 
quarto milliario trans Anienem 11 fluvium consederant. 
Contra eos missus est T. Quinctius. Ibi Gallus quidam, exi- 
mia corporis magnitudine, fortissimum Roman orum ad cer- 
tamen singulare provocavit. T. Manlius, nobilissimus juve- 
nis, provocationem accepit, Galium occidit, eumque torque 



LIBER II. 45 

auieo spoliavit, quo ornatus erat. Hinc et ipse et posteri ejus 
Torquati appellati sunt. Galli fugam capessiverunt. 

2. Novo bello cum Gallis exorto, anno Urbis quad- 
rin^entesimo sexto, iterum Gallus piocessit, robore at- ^Y' 

° . . . . r -r, . 40b. 

que armis msignis, et provocayit unum ex Komanis, ut 

secum armis decerneret. Turn se M. Valerius, tribunus mi- 
litum, 1 obtulit ; et quum processisset armatus, eorvus ei su- 
pra dextrum bracbium sedit. Mox, commissa pugna, liic 
eorvus alis et unguibus Galli oculos verberavit. Ita factum 
est, ut. Gallus facili negotio a Yalerio interficeretur, qui hinc 
Cor /nomen accepit. 

3 Postea Romani bellum gesserunt ctsn Samniti- 
bus. 2 ad quod L. Papirius Cursor cum honore dictato- < Y' 
ris d prolectus est. dm, quum negotn cujusaam causa 
Romam ivisset, praecepit Q,. Fabio Rulliano, magistro equi- 
tum, quern apud exercitum reliquit, ne pugnam cum hoste 
committeret. Sed ille, occasionem nactus, felicissime dirnica- 
vit et Samnites delevit. Ob banc rem a dictatore capuis dam- 
natus est. At ille in Urbem confugit, et ingenti favore militum 
et populi liberatus est ; in Papirium autem tanta exorta est se- 
ditio, ut paene ipse interficeretur. 

4. Duobus annis post T. Yeturius et Spurius Postumius 
consules bellum adversum Samnites gerebant. Hi a Pontio 
Thelesino, duce hostium, in insidias inducti sunt. Nam ad 
Furculas Caudinas 1 Romanos pellexit in angustias, 
unde sese expedire non poterant. Ibi Pontius patrem 40^' 
suum Herennium rogavit, quid faciendum putaret. Ille 

ait, aut omnes occidendos esse, ut Romanorum vires frangeren- 
tur, aut omnes dimittendos, ut beneficio obligarentur. Pontius 
utrumque consilium improbavit, omnesque sub jugum 5 misit. 
Samnites denique post bellum undequinquaginta annorum su- 
perati sunt. 

5. Devictis Samnitibus, Tarentinis 6 bellum indictum 

est, quia legatis Romanorum injuriam fecissent. Hi ^J* 
Pyrrhum, Epiri 7 regem, contra Romanos auxilio po- ' ' 
poscerunt. 8 Is mox in Italiam venit, tumque primum Roma- 
ni cum transmarino hoste pugnaverunt. Missus est contra 
eum consul P. Valerius Laevinus. Hie, quum exploratores 
Pyrrhi cepisset, jussit eos per castra duci, ostendi omnem exer- 
citum, tumque dimitti, ut renuntiarent Pyrrho, quaecunque a 
Romanis ae:erentur. 

6. Pugna commissi, Pyrrhus auxilio elephantorum 9 vicit. 
Nox proelio finem dedit. Laevinus tamen per noctem fugit. 
PyTrhus Romanos milleoctingentos cepit, eosque snmmo ho- 
nore tractavit. Quum eos, qui in proelio interfecti fuerant, 

e 2 



4G V. ROMAN HISTORY. 

omnes adversis vulneribus 1 et truci vultu etiam mortuos jacere 
videret, tulisse ad coelum manus dicitur, cum hac voce : Ego 
cum talibus viris brevi 2 orbem t err arum subigerem. 

7. Postea Pyrrhus Romam perrexit ; omnia ferro igneque 
vastavit ; Campaniam 3 depopulates est, atque ad Praeneste 4 ve- 
nit, milliario ab Urbe octavo decimo. Mox terrore exercitus, 
qui cum consule sequebatur, in Campaniam se recepit. Legati, 
ad Pyrrhum de captivis redimendis missi, honor ifice ab eo sus- 
cepti sunt ; captivos sine pretio reddidit. Unum ex legatis. 
Fabricium, sic admiratus est, ut ei quartam partem regni sui 
promitteret, si ad se transiret ; sed a Fabricio contemtus est. 

8. Quum jam Pyrrhus ingenti Romanorum admiratione 
teneretur, legatum misit Cineam, praestantissimum virum, qui 
pacem peteret, ea conditione, ut Pyrrhus earn partem Italiae 
quam armis occupaverat, obtineret. Romani responderunt, 
eum cum Romanis pacem habere non posse, nisi ex Italia re- 
cessisset. Cineas quum rediisset, Pyrrho, eum interroganti, 
qualis ipsi Roma visa esset ; respondit, se regum palriam vi- 
disse. 

9. In altero proelio cum rege Epiri commisso, 5 Pyrrhus vul- 
neratus est, elephanti interfecti, viginti millia hostium caesa 
sunt. Pyrrhus Tarentum fugit. Interjecto anno Fabricius 
contra eum missus est. Ad hunc medic us Pyrrhi nocte venit, 
promittens, se Pyrrhum veneno occisurum, si munus sibi da- 
retur. Hunc Fabricius vinctum reduci jussit ad dominum. 
Tunc rex, generosum viri animum admiratus, dixisse fertur ; 
llle est Fabricius, qui difficilius ob honestate, quam sol a cursu 

suo averti potest. Paulo post Pyrrhus, tertio etiam proe- 
4^1 lio fusus, a Tarento recessit, et, quum in Graeciam re- 
diisset, apud Argos, Peloponnesi urbem, interfectus est. 

10. Anno quadringentesimo npnagesimo post Urbem 
^ 9 ^* conditam Romanorum exercitus primum in Sicilian! tra- 

jecerunt, regemque Syracusarum Hieronem, Poenos- 
que, qui multas civitates in ea insula occupaverant, su- 
A 9 J* peraverunt. Quinto anno hujus belli, quod contra Poe- 
nos gerebatur, primum Romani, C. Duillio et Cn. Cor- 
nelio Asina Coss., in mari dimicaverunt. Duillius Carthagi- 
nienses vicit, triginta naves occupavit, quatuordecim mer- 
sit, septem millia hostium cepit, tria millia occldit. Nulla 
victoria Romanis gratior fuit. Duillio concessum est, ut, qdum 
a coena rediret, pueri funalia gestantes et tibicen eum comita- 
rentur. 6 

11. Paucis annis interjectis bellum in Africam trans- 
^499^' ^ atum est - Hamilcar, Carthaginiensium dux, pugna 

navali superatur ; nam perditis sexaginta quatuor navi- 



LIBER III. 47 

bus, se recepit ; Romani viginti duas amisenmt. Quum in 
Africam venissent, Poenos in pluribus proeliis vicerunt, mag- 
nam vim hominum ceperunt, septuaginta quatuor civitates in 
fidem acceperunt. Turn victi Carthaginienses pacem a Ro- 
manis petierunt. Q,uam quum M. Atilius Regulus, Romano- 
rum dux, dare nollet nisi durissimis conditionibus, Carthagi- 
nienses auxilium petierunt a Lacedaemoniis. Hi Xanthippum 
miserunt, qui Romanum exercitum magno proelio vicit. Re- 
gulus ipse captus et in vincula conjectus est. 

12. Non tamen ubique fortuna Carthaginiensibus iavit. 
Quum aliquot proeliis victi essent, Regulum rogaverunt, ut 
Romam proficisceretur, et pacem captivorumque permuta- 
tionem a Romanis obtineret. Ille quum Romam venisset, 
inductus in senatum, dixit, se dcsiisse 1 Romanum esse ex ilia 
die, qua in potestatem Poenorum venisset. Turn Romanis sua- 
sit, ne pacem cum Carthaginiensibus facer ent ; illos enim tot 
casibus fractos, spem nullam nisi in pace habere ; tanti non 
esse, ut tot millia 2 captivorum propter se unum et paucos, qui 
ex Romanis capti essent, redderentur. Haec sententia obti- 
nuit. Regressus igitur in Africam crudelissimis suppliciis 
exstinctus est. 

13. Tandem C. Lutatio Catulo, A. Postumio Coss., 
anno belli Punici vicesimo tertio, magnum proelium fj'o 
navale commissum est contra Lilybaeum, 3 promonto- 
rium fSiciliae. In eo proelio septuaginta tres Carthaginien- 
sium naves captae, centum viginti quinque demersae, trigin- 
ta duo millia hostium capta, tredecim millia occisa sunt. 
Statim Carthaginienses pacem petierunt, eisque pax tributa 
est. Captivi Romanorum, qui tenebantur, a Carthaginiensi- 
bus, redditi sunt. Poeni Sicilia, Sardinia et ceteris insulis, 
quae intra Italiam Africamque jacent decesserunt, omnem- 
que Hispaniam, quae citra Iberum 4 est, Romanis permise- 
runt. 



LIBER TERTIUS. 

1. Anno quingentesimo undetricesimo ingentes Gal- 
lorum copiae Alpes transierunt. Sed pro Romanis to- £Jq 
ta Italia consensit: traditumque est, octingenta millia 
hominum ad id bellum parata fuisse. Res prospere gesta 
est apud Clusium : 5 quadraginta millia hominum interfecta 
sunt. Aliquot annis post pugnatum est contra Gallos in agro 
Insubrum, 6 finitumque est bellum M. Claudio Marcello, Cn. 
Cornelio Scipione Coss. Turn Marcellus regem Gallorum, 



43 V. ROMAN HISTORY 

Viridomarum, manu sua occidit et triumphans spolia 1 Galli, 
stipiti imposita, humeris suis vexit. 

2. Paulo post Punicum bellum removatum est per Hanni- 
balem, Carthaginiensium ducem, quern pater Hamilcar, no- 

vem annos natum, aris admoverat, ut odium perenne in 
p>' n ' Romanos juraret. Hie annum agens vicesimum ae- 

tatis, Saguntum, 2 Hispaniae civitatem, Romanis ami- 
cam, oppugnare aggressus est. Huic Romani per legatos 
denuntiaverunt, ut belio abstineret. Qui quum legatos ad- 
mittere nollet, Romani Carthaginem miserunt, ut mandaretur 3 
Hannibal i, ne bellum contra socios populi Romani gereret. 
Dura responsa a Carthaginiensibus reddita. Saguntinis in- 
terea fame victis, Romani Carthaginiensibus bellum indixe- 
runt. 

3. Hannibal, fratre Hasdrubaie in Hispania relicto, Pyre- 
naeum et Alpes transiit. Traditur in Itaiiam octoginta miliia 
peditum, et viginti miliia equitum, sept em et triginta ele- 
phantos adduxisse. Interea multi Ligures 4 et Galli Hanni- 
bali se conjunxerunt. Primus ei occurrit P. Cornelius Sci- 
pio, qui proelio ad Ticinum 5 commisso, superatus est, et, vul- 
nere accepto, in castra rediit. Turn Sempronius Gracchus 
conflixit ad Trebiam 6 amnem. Is quoque vincitur. Multi 
populi se Hannibali dediderunt. Inde in Tusciam 7 progres- 
sus Flaminium Cos. ad Trasimenum 8 lacum superau Ipse 
Flaminius interemtus, Rornanorum viginti quinque miliia cae- 
sa sunt. 

4. Q,uingentesimo et quadragesimo anno post Urbem 
^ conditum L. Aemilius Paulus et P. Terentius Varro 
contra Hannibalem mittuntur. Quamquam intellectum 
erat, Hannibalem non aliter vinci posse, quam mora, 9 Varro 
tamen, morae impatiens, apud vicum, qui Cannae appellatur, 
in Apulia 10 pugnavit ; ambo consules victi, Paulus interemtus 
est. In ea pugna consulares aut praetorii viginti, senatores 
triginta capti aut occisi, militum quadraginta miliia, equitum 
tria miliia et quingenti perierunt. In his tantis malis nemo 
tamen pacis mentionem facere dignatus est. Servi, quod nun- 
quam ante factum, manumissi et milites facti sunt. 

5. Post earn pugnam multae Italiae civitates, quae Ro- 
manis paruerant, se ad Hannibalem transtulerunt. Hannibal 
Romanis obtulit, ut captivos redimerent; responsumque est 
a senatu, eos cives non esse necessarios, qui armati 11 capi po- 
tuissent. Hos omnes ille postea variis suppliciis interfecit, 
et tres modios aureorum annulorum 12 Carthaginem misit, quos 
manibus equitum Rornanorum, senatorum et militum detrax- 
erat. Interea in Hispania frater Hannibalis Hasdrubal, qui 



LIBER III. 49 

ibi remanserat cum magno exercitu, a duobus Scipionibus 1 
vincitur, perditque in pugna triginta quinque millia hominum. 

6. Anno quarto post quam Hannibal in Italiam venerat, 
M. Claudius Marcellus Cos. apud Nolam, 2 civitatem Cam- 
paniae, contra Hannibalem bene pugnavit. Ilio tempore 
Philippus, Demetrii filius, rex Macedoniae, ad Hannibalem 
legatos mittit, eique auxilia contra Romanos pollicetur. Q,ui 
legati quum a Romanis capti essent, M. Valerius Laevinus 
cum navibus missus est, qui regem impediret, quo .minus co- 
pias in Italiam trajiceret. 3 Idem in Macedoniam penetrans 
regem Philippum vicit. 

7. In Sicilia quoque res prospere gesta est. Marcellus 
magnam hujus insulae partem cepit, quam Poeni 4 occupa- 
verant; Syracusas, 5 nobilissimam urbem, expugnavit, et in- 
gentem inde praedam Romam misit. Laevinus in Macedonia 
cum Philippo et multis Graeciae populis amicitiam fecit ; et in 
Siciliam profectus, Hannonem, Poenorum ducem, apud Agri- 
gentum cepit ; quadraginta civitates in deditionem accepit, vi- 
ginti sex expugnavit. Ita omni Sicilia recepta- cum ingenti 
gloria Romam regressus est. 

8. Interea in Hispaniam, ubi duo Scipiones 6 ab Hasdrubale 
interfecti erant, missus est P. Cornelius Scipio, vir Romanorum 
omnium fere primus. Hie puer duodeviginti annorum in pug- 
na ad ficinum 7 patrem singulari virtute servavit. Deinde post 
cladem Cannensem multos nobilissimorum juvenum, Italiam 
deserere cupientium, 8 auctoritate sua ab hoc consilio deterruit. 
Viginti quatuor annorum juvenis in Hispaniam missus, die, qua 
venit, Carthaginem novam 9 cepit, in qua omne aurum et argen- 
tum et belli apparatum Poeni habebant, nobilissimos quoque 
obsides, quos ab Hispanis acceperant. Hos obsides parentibus 
suis reddidit. Quare omnes Hispaniae civitates ad eum uno 
animo transierunt. 

9. Ab eo inde tempore res Romanorum in dies laetiores fac- 
tae sunt. Hasdrubal a fratre ex Hispania in Italiam evocatus, 
apud Senam, 10 Piceni 11 civitatem, in insidias incidit, et strenue 
pugnans occisus est. Plurimae autem civitates, quae in Brut- 
tiis ab Hannibale tenebantur, Romanis se tradiderunt. 

10. Anno decimo quarto postquam in Italiam Han- 
nibal venerat, Scipio consul creatus et in Africam mis- ^'J^' 
sus est. Ibi contra Hannonem, ducem Carthaginien- 
sium prospere pugnat totumque ejus exercitum delet. Se- 
cundo proelio undecim millia hominum occidit, et castra ce- 
pit cum quatuor millibas et quingentis militibus. Syphacem, 
Numidiae 13 regem, qui se cum Poenis conjunxerat, cepit, 



50 V. ROMAN HISTORY. 

eumque cum nobilissimis Numidis et infmitis spoliis Romam 
misit. Qua re audita, omnis fere Italia Hannibalem dese- 

rit. Ipse a Carthaginiensibus in Africam redire jube- 
553 ' tur. Ita anno decimo. septimo Italia ab Hannibale li- 

berata est. 
11. Post plures pugnas et pacem plus semel frustra tenta- 
tam, pugna ad Zamam 1 committitur, in qua peritissimi duce > 
copias suas ad bellum educebant. Scipio victor recedit ; Han • 
nibale cum paucis equitibus evadit. Post hoc proelium pax 
cum Carthaginiensibus facta est. Scipio, quum Romam re- 
diisset, mgenti gloria triumphavit, atque Africanus appellatus 
est. Sic finem accepit secundum Punicum bellum post annum 
undevicesimum quam coeperat. 2 

LIBER aUARTUS. 

1. Finito Punico bello, secutum est Macedonicum 
55g contra Philippum* regem. Superatus est rex a T. 

Quinctio Flaminio apud Cynoscephalas, 4 paxque ei da- 
ta est his legibus: ne Graeciae civitatibus, quas Romani con- 
tra eum defender ant, bellum inferret ; ut captivos et transfu- 
gas redder et ; quinquaginta solum naves haberet ; reliquas 
Romanis daret; mille talenta praestaret, et obsidem daret 
Jilium Demetrium. T. Q,uinctius etiam Lacedaemoniii intu- 
lit bellum, et ducem eorum Nabidem 5 vicit. 

2. Finito bello Macedonico, secutum est bellum Syria- 
"Tgo ' cum 6 contra Antiochum regem, cum quo Hannibal se 

junxerat. Missus est contra eum L. Cornelius Scipio 
Cos., cui frater ejus Scipio Africanus legatus 7 est additus. 
Hannibal navali proelio victus, Antiochus autem ad Magne- 
siam, 8 Asiae civitatem, a Cornelio Scipione Cos. ingenti proe- 
lio fusus est. Turn rex Antiochus pacem petit. Data est 
ei hac lege, ut ex Europa et Asia 9 recederet, atque intra Tau- 
rum 10 se continerei, decern millia talentorum et viginti obsid.es 
praeberet, Hannibalem, concitorem belli, dederet. Scipio Ro- 
mam rediit et ingenti gloria triumphavit. Nomen et ipse ad 
imitationem fratris Asiatici accepit. 

3. Philippo, rege Macedoniae, mortuo, filrus ejus Perseus 
rebellavit, ingentibus copiis paratis. Dux Roman orum, P. 
Licinius Cos. contra eum missus, gravi proelio a rege victus 
est. Rex tamen pacem petebat. Cui Romani earn prae- 
stare noluerunt, nisi his conditionibus, ut se et suos Romanis 

dederet. Mox Aemilius Paulus Cos. regem ad Pyd- 
"^ofi nam 11 superavit, et viginti millia peditum ejus occi- 

dit. Equitatus cum rege fugit. Urbes Macedoniae 



LIBER IV. 51 

omnes, quas rex tenuerat, Romanis se dediderunt. Ipse 
Perseus ab amicis desertus in Pauli potestatem venit. Hie, 
multis etiam aliis rebus gestis, cum ingenti pompa Romam 
rediit in nave Persei, inusitatae magnitudinis; namsexdecirn 
remorum or dines 1 habuisse dicitur. Triumphavit magnifi- 
centissime in curru aureo, duobus filiis utroque latere adstan- 
tibus. Ante currum inter captivos duo regis rllii et ipse Per- 
seus ducti sunt. 

4. Tertium deinde bellum contra Carthaginem sus- 
ceptum est, sexcentesimo et alter o anno ab Urbe condi- ^ ' 
ta, anno quinquagesimo primo, postquam secundum bel- 
lum Punieum transactum erat. L. Manlius Censorinus et M. 
Manlius Coss. in Africam trajecerunt et oppugnaverunt Car- 
thaginem. Multa ibi praeclare gesta sunt per Scipionem, 
Scipionis Africani nepotem, qui tribunus 2 in Africa miiitabat. 
Hujus apud omnes ingens metus et reverentia erat, neque 
quidquam magis Carthaginiensium duces vitabant, quam con- 
tra eum proelium committere. 

5. GLuufn jam magnum esset Scipionis nomen, tertio anno 
postquam Romani in Africam trajecerant, consul est creatus 
et contra Carthaginem missus. Is hanc urbem, a civi- 

bus acerrime defensam, cepit ac diruit. \ Ingens ibi gAo 
praeda facta, plurimaque 3 inventa sunt, quae multarum 
civitatum Italiae, Siciliae, Africae reddidit, quae sua recog- 
noscebant. Ita Carthago, septingentesimo anno postquam 
condita erat, deleta est. Scipio nomen Africani junioris ac- 
cepit. 

6. Interim in Macedonia quidam Pseudophilippus 4 arma 
movit, et P. Juvencium, Romanorum ducem, ad internecio- 
nem vicit. Post eum Q,. Caecilius Metellus dux a Romanis 
contra Pseudophilippum missus est, et viginti quinque milli- 
bus ex militibus ejus occisis, Macedoniam recepit ; ipsum 
etiam Pseudophilippum in potestatem suam redegit. Corin- 
thiis 3 quoque bellum indictum est, nobilissimae Graeciae ci- 
vitati, propter injuriam 6 Romanis lega.tis illatam. Hanc 
Mummius consul cepit ac diruit. Tres igitur Romae ^aT' 
simul celeberrimi triumphi fuerunt : Scipionis ex Africa, 
ante cujus currum ductus est Hasdrubal; Metelli ex Macedo- 
nia, cujus currum praecessit Andriscus, qui et Pseudophilip- 
pus dicitur ; Mummii ex Corintho, ante quern signa aenea et 
pictae tabulae et alia urbis clarissimaeornamenta praelata 
sunt. 

7. Anno^ sexcentesimo decimo post urbem conditam a. V. 
Viriathus in Lusitania 7 bellum contra Romanos exci-6i0. " 



52 V. ROMAN HISTORY. 

tavit. Pastor primo fuit, mox latronum dux ; postremo tan- 
tos ad bellum populos concitavit, ut vindex libertatis Hispa- 
niae existimaretur. Denique a suis interfectus est. Quum in- 
terfector-es ejus praemium a Caepione Cos. peterent, respon- 
sum est, nunquam Romanis placuisse, imperatorem a militi- 
bus suis inter fici. 

8. Deinde bellum exortum est cum Numantinis, 1 civitate 
Hispaniae. Victus ab his Q,u. Pompejus, et post eum C. 
Hostilius Mancinus Cos., qui pacem cum iis fecit infamem, 
quam populus et senatus jussit infringi, atque ipsum Manci- 
nu'm hostibus tradi. 2 Turn P. Scipio Africanus in Hispaniam 
missus est. Is primum militem ignavum et corruptum cor- 

rexit : 3 turn multas Hispaniae civitates partim bello cepit, 
621 P art ^ m m deditionem accepit. Postremo ipsam Numan- 
tiam fame ad deditionem coegit, urbemque evertit ; reli- 
quam provinciam in fidem accepit. 

9. P. Scipione Nasica et L. Calpurnio Bestia Coss. Ju- 
gurthae, Numidarum regi, bellum illatum est, quod Adher- 
balem et Hiempsalem, Micipsae filios, patrueles suos, intere- 
misset. Missus adversus eum Cos. Calpurnius Bestia, cor- 
ruptus regis pecunia, pacem cum eo flagitiosissimam fecit, 
quae a senatu improbata est. Denique Q.u. Caecilius Me- 
tellus Cos. Jugurtham variis proeliis vicit, elephantos ejus 
occidit vel cepit, multas civitates ipsius in deditionem accepit. 

Ei successit C. Marius, qui bello terminum posuit, ip- 
f 4 Y' sumque Jugurtham cepit. Ante currum triumphantis 
' Marii Jugurtha cum duobus filiis ductus est vinctus, 4 et 
mox jussu consulis in carcere strangulatus. 

LIBER aUINTUS. 

1. Dum bellum in Numidia contra Jugurtham geritur, 
Cimbri et Teutones 5 aliaeque Germanorum et Gallorum gen- 
tes Italiae minabantur, pluresque Romanorum exercitus fu- 
derunt. In gens fuit Romae timor, ne iterum 6 Galli Urbem 
occuparent. Ergo Marius Cos. creatus, eique bellum contra 
Cimbros et Teutones 7 decretum est ; belloque protracto, 8 ter- 
tius ei et quartus consul atus delatus est. In duobus proeliis 
cum Cimbris ducenta millia hostium cecidit, octoginta millia 
cepit, eorumque regem Theutobochum ; propter quod meri- 
tum absens quinto consul creatus est. Interea Cimbri et 
Teutones, quorum copia adhuc infmita erat, in Italiam 
^53 transierunt. Iterum a C. Mario et Q,u. Catulo contra 
eos dimicatum est ad Veronam. Centum et quadra- 



LIBER V. 53 

ginta millia aut in pugna aut in fuga caesa sunt ; sexaginta 
millia. capta. Tria et triginta Cimbris signa sublata sunt. 

2. Sexcentesimo quinquagesimo nono anno ab Urbe 
condita in Italia gravissimum bellum 1 exarsit. Nam ^'rq 
Picentes, Marsi Pelignique, qui multos annos .populo 
Romano obedierant, aequa cum iilis jura 2 sibi dari postulabant. 
Perniciosum adinodum hoc bellum fuit. P. Rutilius Cos. in 
eo occisus est ; plures exercitus fusi fugatique. Tandem L. 
Cornelius Sulla cum alia egregie gessit, turn Cluentium, hos- 
tium ducem, cum magnis copiis fudit. Per quadriennium cum 
gravi utriusque partis calamitate hoc bellum tractum est. 
(iuinto demum anno L. Cornelius Sulla ei imposuit hnern. 
Romani tamen, id quod prius negaverant, jus civitatis, 3 bello 
finito sociis tribuerunt. 

3. Anno Urbis conditae sexcentesimo sexagesimo sexto pri- 
mum Romae bellum civile exortum est: eodem anno 
etiam Mithridaticum. Causam bello civili C. Marius ^nX' 
dedit. Nam quum Sullae bellum adversus Mithridatem, 
regem Ponti, 4 decretum esset, Marius ei hunc honorem eripere 
conatus est. Sed Sulla, qui adhuc cum legionibus suis in Ita- 
lia morabatur, cum exercitu Romam venit, et adversarios cum 
interfecit, turn fugavit. Turn rebus Romae utcunque compo- 
sitis, in Asiam profectus est, pluribusque proeliis Mkhridatem 
coegit, ut pacem a Romanis peteret, et Asia, quam invaserat, 
relicta, regni suis finibus contentus esset. 

4. Sed dum Sulla in Graecia et Asia Mithridatem vincit, 
Marius, qui fugatus fuerat, 5 et Cornelius Cinna, unus ex con- 
sulibus, bellum in Italia repararunt ; et ingressi Romam, no- 
bilissimos ex senatu, et consulares viros interficerunt ; multos 
proscripserunt ; 6 ipsius Sullae domo eversa, filios et uxorem ad 
fugam compulerunt. Universus reliquus senatus, ex Urbe 
fugiens, ad Sullam in Graeciam venit, orans, ut patriae sub> 
veniret. Sulla in Italiam trajecit, hostium exercitus vicit, mox 
etiam Urbem ingressus est, quam caede et sanguine civium 
replevit. Quatuor millia inermium, qui se dediderant, interfici 
jussit ; duo millia equitum et senatorum proscripsit. Turn de 
Mithridate triumphavit. Duo haec bella funestissima, Itali- 
cum, quod et Sociale 7 dictum est, et Civile, consumserunt ultra 
centum et quinquaginta millia hominum, viros consulares vi- 
ginti quatuor, praetorios septem, aedilitios sexaginta, senatores 
fere ducentos. 



PART I. 



54 V. ROMAN HISTORY. -^_ 

LIBER SEXTUS. 

1. Anno Urbis conditae sexcentesimo septuagesimo 
g«g ' sexto, L. Licinio Lucullo et M. Aurelio Cotta Coss. mor- 

tuus est Nicomedes, rex Bithyniae, et testamento popu- 
lum Romanum fecit heredem. Mithridates, pace rupta, Asiam 
rursus voluit invadere. Adversus eum ambo consules missi 
variam habuere fortunam. Cotta apud Chalcedonem 1 victus 
proelio, a rege etiam intra oppidum obsessus est. Sed quum 
se.inde Mithridates Cyzicum 2 transtulisset, ut hac urbe capta 
totam Asiam invaderet, Lucullus ei alter consul occurrit, ac 
dum Mithridates in obsidione Cyzici commoratur, ipse eum a 
tergo obsedit, fameque consumtum multis proeliis vicit. Pos- 
tremo Byzantium 3 fugavit ; navali quoque proelio ejus duces 
oppressit. Ita una hieme et aestate a Lucullo centum fere 
millia militum regis exstincta sunt. 

2. Anno Urbis sexcentesimo septuagesimo octavo 
g 7 £ novum in Italia bellum 4 commotum est. Septuaginta 

enim quatuor gladiatores, 5 ducibus Spartaeo, Crixo et 
Oenomao, e ludo gladiatorio, qui Capuae erat, effugerunt, et 
per Italiam vagantes paene non levius bellum, quam Hanni- 
bal, moverunt. Nam.contraxerunt exercitum fere sexaginta 
millium armatorum, multosque duces et duos Romanos con- 
sules vicerunt. Ipsi victi sunt in Apulia a M. Licinio Crasso 
proconsule, et post multas calamitates Italiae, tertio anno huic 
bello finis est impositus. 

3. Interim L. Lucullus bellum Mithridaticum persequu- 
tus, regnum Mithridatis invasit, ipsumque regem apud Ca- 
bira 6 civitatem, quo ingentes copias ex omni regno adduxe- 
rat Mithridates, ingenti proelio superatum fugavit, et castra 
ejus diripuit. Armenia quoque minor, quam tenebat, eidem 
erepta est. Susceptus est Mithridates a Tigrane, Armeniae 
rege, qui turn ingenti gloria imperabat; sed hujus quoque 
regnum Lucullus est ingressus; Tigranocerta nobilissimam 
Armeniae civitatem, cepit; ipsum regem, cum magno exer- 
citu venientem, ita vicit, ut robur militum Armeniorum deleret 
Sed quum Lucullus finem bello imponere pararet, successor 7 
ei missus est. 

4. Per ilia tempora piratae 8 omnia maria infestabant ita, 
ut Romanis, toto orbe terrarum victoribus, sola navigatio tuta 

non esset. Quare id bellum Cn. Pompejo decretum 

fiJi' est, quod intra paucos menses incredibili felicitate et 

celeritat^ confecit. Mot ei delatum bellum contra re- 



LIBER VI. 



55 



gem Mithridatem et Tigranem. Gluo suscepto, Mithridatem 
in Armenia minore nocturno proelio vicit, castra diripuit, et 
quadraginta millibus ejus occisis, viginti tantum de exercitu 
suo perdidit et duos centuriones. Mithridates fugit cum ux- 
ore et duobus comitibus, neque multo post, Pharnacis filii sui 
seditione coactus, venenum hausit. 1 Hunc vitae finem habuit 
Mithridates, vir ingentis industriae atque consilii. Regnavit 
annis sexaginta, vixit septuaginta duobus ; contra Romanos 
bellum habuit annis quadraginta. 

5. Tigrani deinde Pompejus bellum intulit. Ille se ei de- 
didit, et in castra Pompeji venit, ac diadema suum in ejus ma- 
nibus collocavit, quod ei Pompejus reposuit. Parte regni 
eum multavit et grandi pecunia. Turn alios etiam reges et 
populos super avit. Armeniam minor em Dejotaro, Galatiae 2 
regi, donavit, quia auxilium contra Mithridatem tulerat Se- 

euciam, vicinam Antiochiae civitatem, libertate donavit, 
quod regem Tigranem non recepisset. 3 Inde in Judaeam 4 
transgressus, Hierosol} r mam, caput gentis, tertio mense ce- 
pit, duodecim millibus Judaeorum occisis, ceteris in fidem re- 
ceptis. His gestis finem antiquissimo bello imposuit. Ante 
triumphantis currum ducti sunt filii Mithridatis, filius Tigra- 
nis, et Aristobulus, rex Judaeorum. Praelata ingens pecunia, 
auri atque argenti infinitum. 5 Hoc tempore nullum per or- 
bem terrarum grave bellum erat. 

6. M. Tullio Cicerone oratore et C. Antonio Coss. 
anno ab Urbe condita sexcentesimo undenonagesimo, 4'^ 
L. Sergius Catilina, 6 nobilissimi generis vir, sea inge- 

nii pravissimi, ad delendam patriam conjuravit cum quibus- 
dam, claris quidem, sed audacibus viris. A Cicerone urbe 
expulsus est, socii ejus deprehensi et in carcere strangulati 
sunt. Ab Antonio, altero consule, Catilina ipse proelio vic- 
tus est et interfectus. 

7. Anno Urbis conditae sexcentesimo nonagesimo 
tertio C. Julius Caesar cum L. Bibulo consul est factus. ^'7 
Quum ei Gallia decreta esset, semper vincendo usque 

ad Oceanum Britannicum proeessit. Domuit autem ami- 
no vem fere omnem Galliam, quae inter Alpes, flumen Rho- 
danum, Rhenum et Oceanum est. Britannis mox bellum in- 
tulit, quibus ante eum ne nomen quidem Romanorum cogni- 
tum erat ; Germanos quoque trans Rhenum aggressus, ingen 
tibus proeliis vicit. 

8. Circa eadem tempora M. Licinius Crassus contra Par- 
thos 7 missus est. Et quum circa Carras s contra omi- 

na et auspicia 9 proelium commisisset, a Surena, Oro- ^j'rJf* 
dis regis duce, victus et interfectus est cum filio, claris- 



56 ROMAN HISTORY. 

simo et praestantissimo juvene. Reliquiae exercitus per C. 
Cassium quaestorem servatae sunt. 

9. Hinc jam bellum civile successit, quo Romani 
%,' Y' nominis 1 fortuna mutata est. Caesar enim victor e 
Gallia rediens, absens 2 coepit poscere alterum consu- 
latum ; quern quum aliqui sine dubitatione deferrent, contra- 
dicturn est a Pompejo et aliis, jussusque est, dimissis exerciti- 
bus. in urbem redire. Propter hanc injuriam ab Arimino, 3 
ubi milites congregates habebat infesto exercitu Romam con 
tendit. Consules cum Pompejo, senatusque omnis atque uni- 
versa nobilitas ex urbe fugit et in Graeciam transiit ; et, dum 
senatus bellum contra Caesarem parabat, hie, vacuam urbem 
ingressus, dictatorem 4 se fecit. 

10. Inde Hispanias 5 petit, ibique Pompeji legiones supe- 
ravit ; turn in Graecia adversum Pompejum ipsum dimicavit. 
Primo proelio 6 victus est et fugatus ; evasit taruen, quia nocte 
interveniente Pompejus sequi noluit; dixitque Caesar, nee 
Pompejum scire vincere, et illo tantum die se potuisse supe- 
rari. Deinde in Thessalia apud Pharsalum 7 ingentibus utrin- 
que copiis commissis dimicaverunt. Nunquamadhuc Roma- 
nae copiae majores, neque melioribus ducibus convenerant. 
Pugnatum est ingenti contentione, victusque ad postremum 
Pompejus, et castra ejus direpta sunt. Ipse fugatus Alexan- 
driam 8 petiit, ut a' rege Aegypti, 9 cui tutor a senatu datus 
fuerat, acciperet auxilia. At hie fortunam magis, quam ami- 
citiam, secutus, occldit Pompejum, caput ejus et annulum 
Caesari misit. «Q,uo conspecto, Caesar lacrymas fudisse dici- 
tur, tanti viri intuens caput, et generi 10 quondam sui. 

1 1 . Quum ad Alexandriam venisset Caesar, Ptolemaeus ei 
msidias parare voluit ; qua de causa regi bellum illatum est. 
Rex victus in Nilo periit, inventumque est corpus ejus cum 
jorica aurea. Caesar Alexandria potitus, regnum Cleopa- 
trae 11 dedit. Turn inde profectus Pompejanarum partium re- 
liquias est persequutus, bellisque civilibus toto terrarum orbe 
compositis, Romam rediit. Ubi quum insolentius 12 agere coe- 
pisset, conjuratum est in eum a sexaginta vel amplius senato- 
ribus, equitibusque Romanis* Praecipui fuerunt inter con- 
juratos Bruti duo, 13 ex genere illius Bruti, qui, regibus expui- 

sis, primus Romae consul fuerat, C. Cassius etServilins' 
^7' Casca. Ergo Caesar, quum in curiam venisset, viginti 

tribus vulneribus confossus est. 

12. Interfecto Caesare, anno Urbis septingentesimo nono, 

bella civilia reparata sunt. Senatus favebat Caesaris percus- 

soribus, Antonius Cos. Caesaris partibus stabat. Ergo 

tarbata republica, Antonius, multis Sceleribus commissis, a se- 



LIBER VI. 57 

natu hostis judicatus est. Fusus 1 fugatusque Antonius, amis- 
so exercitu, confugit ad Lepidum,* qui Caesar i magister 
equitum fuerat, et turn grandes copias militum habebat; ~ 
quo susceptus est. Mox Octavianus 3 cum Antonio pacem 
fecit, et quasi vindicaturus patris sui mortem, a quo per tes- 
tamentum fuerat adoptatus, Romam cum exercitu profectus 
sxtorsit, ut sibi juveni viginti annorum consulatus daretur. 
Turn junctus cum Antonio et Lepido rempublicam armis te- 
nere coepit, senatumque proscripsit. 4 Per hos etiam Cicero 
orator occisus est multique alii nobiles. 

13. Interea Brutus et Cassius, 5 interfectores Caesaris, in- 
gens bellum moverunt Profecti contra eos Caesar Octa- 
vianus, qui postea Augustus est appellatus, et M. An- 
tonius, apud Philippos, 6 Macedoniae urbem, contra ^jX' 
eos pugnaverunt. Primo proelio victi sunt Antonius et 
Caesar ; periit tamen dux nobilitatis Cassius ; secundo Bru 
turn et infmitam nobilitatem, quae cum illis bellum suscepe 
rat, victam interfecerunt. Turn victores rempublicam ita in- 
ter se diviserunt, ut Octavianus Caesar Hispanias, Gallias* 
Italiam teneret; Antonius Orientem, Lepidus 8 Africam a« 
ciperet. 

14. Paulo post Antonius, repudiata sorore Caesaris Octa- 
viani, Cleopatram, reginam Aegypti, uxorem duxit. Ab hac 
incitatus ingens bellum commovit, dum Cleopatra cupiditate 
muliebri optat Romae regnare. Victus est ab Augusto 9 na- 
vali pugna clara et illustri apud Actium, 10 qui locus in 
Epiro est. Hinc fugit in Aegyptum, et desperatis re- ^Y* 
bus, quum omnes ad Augustum transirent, se ipse inter- 
emit. Cleopatra quoque aspidem 11 sibi admisit, et veneno 
ejus exstincta est. Ita bellis toto orbe confectis, Octavianus 
Augustus Romam rediit anno duodecimo quam consul fuerat. 
Ex eo inde tempore rempublicam per quadraginta et quatuor 
annos solus obtinuit. Ante enim duodecim annis cum An- 
tonio et Lepido tenuerat. Ita ab initio principatus ejus us- 
que ad finem quinquaginta sex anni fuere. 

f2 



VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE NATIONS 
OF ANTIQUITY. 



1. Universus terrarum orbis in tres partes dividitur, Eu 
ropam, Asiam, Africam. Europa ab Africa sejungitur freto 
Gaditano, 1 in cujus utraque parte montes sunt altissimi, 
Abyla in Africa, in Europa Calpe, qui montes 2 Herculis eo- 
lumnse 3 appellantur. Per idem fretum mare internum, quod 
iittoribus Europae, i^siae et Africae includitur, jungitur cum 
Oceano. 

2. Europa terminos habet ab oriente Tan aim 4 fiuvium, 
Pontum Euxmurn 5 et paludem Maeotida ; 6 a meridie, mare 
internum: ab occidente, mare Atlanticum sive Oceanum; a 
septentrione, mare Britannicum. 7 Mare internum tres max- 
imos sinus habet. Quorum is, qui Asiam a Graecia sejungit 
Aegaeum 8 mare vocatur : secundus, qui est .inter Graeciam 
et Italiam, Ionium; tertius denique, qui occidentales Italiae 
oras alluit, a Romanis Tuscum, a Graecis Tyrrhenum 9 mare 
appellatur. 

3. In ea Europae parte, quae ad occasum vergit, prima 
terrarum est Hispania, quae a tribus lateribus mari circuin- 
data, per Pyrenaeos montes cum Gallia cohaeret. Quum 
uni versa Hispania dives sit et fecunda, ea tamen regio, quae 
a numine Baeti 10 Baetica vocatur, ceteras fertiJitate ante- 
cellit. Ibi Gades sitae, insula cum urbe a Tyriis condita, 11 
quae freto Gaditano nomen dedit. Tota ilia regio viris, equis, 
ferro, plumbo, aere, argento, auroque abundat, et ubi penu- 
ra aquarum minus est fertilis, linum tamen aut spartum aiit. 
Marmoris quoque lapicidmas habet. In Baetica minium re- 
peritur. 

4. Gallia posita est inter Pyrenaeos montes et Rhenum ; 
orientalem. oram Tuscum mare alluit, occidentalem Ocea- 
nus. Ejus pars ilia, quae Italiae est opposita et Narbonen- 
sis, 12 vocatur, omnium est laetissima. In ea ora sita est Mas* 
silia 13 urbs a Phocaeis condita, qui, patria a Persis devicta, 
quum servitutem ferre non possent, Asia relicta, novas in 
Europa sedes quaesiverant. Ibidem est campus lapideus, ubi 
Hercules dicitur contra Neptuni liberos dimicasse. 14 Quum 
tela.defecissent, Jupiter nlium imbre lapidum adjuvit. Credas 
pluisse ; 15 adeo multi passim jacent. 



OF THE GEOGRAPHY, &C. 59 

5. Rhodanus fiuvius, 1 haud ionge a Rheni fontibus ortus, 
lacu Lemano 2 excipitur, servatque impetum, ita ut per me- 
dium lacum integer fiuat, tantusque, quant us venit, egredia- 
tur. Inde ad occasum versus, Gallias aliquamdiu dirimit : 3 
donee, cursu in meridiem flexo, aliorum amnium accessu auc- 
tus in mareefTunditur. 

6. Ea pars Galliae, quae ad Rhenum porrigitur, 4 frumen- 
ti pabulique feracissima est, coelum salubre: noxia anima- 
lium genera pauca alit. Incolae superbi et superstitiosi, ita 
ut deos humanis victimis gaudere existiment. Magistri 
religionum et sapientiae sunt Druidae, 5 qui, quae se scire pro- 
fitentur, 6 in antris abditisque silvis docent. Animas aeternas 

*esse credunt, vitamque alteram post mortem incipere. Hanc 
ob causam cum defunctis arma cremant aut defodiunt, earn que 
doctrinam homines ad bellum alacriores facere existimant. 

7. Universa Gallia divisa est inter tres magnos populos qui 
fluviis terminantur. A Pyrenaeo monte usque ad Garumnam 7 
Aquitani s habitant; inde ad Sequanam 9 Celtae: 10 Belgae 11 
denique usque ad Rhenum pertinent. 12 

8. Garumna amnis ex Pyrenaeo monte delapsus, diu vado- 
sus est et vix navigabilis. Quanto magis procedit, tanto fit latior ; 
ad postremum magni freti similis, non solum majora navigia 
tolerat, verum etiam more maris exsurgit, navigantesque atro- 
citer jactat. 

9. Sequana ex Alpibus ortus in septentrionem pergit. Post- 
quam se haud procul Lutetia 13 cum Matrona conjunxit, Oceano 
infunditur. Haec flumina opportunissima sunt mercibus per- 
mutandis et ex mari interno in Oceanum transvehendis. 

• 10. Rhenus itidem ex Alpibus ortus, haud procul ab origine 
lacum efrlcit Venetum 14 qui etiam Brigantiae appellatur. De- 
inde longo spatio per fines Heivetiorum, Mediomatricorum 15 et 
Trevirorum l6 continuo alveo fertur, aut modicas insulas circum- 
fluens ; in agro Batavo autem, ubi Oceano appropinquavit, in 
plures amnes dividitur ; nee jam amnis, sed ripis longe receden- 
tibus, ingens lacus, Flevo 17 appellatur, ejusdemquenominis insu- 
lam amplexus, fit iterum arctior, et fiuvius iterum 13 in mare 
einittitur. 

1 1. Trans Rhenum Germani habitant usque ad Vistulam 19 
quae finis est Germaniae ad orientem. Ad meridiem termina- 
tur Alpibus, ad septentrionem mari Britannico et Baltico. In- 
come corporum proceritate excellunt, animos bellando, corpora 
.aboribus exercent. Hanc ob causam crebro bella gerunt cum 
finitimis, non tarn finium prolatandorum causa, aut imperii cu- 
piditate, sed ob belli amorem. Mites tamen sunt erga suppli- 
ers et boni hospitibus.'^ Urbes moenibus cinctas, aut fossis ag- 



60 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE 

geribusque munitas non habent. Ipsas domos ad breve tempus 
struunt, non lapidibus aut lateribus coctis, sed lignis, quae fron- 
dibus tegunt. Nam diu eodem in loco morari periculosum ar- 
bitrantur libertati. 

12. Agriculturae Germani non admodum student, nee quis- 
quam agri modum certum aut fines proprios habet. Lacte 
vescuntur et caseo et came. Ubi fons, campus nemusve iis 
placuerit, ibi domos figunt, mox alio transituri 1 cum conjugibus 
et liberis. Interdum etiam hiemem in subterraneis specubus 
dicuntur transigere. 

13. Germania altis montibus, silvis paludibusque invia red- 
ditur. Inter silvas maxima est Hercynia, 2 cajus latitudinem 
Caesar novem dierum iter patere narrat. 3 Insequenti tempore' 
magna pars ejus excisa est. Flumina sunt in Germania multa 
et magna. Inter haec clarissimum nomen Rheni, de quo su- 
pra diximus, et Danubii. 4 Clari quoque amnes, Moenus, 5 Vi- 
surgis, 6 Albis. 7 Danubius, omnium Europae fluviorum maxi- 
mus, apud Rhaetos 8 oritur, nexoque ad ortum solis cursu, re- 
ceptisque sexaginta amnibus, in Pontum Euxinum sex vastis 
ostiis effunditur. 

14. Britanniam insulam Phoenicibus innotuisse, eosque 
stannum inde et plumbum pellesque petivisse, probabile est. 
Romanis earn Julius Caesar primus aperuit ; 9 neque tamen 
prius cognita esse coepit, quam Claudio imperante. 10 Hadri- 
anus earn, muro 11 ab Oceano Germanico ad Hibernicum 
mare ducto, in duas partes divisit, ut inferiorem insulae par- 
tem, quae Romanis parebat, a barbarorum populorum, qui in 
Scotia habitabant, incursionibus tueretur. 

15. Maxima insulae pars campestris, collibus, passim silvis-' 
que distincta. Incolae Gallop proceritate corporum vincunt, 
ceterum ingenio Gallis similes, simpliciores tamen illis magis- 
que barbari. Nemora habitant pro urbibus. Ibi tuguria ex- 
struunt et stabula pecori, sed plerumque ad breve tempus. 
Humanitate ceteris praestant ii, qui Cantium 12 incolunt. Tota 
haec regio est maritima. Q,ui interiorem insulae partem ha- 
bitant, frumenta non serunt ; lacte et carne vivunt. Pro ves- 
tibus induti sunt pellibus. 

1 6. Italia ab Alpibus usque ad fretum Siculum porrigitur in- 
ter mare Tuscum et Adriaticum. Multo longior est quam 
latior. 13 In medio se attollit Apenninus mons, qui, postquam 
continenti jugo progressus est usque ad Apuliam, in duos quasi 
ramos 14 dividitur. Nobilissima regio ob fert jlitatem soli, coelique 
salubritatem. Guum longe in mare procurrat, plurimos habet 
portus, populorum inter se patentes commercio. Neque ulla 



NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 61 

facile est regio, quae tot tamque pulcras urbes habeat, inter 
Quas Roma et magnitudine et nominis fama eminet. 

17. Haec urbs, orbis terrarum caput, septem montes com- 
plectitur. Initio quatuor portas habebat ; Augusti aevo trigin- 
ta septem. Urbis magnificentiam augebant fora, templa, por- 
ticus, aquaeductus, theatra, arcus triumphales, horti denique, et 
id genus 1 alia, ad quae vei leeta 2 animus stupet. Quare recte 
de ea praedicare videntur, qui nullius urbis in-toto orbe terra- 
rum magnificentiam ei comparari posse dixerunt. 

18. Felicissima in Italia regio est Campania. Multi ibi viti- 
feri colies, ubi nobilissima vina gignuntur, Setinum, Caecubum, 
Falernum, Massicum. Caiidi ibidem fontes saluberrimi. 3 
Nusquam generosior olea. Conchylio quoque et pisce nobili 
maria vicina scatent. 

19. Clarissimi armies Italiae sunt Padus 4 et Tiberis. Et 
Padus quidem in superiore parte, quae Gallia Cisalpina 5 voca- 
tur, ab imis radicibus Yesuli 6 montis exoritur ; primum exilis, 
deinde aliis amnibus ita aiitur, ut se per septem ostia in mare 
erTundat. Tiberis, qui antiquissimis temporibusAlbulae nomen 
habebat, ex Apennino oritur ; deinde duobus et quadraginta 
fluminibus auctus, fit navigabilis. Plurimas in utraque ripa 
villas adspicit, praecipue autem urbis Eomanae magnificen- 
tiam. 7 Placidissimus amnium raro ripas egreditur. 

20. In inferiore parte Italiae clara quondam urbs Taren- 
tum, 3 quae maris sinui, cui adjacet, nomen dedit. Soli fertili- 
tas coelique jucunda temperies in causa fuisse videtur, ut inco- 
lae luxuria et deiiciis enervarentur. Quumque aliquamdiu po- 
tenlia florerent copiasque haud contemnendasalerent, peregrinis 
tamen plerumque ducibus in bellis utebantur, ut Pyrrho, rege 
Eplri, quo superato, 9 urbs in Romanorum potestatem renit. 

21. Pro3:ima Italiae est Sic ilia, insula omnium maris interni 
maxima. Antiquissimis temporibus earn cum Italiae cohaesisse, 
marisque impetu, aut terrae motu inde di vulsam esse, verisimile 
est. Forma triangularis, ita ut litterae, quam Graeci A >.-a 
vocant, imairinem referat. A tribus promontoriis vocatur Tri- 
nacria. 10 Nobilissimus ibi mons Aetnae, qui urbi Catanae im- 
minet, turn ob aititudiuem, turn etiam ob ignes, quos efTundit ; 
quare Cyclopum 11 in illo monte offieinam esse poetae die ant. 
Cineres e crateribus egesti ; agrum circumjacentem fecundum 
et feracem reddere existimantur. Sunt ibi Piorum campi, qui 
nomen habent a duobus juyenibus Catanensibus, qui, flammis 
quondam repenl lentibus, parentes senectute confectos, 
humeri's sublatos' 3 flammae eripuisse feruntur. Nomina fra- 
trum Amphinomus et Anapua fuerunt. 

22. Inter urbes Siciliae nulla est illustrior Svracusis, Corin- 



62 Vl. 0£ TH£ GEOGRAPHY AND THE 

thiorum colonia, ex quinque urbibus conflata. Ab Athemensi 
bus bello petita, 1 maximas hostium copias delevit : Carthagi- 
niensbs etiam magnis interdum cladibus affecit. Secundo 
bello Punico 2 per triennium oppugnata, Archimedis 3 potissi- 
muffl ingenio et arte defensa, a M. Marcello capta est. Vici- 
nus huic urbi fons Arethusae Nymphae sacer, ad quam Alphe- 
us amnis ex Peloponneso per mare Ionium lapsus comissari 
'dicitur ; nam si quid ad Olympiam 4 in ilium amnem j actum 
fuerit, id in Arethusae fonte reddi. 5 De ilia fabula quid sta- 
tuendum sit, sponte apparet. 

23. In mari Ligustico insula est Corsica, quam Graeci Cyr- 
num vocant. Terra aspera multisque locis invia, coelum 
grave, mare circa importunum. Incolae latrociniis dediti, feri 
sunt et horridi. Mella quoque illius insulae amara esse dicun- 
tur corporibusque nocere. Proxima ei est Sardinia, quae a 
Graecis mercatoribus Ichnusa vocatur, quia formam humani 
vestigii 5 habet. Solum quam coelum melius. Illud fertile, 
hoc grave ac noxium. Noxia quoque animalia herbasque ve- 
nenatas gignit. Multum inde frumenti Romam mittitur; unde 
haec insula et Sicilia nutrices Urbis vocantur. 

24. Graecia nominis celebritate omnes fere alias orbis terra- 
rum regiones superavit. Nulla enim magnorum ingeniorum 
fuit feracior ; neque ulla belli pacisque artes majore studio ex- 
coluit. Plurimas eadem colonias in omnes terrae partes de- 
duxit. Multum itaque terra marique valuit, et gravissima 
bella magna cum gloria gessit. 

25. Graecia inter Ionium et Aegaeum mare porrigitur. 
In plurimas regiones divisa est, quarum amplissimae sunt 
Macedonia et Eplrus 7 — quamquam hae a nonnulis a Grae- 
cia sejunguntur 8 — turn Thessalia. Macedoniam Philippi et 
Alexandri regnum illustravit ; quorum ille Graeciam subegit, 
hie Asiam latissime domuit, ereptumque Persis imperium in 
Macedones transtulit. 9 Centum ejus regiones et quinquagin- 
ta urbes numerantur ; quarum septuaginta duas, Perseo, ulti- 
mo Macedoniae rege, superato 10 Paulus Aemilius diripuit. 

26. Epirus, quae ab Acrocerauniis incipit montibus, 11 desmit 
in Acheloo flumine. Plures earn populi incolunt. Illustris 
ibi Dodona in Molossorum finibus vetustissimo Jovis oraculo 
inclyta. Columbae ibi ex arboribus oracula dedisse narran- 
tur : quercusque ipsas et lebetes aeneos inde suspensos deorum 
voluntatem tinnitu significasse 12 fama est. 

27. Acheloi fiuvii ostiis insulae aliquot objacent, quarum 
maxima est Cephallenia. 13 Multae praeterea insulae littori 
Epiri adjacent, interque eas Corcyra, 14 quam Homerus Sche- 
riam appellasse existimatur. In hac Phaeacas posuit ille et 



NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 63 

hortos Alcinoi. Coloniam hue deduxerunt Corinthii, quo tem- 
pore 1 Numa Pompilius* Romae regnavit. Vicina ei Ithaca, 3 
Ulyssis patria, aspera montibus, sed Homeri carminibus adeo 
nobilitata, ut ne fertilissimis quidem regionibus cedat. 

28. Thessalia late patet inter Macedonians et Epirum, fe- 
cunda regio, generosis praecipue equis excellens, unde Thes- 
salorum equitatus celeberrimus. Montes ibi memorabiles 
Olympus, in quo deorum sedes esse existimatur, Pel ion et 
Ossa, per quos 4 Gigantes coelum petivisse dicuntur; Oeta 
denique, in cujus vertice Hercules, rogo conscenso, se ipsum 
cremavit. Inter Ossam et Olympum Peneus, 5 limpidissimus 
amnis, delabitur, vallem amoenissimam, Tempe 6 vocatam 
irrigans. 

29. Inter reliquas Graeciae regiones nominis claritate 
eminet Attica, quae etiam Atthis vocatur. Ibi Athenae, 7 de 
qua urbe deos 8 inter se certasse fama est. Certius est, nul- 
lam unquam urbem tot poetas tulisse, tot oratores, tot philoso- 
phos, totque in omni virtutis genere claros viros. Res autem 
bello eas 9 gessit, ut huic soli gloriae studere videretur ; pacis- 
que artes ita excoluit, ut hac laude magis etiam quam belli 
gloria splenderet. Arx ibi sive Acropolis, urbi immmens, 
unde latus in mare prospectus patet. Per propylaea 10 ad earn 
adscenditur, splendidum Periclis opus. Cum ipsa urbe per 
longos muros 11 conjunctus est portus Piraeeus, post bellum 
Persicum secundum a Themistocle munitus. Tutissima ibi 
statio navium. 

30. Atticam attingit Boeotia, fertilissima regio. Incolae 
magis corporibus valent, quam ingeniis. Urbs celeberrima 
Thebae, quas Amphion, musices ope, 12 moenibus cinxisse di- 
citur. Illustravit earn Pindari poetae ingenium, Epaminon- 
dae virtus. 13 Mons ibi Helicon, Musarum sedes, et Cithaeron, 
plurimis poetarum fabulis celebratus. 

31. Boeotiae Phocis finitima, ubi Delphi urbs clarissima. 
In qua urbe oraculum Apollinis quantam apud omnes gentes 
auctoritatem habuerit, quot quamque praeclara munera ex 
omni fere terrarum orbe Delphos missa fuerint, nemo ignorat. 14 
Imminet urbi Parnassus mons, in cujus verticibus Musae habi- 
tare dicuntur, unde aqua fontis Castalii poetarum ingenia in- 
flammare existimatur. 

32. Cum ea parte Graeciae, quam hactenus descripsimus, 
cohaeret ingens peninsula, quae Peloponnesus 15 vocatur, pla- 
tani folio simillima. Angustus ille trames inter Aegaeum 
mare et Ionium, per quern cum Megaride cohaeret, Isthmus' 6 
appellatur. In eo templum Neptuni est, ad quod ludi cele- 
brantur Isthmici. 17 Ibidem in ipso Peloponnesi aditu, Corin- 



64 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE 

thus sita est, urbs antiquissima, ex cujus summa arce (Acro- 
corinthon appellant) utrumque mare conspicitur. Quum opi- 
bus floreret, maritimisque valeret copiis, gravia bella gessit. 
In bello Achaico, 1 quod Romani cum Graecis gesserunt, pul- 
clierrima urbs, quam Cicero Gfraeciae lumen appellat, a L. 
Mummio expugnata funditusque deleta est. Restituit earn 
Julius Caesar, colonosque eo miHtes veteranos misit. 

33. Nobilis est in Peloponneso urbs Olympia, templo Jovis 
Olympii ac statua illustris. Statua ex ebore facta, Phidiae 
summi artificis opus praestantissimum. Prope illud templum 
ad Alpliei numinis ripas ludi celebrantur Olympici, ad quos 
videndos ex tota Graecia concurritur. Ab his ludis Graeca 
gens res gestas suas numerat. 2 

34. Nee Sparta praetereunda est, urbs nobilissima, quam 
Lycurgi leges, 3 civiumque virtus et patientia illustravit. Nulla 
fere gens bellica laude magis floruit, pluresque viros fortes con- 
stantesque genuit. Urbi imminet mons Taygetus, 4 qui usque 
ad Arcadiam procurrit. Proxime urbem Eurotas fluvius dela- 
bitur, ad cujus ripas Spartani se exercere solebant. In Sinum 
Laconicum efTunditur. Haud procul inde abest promontorium 
Taenarum, ubi altissimi specus, per quos Orpheum 5 ad inferos 
descendisse narrant. 

35. Mare Aegaeum, inter Graeciam Asiamque patens, 
plurimis insulis distinguitur. Illustres inter eas sunt Cy- 
clases, 6 sic appellatae, quia in orbem jacent. Media earum 
est Delus, 7 quae repente e mari enata esse dicitur. In ea 
insula Latona Apollinem et Dianam peperit, quae numina ibi 
una cum matre summa religione coluntur. Urbi imminet 
Cynthus, mons excelsus et arduus. Inopus amnis pariter 
cum Nilo decrescere et augeri dicitur. Mercatus in Delo 
celeberrimus, quod ob portus commoditatem templique religi- 
onem mercatores ex toto orbe terrarum eo "confluebant. Ean- 
dem ob causam civitates Graeciae, post secundum Persicum 
helium, tributa ad belli usum in earn insulam, tamquam in com- 
mune totius Graeciae aerarium, conferebant ; quam pecuniam 
insequenti tempore Athenienses in suam urbem transtulerunt. 8 

36. Euboea 9 insula littori Boeotiae et Atticae praetendi- 
tur, angusto freto a continenti distans. 'Terrae motu a Boe- 
otia avulsa esse creditur : saepius earn concussam esse constat. 
Fretum, quo a Graecia sejungitur, vocatur Euripus, saevum et 
aestuosum mare, quod continuo motu agitatur. Nonnulli 
dicunt, septies quovis die, statis tempbribus, fluctus alterno 
motu agitari : alii hoc negant, dicentes, mare temere, 10 in venti 
modum, hue illuc moveri. Sunt, qui narrent, Aristotelem phi- 



NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 65 

losophum, quia iiujus miraculi causas investigare non posset, 
aegritudine confectum esse. 

37. Jam ad boreales regiones pergamus. Supra Macedo- 
nian! Thracia porrigitur a Ponto Euxino usque ad Illyriam. 
Regio frigida et in iis tantum partibus fecundior, quae propio- 
res sunt mari. Pomiferae arbores rarae ; frequentiores vites ; 
sed uvae non maturescunt, nisi frigus studiose arcetur. Sola 
Thasus, insula littori Thraciae adjacens, vino excellit. Amnes 
sunt celeberrimi Hebrus, ad quern Orpheus a Maenadibus dis- 
cerptus esse dicitur ; Nestus et Strymon. Montes altissimi, 
Haemus, ex eujus vertice Pontus et Adria conspicitur j Rho- 
dope et Orbelus. 

38. Plures Thraciam gentes incolunt, et nominibus diversae 
et moribus. Inter has Getae omnium sunt ferocissimi et ad 
mortem paratissimi. Animas enim post mortem redituras exis- 
timant. Recens nati apud eos deflentur ; funera autem cantu 
lusuque celebrantur. Plures singuli uxores habent. 1 Hae 
omnes, viro defuncto, mactari simulque cum eo sepeliri cupiunt, 
magnoque id certamine a judicibus 2 contendunt. Virgines non 
a parentibus traduntur viris, sed aut publice ducendae 3 locan- 
tur, aut veneunt. Formosae in pretio sunt ; ceterae maritos 
mercede data inveniunt. 4 

39. Inter urbes Thraciae memorabile est Byzantium, 5 ad 
Bosporum Thracium, 6 urbs natura munita et arte, quae cum 
ob soli fertilitatem, turn ob vicinitatem maris omnium rerum, 
quas vita requirit, copia abundat. Nee Sestos praetereunda 
est silentio, urbs ad Hellespontum 7 posita, quarn amor Herus 
et Leandri 3 memorabilem reddidit; nee Cynossema, 9 tumu- 
lus Hecubae, 10 ubi ilia, post Trojam dirutam, in canem mu- 
tata et sepulta esse dicitur. Nomen etiam habet in iisdem 

■regionibus urbs Aenos, ab Aenea, 11 e patria profugo, condita; 
Zone, ubi nemora Orpheum canentem secuta esse narrantur; 
Abdera denique, ubi Diomedes rex advenas equis suis devoran- 
dos 12 objiciebat, donee ipse ab Hercule iisdem objectus est. 
Quae urbs quum ranarum muriumque multitudine infestare- 
tur, incolae, relicto patriae solo, novas sedes quaesiverunt. 
Hos Cassander, 13 rex Macedoniae,. in societatem accepisse, 
agrosque in extrema Macedonia 14 assignasse 13 dicitur. 

40. Jam de Scythis pauca dicenda sunt. Terminatur Scy- 
thia l0 ab uno latere Ponto Euxino, abaltero montibus Rhipae- 
is, a tergo, Asia et Phaside numine. Vasta regio nullis fera 
intus finibus dividitur. Scytbae enim nee agrum exercent, nee 
certas sedes habent, sed armenta et pecora pascentes, per in- 
cultas solitudines errare solent. Uxores liberosque secum in 
plaustris vehunt. Lacte et melle vescuntur ; aurum et argen- 

PART I. G 



66 VI. OF THE GEjOGRAPHY AND THE 

turn, cujus nullus apud eos ustis est, aspernantur. Corpora 
pellibus vestiunt. 

41. Diversae sunt Scytharum gentes diversique mores. 
Sunt, qui funera parentum festis sacrifices celebrent, eorumque 
capitibus affabre expolitis auroque vinctis pro poculis utantur. 
Agathyrsi ora et corpora pingunt, idque tanto magis, quanto 
quis illustrioribus gaudet majoribus. 1 Ii, qui Tauricam Cher- 
sonesum 2 incolunt, antiquissimis temporibus advenas Dianae 
mactabant. Interius habitant'es ceteris rudiores sunt. Bella 
arnant^ et quo quis plures hostes inter emer it, eo majore existi- 
matione apud suos habetur. Ne foedera quidem incruenta 
sunt. Sauciant se qui paciscuntur, sanguinemque permistum 
degustant. Id fidei pignus certissimum esse putant. 

42. Maxima fluminum Scythicorum sunt Ister, qui et Da- 
nubius vocatur, et Borysthenes. 3 De Istro supra dictum est. 
Borysthenes, ex ignotis fontibus ortus, liquidissimas aquas trahit 
et potatu jucundas. Placidus idem laetissima pabula alit. 
Magno spatio navigabilis juxta urbem Borysthenida in Pon- 
tum efTunditur. 

43. Ultra Rhipaeos montes et Aquilonem gens habitare 
existimatur felicissima ; Hyperboreos 4 appellant. Regio apn- 
ea, felix coeli temperies omnique afflatu noxio carens. Semel 
in anno sol iis oritur solstitio, bruma semel occidit. 5 Incolae 
in nemoribus et lucis habitant ; sine omni 6 discordia et aegri- 
tudine vivunt. Gluum vitae eos taedet, 7 epulis sumtis ex rupe 
se in mare praecipitant. Hoc enim sepulturae genus beatis- 
simum esse existimant. 

44. Asia ceteris terrae partibus est amplior. Oceanus 
earn alluit, ut locis, ita nominibus differens ; Eous ab oriente, 
a meridie Indicus, a septentrione Scythicus. Asiae nomine 3 
appellatur etiam peninsula, quae a mari Aegaeo usque ad 
Armeniam patet. In hac parte est Bithynia ad Propontidem 
sita, ubi Granicus in mare efTunditur, ad quern amnem 9 Alex- 
ander, rex Macedonian primam victoriam de Persis reporta 
vit. 10 Trans ilium amnem sita est Cyzicus in cervice penin- 
sulae, 11 urbs nobilissima, a Cyzico appellata, qui in illis re- 
gionibus ab Argonautis pugna occisus est. 12 Haud procul 
ab ilia urbe Rhyndacus in mare efTunditur, circa quern an- 
gues nascuntur, non solum ob magnitudinem mirabiles, sed 
etiam ob id, quod, quum ex aqua emergunt et hiant, supervo- 
lantes aves absorbent. 13 

45. Propontis cum Ponto jungitur per Bosporum, quod fre- 
tum quinque stadia latum, Europam ab Asia separat. ^ Ipsis 
in faucibus Bospori oppidum est Chalcedon, ab Archia, Me- 
garensium principe, et templum Jovis, ab Jasone 14 conditum. 



NATIONS OF ANTiaUITY. 67. 

Pontus ipse mgens est maris sinus, non molli neque arenoso 
circumdatus littore, tempestatibus obnoxius, raris stationibus. 
Olim ob saevitatem populorum, qui circa habitant, Axenus 1 
appellatus fuisse dicitur ; postea, mollitis illorum moribus, dic- 
tus est Euxlnus. 2 

46. In littore Ponti, in Mariandynorum agro, urbs et He- 
raclea ab Hercule, ut fertur, condita. Juxta earn spelunca est 
Acherusia, quam ad Manes perviam esse existimant. Hinc 
Cerberus ab Hercule extractus fuisse dicitur. Ultra fluviura 
Thermodonta 3 Mossyni habitant. Hi totum corpus distin- 
guunt notis. 4 Reges sufTragio eligunt ; eosdem in turre lig- 
nea inclusos arctissime custodiunt, et si quid perperam impe- 
ritaverint, inedia totius diei afficiunt. Extremum Ponti angu- 
]um Colchi tenent ad Phasidem ; quae loca fabula de vellere 
aureo et Argonautarum expeditio illustravit. 

47. Inter provincias Asiae proprie dictae 5 illustris est Ionia, 
in duo dec im civitates divisa. Inter eas Miletus, belli pa- . 
cisque artibus inclj-ta ; eique vicinum Panionium, sacra regio, 
quo omnes Ionum civitates statis temporibus legatos solebant 
mittere. Nulla facile urbs plures colonias misit, 6 quam Mi- 
letus. Ephesi, quam urbem Amazones 7 condidisse traduntur, 
templum est Dianae, quod septem mundi miraculis annumera- 
ri solet. Totius templi longitudo est quadringentorum vigin- . 
ti quinque pedum, latitudo ducentorum viginti ; columnae cen- 
tum viginti septem numero, sexaginta pedum altitudine ; ex iis 
triginta sex caelatae. Operi praefuit Chersiphron architectus. 

48. Aeolis olim Mysia appellata, et ubi Hellespontum at- 
tingit, Troas. Ibi Ilium 8 fuit sit urn ad radices montis Idae, 
urbs bello, quod per decern annos cum universa Graecia ges~ 
sit, clarissima. Ab Idaeo monte Scamander defluit et Simois, 
amnes fama quam natura majores. 9 Ipsum montem certamen 
Dearum Paridisque judicium illustrem reddidit. 10 In littore 
clarae sunt urbes Rhoeteum et Dardania; sed sepulcrum Aja- 
cis, 11 qui ibi post certamen cum Ulysse gladio incubuit, utra- 
que clarius. 

49. Ionibus Cares sunt finitimi, populus armorum bellique 
xdeo amans, ut aliena etiam bella mercede accepta 12 gereret. 
Princeps Cariae urbs Halicarnassus, Argivorum colonia, re- 
gum sedes olim. Unus eorum Mausolus fuit. Qui quum 
vita defunctus esset, Artemisia conjux, desiderio mariti fla- 
grans, ossa ejus cineresque contusa 13 cum aqua miscuit ebibit- 
que, splendidumque praeterea sepulcrum 14 exstruxit, quod in- 
ter septem orbis terrarum miracula censetur. 

50. Cilicia sita est in intimo recessu maris, ubi Asia proprie 
sic dicta cum Syria conjungitur. Sinus ille ab urbe Isso Issi- 



68 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE 

ci nomen habet. Fluvius ibi Cydnus, aqua limpidissima et 
frigidissima, in quo Alexander Macedo quum lavaret, 1 parum 
abfuit, quin frigore enecaretur. Antrum Corycium in iisdem 
regionibus ob singularem naturam memorabile est. Ingenti 
illud hiatu patet in monte arduo, alteque demissum undique 
yiret lucis 2 pen/lentibus. Ubi ad ima perventum est rursus 
aliud antrum aperitur. Ibi sonitus cymbalorum ingredientes 
terrere dicitur. 3 Totus hie specus augustus est et vere sacer, 
et a Diis habitari existimatur. 

51. E Cilicia egressos Syria excipit, cujus pars est Phoe- 
nice in littore maris interni posita. Hanc region em sollers ho- 
minum genus colit. Phoenices enim litterarum formas a se 
inventas aliis populis tradiderunt ; alias etiam arte* f quae ad 
navigationem et mercaturam spectant, studiose coluerunt. Ce- 
terum fertilis regio crebrisque fluminibus rigata, quorum ope 
terrae marisque opes facili negotio inter se permutantur. No- 
bilissimae Phoenices urbes Sidon, antequam a Persis capere- 
tur, maritimarum urbium maxima, et Tyrus, aggere cum ter- 
ra conjuncta. 4 Purpura hujus urbis omnium pretiosissima. 
Conficitur ille color ex succo in conchis, quae etiam purpura e 
vocantur, latente. 

52. Ex Syria descenditur in Arabiam, peninsulam inter 
duo maria, Rubrum et Persicum, porrectam. Hujus ea pars, 
quae ab urbe Petra Petraeae nomen accepit, plane est ste- 
rilis ; hanc excipit ea, quae ob vastas solitudines deserta vo- 
catur. His partibus adhaeret Arabia felix, regio angusta, 
sed cinnami, thuris aliorumque odorum feracissima. Multae 
ibi gentes sunt, quae fixas sedes non habeant, Nomades a 
Graecis appellatae. Lacte et carne ferina vescuntur. Mul- 
ti etiam Arabum populi latrociniis vivunt. 5 Primus e Roma- 
nis Aelius Gallus in hanc terram cum exercilu penetravit. 6 

53. Camelos inter armenta pascit Oriens. Duo harum sunt 
genera, Bractrianae et Arabiae. 7 Illae bina habent in dorso tu- 
bera, hae singula ; unum autem sub pectore, cui incumbant. 
Dentium ordine superiore carent. Sitem quatriduo tolerant ; 
aquam antequam bibant, pedibus turbant. Vi\Tint quinqua- 
genis annis ; quaedam etiam centenis. 

54. Ex Arabia pervenitur in Babyloniam, cui Babylon no- 
men dedit, Chaldaicarum gentium caput, urbs et magnitudine 
et divitiis clara. Semiramis earn condiderat, -vel, ut multi cre- 
diderunt, Belus, cujus regia ostenditur. Murus exstructus 
laterculo coctili, triginta et duos pedes est latus, ita ut quadri- 
gae inter se occurrentes sine periculo commeare dicantur ; alti- 
tudo ducentorum pedum ; turres autem denis pedibus quam 
murus altiores sunt. Totius operis ambitus sexaginta millia 



NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 69 

passuum complectitur. Median*/ urbem permeat Euphrates. 
Arcem habet viginti stadiorum ambitu ;* super ea pensiles hor- 
ti conspiciuntur, tantaeque sunt moles Q tamque firmae, ut onera 
nemorum sine detrimento ferant. 

55. Amplissima Asiae regio India primum patefacta est ar- 
mis Alexandri Magni, regis Macedoniae, cujus exemplum suc- 
cessores 3 secuti in interiora Indiae penetraverunt. In eo tractu, 
quern Alexander subegit, quinque millia oppidorum fuisse, gen- 
tesque novem, Indiamque tertiam partem esse terrarum omni- 
um, ejus comites scripserunt. Ingentes ibi sunt amnes, Indus 
et Indo major Ganges. Indus in Paropamiso 4 ortus undeviginti 
amnes recipit, totidem Ganges, interque eos plures navigabiles. 

56. Maxima in India gignuntur animalia. Canes ibi gran- 
diores c^eris. Arbores tantae proceritatis esse traduntur, ut 
sagittis superjaci nequeant. Hoc efficit ubertas soli, temperies 
coeli, aquarum abundantia. Immanes quoque serpentes alit, 
qui elephantos morsu et ambitu corporis 5 conficiunt. Solum 
tarn pingue et ferax, ut mella frondibus defluant, sylvae lanas 
ferant 6 arundinum internodia fissa cymbarum usum praebeant, 
binosque, quaedam etiam ternos homines, Tenant. 

57. Incolarum habitus moresque diver si. Lino alii vestiun- 
tur et lanis arborum, alii ferarum aviumque pellibus, pars 
nudi incedunt. Quidam animalia occidere eorumque carnibus 
vesci nefas putant; alii piscibus tantum aluntur. Quidam 
parentes et propinquos, prius quam annis et macie confi- 
ciantur, velut hostias caedunc eorumque visceribus epulan- 
tur ; ubi senectus eos morbusve invadit, mortem in solitudine 
aequo animo exspectant. Ii, qui sapientiam profitentur, ab 
ortu solis ad occasum stare solent, solem immobilibus oculis in- 
tuentes : ferventibus arenis toto die alternis pedibus insistunt. 7 
Mortem non exspectant, sed sponte arcessunt, in rogos incensos 
se praecipitantes. 8 

58. Maximos India elephantos gignit, acteoque feroces, ut 
Afri elephanti illos paveant, nee contueri audeant. Hoc ani- 
mal cetera omnia docilitate superat. t Discunt arma jacere, 
gladiatorum more congredi, saltare et per funes incedere. Pli- 
nius 9 narrat, Romae unum segnioris ingenii saepius castigatum 
esse verberibus, quia tardius accipiebat, quae tradebantur ; eun- 
dem repertumesse noctu eadem meditantem. 10 Elephanti gre- 
gatim semper ingrediuntur. Ducit agmen maximus natu, co- 
git is, qui aetate ei est proximus. Amnem transituri minimos 
praemittunt. Capiuntur foveis. In has ubi elephas deciderit, 
ceteri ramos congerunt, aggeres construunt, omnique viconan- 
tur extrahere. Domantur fame et verberibus. Domiti militant 
et turres armatorum in host.es ferunt, magnaque ex parte 11 

£2 



70 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE 

Orientis bella coniiciunt. Totas acies prosternunt, armatos 
proterunt. Ingens dentibus pretium. In Graecia ebur ad 
deorum simulacra tanquam pretiosissima materia adhibetur j 1 
in extremis Africae postium vie em in domiciliis praebet, sepes- 
que in pecorum stabulis elephantorum dentibus fiunt. Inter 
omnia animalia maxime oderunt murem. Infestus elephanto 
etiam rhinoceros, qui nomen habet a cornu, quod in naso gerit. 
In pugna maxime adversarii alvum petit, quam scit esse mol- 
liorem. Longitudine elephantum fere exaequat ; crura multo 
breviora : color buxeus. 

59. Etiam psittacos India mittit. Haec avis humanas voces 
optime reddit. Q,uum loqui discit, ferreo radio verberatur, ali- 
ter enim non sentit ictus. Capiti ejus eadem est duritia, quae 
rostro. Q,uum devolat, rostro se excipit, 2 eique innititur. 

60. Testudines tantae magnitudinis Indicum mare emittit, 
ut singularum testis casas ihtegarit. Insulas rubri praecipue 
maris his navigant c}rmbis. 3 Capiuntur obdormiscentes in 
summa aqua, id quod proditur stertentium sonitu. Turn ter- 
ni 4 adnatant, a duobus in dorsum vertitur, a tertio laqueus inji- 
citur, atque ita a pluribus in littore stantibus trahitur. In ma- 
ri testudines conchyliis vivunt ; tanta enim oris est duritia, ut 
lapides comminuant; in terrain egressae, herbis. Pariunt 
ova, ovis avium similia, ad centena 5 numero; eaque extra 
aquam defossa terra cooperiunt. 

61. Margaritae Indici Oceani omnium maxime laudantur. 
Inveniuntur in conchis, scopulis adhaerentibus. Maxima laus 
est in candore, magnitudine, laevore^ pondere. Raro duae 
inveniuntur, quae sibi ex omni parte sint similes. Has auribus 
suspendere, feminarum est gloria. 6 Duos maximos uniones 
Cleopatra, Aegypti regina, habuisse dicitur. Horum unum, 
ut Antonium 7 magnificentia superarot, in coena aceto solvit, 
solutum hausit. 

62. Aegyptus, inter Catabathmum 8 et Arabas posita, a 
plurimis ad Asiam refertur ; alii Asiam Arabico sinu terminari 
existimant. Haec regio, quamquam expers est imbrium, mire 
tamen est fertilis. Hoc Nilus efficit, omnium fluviorum, qui 
in mare internum effunduntur, maximus. Hie in desertis 
Africae oritur, turn ex Aethiopia descendit in Aegyptum, ubi 
de altis rupibus praecipitatus 9 usque ad Elephantidem urbem 
fervens ad hue decurrit. Turn demum fit placidior. Juxta 
Cercasorum oppidum in pi tires amnes dividitur, et tandem per 
septem ora 10 effunditur in mare. 

63. Nilus, nivibus in Aethiopiae montibus solutis, crescere 
incipit Luna nova post solstitium per quinquaginta fere dies; 
totidem diebus minuitur. Justum incrementum estcubitorum 



NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 71 

sexdecim. Si minores sunt aquae, non omnia rigant. Maxi- 
mum incrementum fuit cubitorum duodeviginti ; minimum 
quinque. Q,uum stetere aquae, aggeres aperiuntur, 1 et arte 
aqua in agros immittitur. duum omnis recesserit, agri irri- 
gati et limo obducti seruntur. 

64. Nilus crocodllum alit, belluam quadrupedem, in terra 
non minus quana in flumine hominibus infestam. Unum hoc 
animal terrestre linguae usu caret ; dentium plures habet 
ordines ; maxilla inferior est immobilis. Magnitudine ex- 
cedit plerumque duodeviginti cubita. Parit ova anserinis 
non majora. Unguibus etiam armatus est, et cute contra 
omnes ictus invicta. Dies in terra agit, noctes in aqua. 
Quum satur est et in littore somnum capit, ore hiante, trochi- 
lus, parva avis, dentes ei faucesque purgat. Sed hiantem 
conspicatus ichneumon, per easdem fauces, ut telum aliquod 
immissus, erodit alvum. Hebetes oculos dicitur habere in 
aqua, extra aquam acerrimos. Tentyritae in insula Nili 3 
habitantes, dirae huic belluae obviam ire audent, eamque in- 
credibili audacia expugnant. 

65. Aliam etiam belluam Nilus alit, hippopotamum ; ungu- 
lis binis/dorso equi et juba et hinnltu ; rostro resimo, cauda et 
dentibus aprorum. Cutis impenetrabilis, praeterquam si hu- 
more madeat. Primus hippopotamum et quinque crocodilos 
M. Scaurus aedilitatis suae ludis Romae ostendit. 3 

66. Multa in Aegypto mira sunt et artis et naturae opera. 
Inter ea, quae manibus hominum facta sunt, eminent pyra- 
mldes, quarum maximae sunt et celeberrimae in monte sterili 
inter Memphin oppidum et earn partem Aegypti, quae Delta 
vocatur. Amplissimam earum trecenta sexaginta sex homi- 
num millia annis viginti exstruxisse traduntur. Haec octo 
jugera soli occupat ; unumquodque latus octingentos octoginta 
tres pedes longum est ; altitudo a cacumine, pedum quindecim 
millium. Intus in ea est puteus octoginta sex cubitorum. 
Ante has .pyramides Sphinx est posita mirae magnitudinis. 
Capitis ambitus centum duos pedes habet ; longitudo est pe- 
dum centum quadraginta trium ; altitudo a ventre usque ad 
summum capitis apicem sexaginta duorum. 

67. Inter miracula Aegypti commemoratur etiam Moeris 4 
.acus, quingenta millia passuum in circuitu patens; Labyrin- 
thus,° ter mille domos et regias duodecim uno pariete amplex- 
us, totus marmore exstructus tectusque ; turris denique in in- 
sula Pharo, a Ptolemaeo, Lagi filio, 6 condita. Usus ejus na- 
yibus noctu ignes ostendere ad praenuntianda vada portusque 
introitum. 

68. In palustribus Aegypti regionibus papyrum nascitur. 



72 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE 

Radicibus incolae pro ligno utuntur ; ex ipso autem papyro 
navigia texunt, e libro vela, tegetes, vestem ao furies. Succi 
causa etiam mandunt modo crudum, modo decoctum. Prae- 
parantur ex eo etiam chartae. Chartae ex papyro usus post 
Alexandri demum victorias repertus est. Primo enim scrip- 
turn in palmarum foliis, deinde in libris quarundam arborum ; 
postea publica monimenta plumbeis tabulis confici, aut mar- 
moribus mandari coepta sunt. Tandem aemulatio regum 
Ptolemaei et Eumenis in bibliothecis condendis 1 occasionem 
dedit membranas Pergami inveniendi. Ab eo inde tempore 
libri modo in charta ex papyro facta, modo in membranis 
scripti sunt. 

69. Mores incolarum Aegypti ab aliorum popuiorum mori- 
bus vehementer discrepant. Mortuos nee cremant, nee sepe- 
liunt ; verum arte medicatos, 2 intra penetralia collocant. Ne- 
gotia extra domos feminae, viri dpmos et res domesticas cu- 
rant ; onera illae humeris, hi capitibus gerunt. Colunt effi- 
gies multorum animalium et ipsa animalia. Haec interfecisse 
capitale est ; morbo exstincta lugent et sepeliunt. 

70. Apis omnium Aegypti populorum numen est ; bos ni- 
ger cum Candida in dextro latere macula : nodus sub lingua 
quern cantharum appellant. Non fas est eum certos vitae 
annos excedere. Ad hunc vitae terminum quum pervenerit, 
mersum in fonte enecant. Necatum lugent, aliumque quae- 
runt, quern ei substituant ; nee tamen unquam diu quaeritur. 3 
Delubra ei sunt gemina, quae thalamos vocant, ubi populus 
auguria captat. Alterum intrasse laetum est ; in altero dira 
portendit. Pro bono etiam habetur signo, si e manibus con- 
sulentium cibum capit. In publicum procedentem grex pue- 
rorum comitatur, carmenque in ejus honorem canunt, idque 
videtur intelligere. 

71. Ultra Aegyptum Aethiopes habitant. Horum populi 
quidam Macrobii 4 vocantur, quia paulo quam nos diutius vi- 
vunt. Plus auri apud eos reperitur, quam aeris ; hanc ob cau- 
sam aes illis videtur pretiosius. Aere se exornant, vincula au- 
ro fabricant. Lacus est apud eos, cujus aqua tarn est liquida 
atque levis, ut nihil eorum, quae inmittuntur, sustinere queat ; 
quare arborum quoque folia non innatant aquae, sed pessum 
aguntur. 

72. Africa ab oriente terminatur Nilo ; 5 a ceteris partibus 
mari. Regiones ad mare positae eximie sunt fertiles ; inte- 
rior es incultae et arenis sterilibus tectae, et ob nimium calorem 
desertae. Prima pars ab occidente est Mauritania. 6 Ibi mons 
praealtus Abyla, Calpae monti in Hispania oppositus. Hi 
montes columnae Herculis appellantur. 7 Fama est, ante Her- 



NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 73 

culem mare internum terris inclusum fuisse, nee exitum habu- 
isse in Oceanum ; Herculem autem junctos montes diremisse 
et mare junxisse cum Oceano. Ceterum regio ilia est ignobilis 
et parvis tantum oppidis habitatur. Solum melius quam incolae. 

73. Numidia 1 magis culta et opulentior. Ibi satis longo a 
littore intervallo saxa cernuntur attrita fluctibus, spinae piscium, 
ostreorumque fragmenta, ancorae etiam cautibus infixae, et alia 
ejusmodi signa maris olim usque ad ea loco effusi. Finitima 
regio, a promontorio Metagonio ad aras Philaenorum, proprie 
vocatur Africa. 2 Urbes in ea celeberrimae Utica et Carthago, 
ambae a Phoenicibus conditae. Carthaginem divitiae, merca- 
tura imprimis comparatae, turn bella cum Romanis 3 gesta, ex- 
cidium denique illustravit. 

74. De aris Philaenorum haec narrantur. 4 Pertinacissima 
fuerat contentio inter Carthaginem et Cyrenas de finibus. 
Tandem placuit, utrimque eodem tempore juvenes mitti, et lo- 
cum, quo convenissent pro finibus haberi. Carthaginiensium 
legati, Philaeni fratrgs, paulo ante tempus constitutum egressi 
esse dicuntur. Quod quurri Cyrenensium legati intellexissent, 
magnaque exorta esset contentio, tandem Cyrenenses dixerunt, 
se turn demum hunc locum pro finibus habituros esse, si Phi- 
laeni se ibi vivos obrui passi essent. Illi conditionem accepe- 
runt. Carthaginienses autem animosis juvenibus in illis ipsis 
locis, ubi vivi sepulti sunt, aras consecraverunt, eorumque vir- 
tutem aeternis honoribus prosecuti sunt. 

75. Inde ad Catabathmum 5 Cyrenaica 6 porrigitur, ubi Am- 
monis oraculum et fons quidam, quern Solis 7 esse dicunt. Hie 
fons media nocte fervet, turn paulatim tepescit ; sole oriente fit 
frigidus ; per meridiem maxime riget. Catabathmus vallis est 
devexa versus Aegyptum. Ibi fmitur Africa. Proximi his 8 
populi urbes non habent, sed in tuguriis vivunt, quae mapalia 
vocantur. Vulgus pecudum vestitur pellibus. Potus est lac 
succusque baccarum ; cibus caro. Interiores etiam incultius 
vivunt. Sequuntur greges suos, utque hi pabulo ducuntur, ita 
illi tuguria sua promovent. 9 Leges nullas habent, nee in com- 
mune consultant. Inter hos Troglodytae in specubus habitant, 
serpentibusque aluntur. 

76. Ferarum Africa feracissima. Pardos, pantheras, leones 
gignit, quod belluarum genus Europa ignorat. Leoni praeci- 
pua generositas. 10 Prostratis 11 parcere dicitur ; in infantes non- 
nisi summa fame saevit. Animi ejus index cauda, quam, dum 
placidus est, immctam servat; dum irascitur, terram et se ipsum 
ea flagellat. Vis summa in pectore. Si fugere cogitur, contem- 
tim cedit, quam diu spectari potest ; in silvis acerrimo cursu 
fertur. Vulneratus percussorem novit, et in quantalibet multi- 






74 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY, &C. 

tudine appetit. 1 Hoc tarn saevum animal gallinacei cantus ter- 
ret. Domatur etiam ab hominibus. Hanno Poenus primus 
leonem mansuefactum ostendisse dicitur. Marcus autem An- 
tonius, triumvir, primus, post pugnam in campis Philippicis, 2 
Romae leones ad currum junxit. 

77. Struthiocameli Africi altitudinem equitis equo insidentis 
exaequant, celeritatem vincunt. Pennae ad hoc demum viden- 
tur datae, ut currentes adjuvent ; nam a terra tolli non possunt. 
Ungulae cervinis sunt similes. His in fuga comprehendunt 
lapides, eosque contra sequentes jaculantur. Omnia conco- 
quunt. Ceterum magna iis stoliditas, ita ut, quum caput et 
collum frutice occultaverint, se latere existiment. Pennae 
eorum quaeruntur ad ornatum. 

78. Africa serpentes generat vicenorum cubitorum; nee 
minores India. Certe Megasthenes scribit, serpentes ibi in 
tantam magnitudinem adolescere, ut solidos hauriant cervos 
taurosque. In primo Punico bello ad flumen Bagradam 3 ser- 
pens centum viginti pedum a Regulo, imperatore Romano, 4 
ballistis et tormentis expugnata esse fertur. Pellis ejus et 
maxillae diu Romae in templo quodam asservatae sunt. In 
India serpentes perpetuum bellum cum elephantis gerunt. Ex 
arboribus se in praetereuntes praecipitant gressusque ligant 
nodis. Hos nodos elephanti manu 5 resolvunt. At dracones 
in ipsas elephantorum nares caput condunt spiritumque prae- 
cludunt. Plerumque in ilia dimicatione utrique commoriun- 
tur, cum victus elephas corruens serpentem pondere suo ell 
dit. 






NOTES. 



EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCES. 

Page 

1. Est vitanda, " is to be avoided." 3 

2. Athenae, arum, used only in the plural. The plural form was 
adopted in consequence of the union, by Theseus, into one city, of 
the boroughs into which Attica was subdivided. In commemora- 
tion of this union, a festival, called HwoUia, or McroUia, was annu- 
ally celebrated on the sixteenth day of the month Hecatombaeon. 
Athenae is derived from 'Adfivrj, the Greek name for Minerva, who 
was the tutelar goddess of the whole country. 

3. Nee — nee. " Neither— nor." 

4. Mortui, (from morior,) " the dead." 

5. Litterae, the letters of the alphabet, (it is also used in the plu- 
ral to signify an epistle.) According to tradition, Cadmus intro- 
duced the alphabet into Greece from Phoenicia. 

6. Alii — alii. " Some — others." 

7. Galli, " the Gauls." The word Galli is merely the native 
term Gael, latinized. • 

1. Ceeidit, from cado. * 4 

2. The # more noble Romans had commonly three names, the 
Praenomen, Nomen, and Cognomen. The Pracnomen was put first, 
and marked the individual. It was commonly written with one 
letter; as, T. for Titus, M.Marcus, C. Caius, P. Publius; some- 
times with two letters; as, Ti. for Tiberius, Cn.Cneius, Sp. Spu- 
rius ; sometimes with three ; as, Ser. for Servius, Sex. Sextus. 
The Nomen was put after the Prcenomen, and marked the gens or 
clan. The Cognomen was put last, and marked the familia. 

3. The Phoenicians were particularly distinguished among the 
cations of the ancient world for extensive navigation, commerce, 
and manufactures. 

4. Odit, a preterite with the signification of a present. 

5. Novi, isse. See n. 4. 

6. Acida, " acids." The neuter plural of adjectives often has 
the force of a substantive. 

7. Dulcia, " sweets." See n. 6. 

8. Nemo non, " every one." This phrase, when resolved, is equi- 
valent to nemo est qui non. The Greek phrase, ov6e\s (earii/) oarig or, 
has the same signification. 

9. Connect thus : cauda (est) index animi leonum. 

1. Maximi, the genitive of valuing, which is generally render- 5 
ed by adverbs. 

^ 2. Per garni. The names of towns of the first and second declen- 
sion, and of the singular number, are put in the genitive, when an- 



i 



78 » NOTES. 

Pago 

5 swering to the question ubi, where 1 Pergamus, now Bergamo, a 
town of Mysia, in Asia Minor, on the Caicus, the capital of a king- 
dom which the Romans enlarged in favour of Eumenes, after the 
defeat of Antiochus. king of Syria, and which was left to the Roman 
people by Attalus, the last king, B. C. 133, A. U. C. 621. Here 
Eumenes founded a famous library, in opposition to that of Ptolemy 
at Alexandria, who, from motives of jealousy, forbad the exporta- 
tion of Egyptian papyrus, in consequence of which Eumenes in- 
vented parchment, called hence Pergamena (charta.) Antony and 
Cleopatra transported this library, containing 200,000 volumes, to 
Alexandria. 

3. Esse, when it admits of being translated by have, and denotes 
possession, governs the dative. 

4. Terrori sunt, " are a terror to, terrify." 

5. Nobis. The dative sometimes indicates the object for which, 
and on account of which, something takes place. 

6. Ne quidem, "not even." These words are always separated 
by the word on which the emphasis falls. 

7. Sacra, prof ana, as substantives. See note 6, p. 4. 

8. Parcerc, signifies properly, " to show forbearance," as, 

9. Invidcre, " to feel envy." 

10. Mederi, signifying " to give relief," " to cure," governs the 
dative of the person. 

11. Vesci, " to feed upon," governs the ablative. 

12. Prioribus, (pcdibus), " the fore feet." 

13. Uti aliqua re, " to make use of a thing." 

6 1. Car ere, " to be without, want, be in want of;" it is followed 
by an ablative of the thing wanted. 

2. Sex sestertiis Romae venit. A sestertium (the name of a sum, 
not of a coin) was equivalent to 1000 sestertii. A sestertius was 
equal to 3f cents, and 1000 sestertii or a sestertium, to $37 50 j six 
sestertia, therefore, were equal to $225. Veneo, ventre, "to be sold, 
to be exposed to sale ;" it must be distinguished from venio, venire, 
"to come.". 

3. Carthagine. Names of towns of the 3d declension, and also 
plurals of the 1st and 2d, are put in the ablative when answering 
to the question, where 1 

4. Benefcium repetere. The accusative depending upon the in- 
finitive, and that again which depends upon it, like adverbs with 
the infinitive, form, in conjunction with it, the subject. 

T 1. Prodesse from prosum. 

2. Equo velii is equivalent to equitationetn. 

3. Pugnare, equivalent to pugnam. 

4. Juveni. The person on whom a necessity of doing something 
lies, is put in the dative, as here, juveni and sent, ana* in the fol- 
lowing sentences, discipulis and senibus. 

5. Vincendi. The gerund is nothing else than the four oblique 
cases (genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative) of the neuter of 
the participle passive in dus. In respect to signification, it sup- 
plies the place of a declinable infinitive of the present active, since 
it expresses the action or state of the verb, as a verbal substantive. 
It is governed, as a substantive, by other substantives and adjec- 
tives, and also governs the case of its verb. Thus, 

6. Utendi governs re in the ablative, because its verb utor go- 
verns that case. 

7. Natura, " by nature, naturally ;" the ablative of the cause. 



NOTES. - 79 

Pa** 

8. Nova (negotia), the neuter plural. See note 6, p. 4. T 

9. With equus, inutilis est must be understood. 

10. Pennae, i. e. adhibentur. 

11. Et—et, "as well— as also." 

1. Quid for aliquid. S 

2. ^ z;?se, " thou too," " thou thyself also." 

3. Sub hasta, " at auction, at public sale." At first a spear was 
set up only when spoils taken in war were to be sold. Afterwards 
at all auctions. Hence hasta is put for a public sale, and sub hasta 
venire, to be publicly sold. 

4. Clementia instead of quam dementia. The ablative may be 
put after the comparative, if the comparative particle be omitted 
instead of the nominative of the subject, and, in the construction 
of the accusative with the infinitive, instead of the accusative of 
the subject. 

1. Opulentissimae urbes. The words which form an apposition, 9 
agree with those, which they accompany, in case, and, for the most 
part, when circumstances permit, in gender and number. 

2. Why not altores? 

3. Thebae, a plural only. 

4. Utor with an ablative of the thing used. 

5. Quod. When the relative pronoun refers to is, ea, id, and 
agree with it in case, the demonstrative is often left out. 

6. Par cere with the dative of the thing spared. 

7. Carere aliqua re. 

8. Vel, even. + 

9. Haec, as a neuter plural, to be referred to the preceding sub- 
stantives. 

1. Ut — condantur. It is to be observed, as a general rule, that IO 
when the verb preceding ut is in the present or future tense, the 
verb following ut must be put in the present subjunctive ; and that, 
when the preceding verb is in any of the preterite tenses, the verb 
following must be in the imperfect or perfect subjunctive. 

2. Ne vulneribus quidem. See above, note 6, p. 5. 

3. Omnia, quae, ''all, that." 

4. Ne quis (aliquis) equivalent to : ut nemo — Apelles, the greatest 
painter of that time. 

5. Quin, equivalent to quod non. 

6. Quin co-nspicer, u that I cannot see," or, " without seeing you." 

7. Quin after non dubito signifies " that." 

8. Unusne. The enclitics (distinguished by its quantity from 
the conjunction ne) is equivalent to num. 

9. Qua de caussa. /This is the usual position of the words ; as 
in quam ob rem, the preposition is placed after the relative pro- 
noun. 

1. Suffossum, scil. esse. So also in the following sentences, put- 1 1 
sos zndfugatos must be connected with esse, which stands at the 
end of the sentence. In Thessalia, supply aliud oppidum. 

2. Jusserat cremari. The infinitive active is used with jubere, 
when the person is expressed to whom the commission is given ; 
otherwise, the infinitive passive. 

3. Quam Hispaniae gentes. The relative is here used as the ac- 
cusative of the subject. Hispania was separated from Gaul by the 
Pyrenees, and from Africa by the Fretum Herculeum, now the 
Straits of Gibraltar ; on the east it was bounded by the Mediter- 
ranean, and on the west by the Atlantic. 

PART I. H 



SO NOTES. 

Paga 

11 4. Noli, with the infinitive, often forms a periphrasis, instead of 
ne with the imperative or subjunctive. 

5. Homerus traditur. Instead of quidam tradunt, Homerum vix- 
isse, &c. 

6. Totos dies. The accusative, expressing duration of time. 

7. Fessus has a participial form and signification ; there is, how- 
ever, no theme from which it can be derived. It is commonly as- 
signed to fatiscor. 

8. Legentem, i. e. aliquem qui legebat: "a reader." 

9. Habentes. The participles in this and some of the following 
sentences, can be rendered by the relative pronoun, for which 
sometimes (as in dantis) the demonstrative must be taken. 

12 1. Proeliatus, equivalent to qui centum et viginli proeliis inter- 
fuerat. 

2. Adverso corpore. " On the breast." 

3. Satiati. This and the following participles may be rendered 
by " when." 

4. Transituri. The future participle active is used to express 
an action which one is about to perform. 

5. Duces ad terga recipiunt. Those, which have preceded for 
a time, when tired, take the hindmost place. 

6. Ejus tumulo circumdedit, equivalent to tumulum ejus circum- 
dedit urbe, Bucephalon appellator 

7. Patronum, scil. suum. The possessive pronoun is in eveTy 
instance omitted, where it can be understood from the context. 

8. Heres institutus, " although appointed fceir." 

9. Tantae magnitudinus. The genitive of quality. 

10. Tegendo, " for covering." The future participle passive 
' can often be translated by a substantive. 

13 1. Filio victore. The adjective victor is here used exactly after 
the manner of a participle. The phrase is equivalent to postquam 
filius vicerat Olympiae (in the solemn games there celebrated.) 

2. Convolvuntur, " are rolled together ; roll themselves toge- 
ther." 

.AESOP'S FABLES. 

14 Milvii mttu, or milvium metuentes. That shows more definite- 
ly the efficient cause. 

2. Beceptus, i. e. postquam receptus fuit. 

3. Ch'are, " to pray ;" exorare, " to move by prayer, to obtain by 
praying, to prevail upon." 

4. Corrosis plagis. The ablative absolute ; whereby the origi- 
nal force of this mode of speaking shows itself; " by means of 
the nets being gnawed through," i. e. " by means of its gnawing 
the nets." By this form the sentences are more intimately con- 
nected than if the form, ut plagas corroderet eumque liberaret, 
were used. 

5. Quo facto, instead of quum hoc factum esset. The relative 
noun often stands instead of the demonstrative at the beginning 
of a sentence, to connect it more closely with that which pre- 
cedes. 

• 6. Soleant. When the subject of the verb is expressed chiefly 
by the clause following it, whether there be, or be not, an antece- 
dent word, receiving the action of the verb, the pronoun is to be 
considered as indefinite, and joined with the subjunctive mood. It 



NOTES. 81 

Page 

has been observed, that this mood has two different names, as it 1* 
has two distinct uses, potential and subjunctive. When the mean- 
ing is contingent, that is, when the sense requires this form, the 
mood is strictly potential, as Doceam, " I may teach." Here the 
verb is not affected, as to its mood, by any antecedent word. But, 
if we say, Quod doceam, "Because I teach," the verb is under the 
government of the conjunction quod, and were it not for this con- 
junction, the English being indicative, the verB would be put in the 
indicative mood. In this example, therefore, the verb is strictly 
in the subjunctive mood, this form being used, not because the sense 
requires it, for the English is indicative, but because it is sub- 
joined to the conjunction quod. Crombie's Gymnasium, vol. 1. p. 
64, 3d ed. 

7. Procter eunti from praetereo (praeteriens). 

8. Cm, instead of huic. 

9. Maledicere, properly " to speak ill of one." 

10. Apud Junonem. The peacock is sacred to Juno, the eagle 
to Jupiter, the raven to Apollo, and the wolf to Mars. 

11. Quod denotes the cause of the action of the verb on which 
it depends, (conquerebatur) ; while ut expresses the consequence 
of the action. 

12. Negata esset — excellat. When a proposition, containing the 
statement of a fact, and therefore being in the indicative mood, has 
another dependent upon it, connected by a causal conjunction or 
relative, in which something is alleged as the sentiment or Ian- 
guage of another, and not of the writer, the dependent proposition 
will be in the subjunctive mood. In the present case, the depend- 
ent clause, connected to the preceding by the conjunction quod, 
does not express an opinion of the author, but the complaint of the 
peacock. The sentence, from quod vocis to cantu excellat, is equi- 
valent, therefore, to Quod dixit, vocis suavitatem sibi negatam esse, 
dum lusciniam, avem tarn parum decoram, cantu excellere. Crom- 
bie's Gymnasium, vol. 2, p. 4, 3d ed. Zumpt's Lat. Gram. Ken- 
rick's translation, 2d ed. p. 341. 

13. Nori enim. Combine oportuit non conferri omnia, " one ought 
not to heap up." 

14. Adveniente domino prati, instead of quum dominus vrati ad- 
veniret. 

1. Cui instead of huic. See page 14th, note 5th. 15 

2. Non est in animo instead of non libet. 

3. Dulcia, " the agreeable ;" Puta, " the safe, safety." The neu- 
ters of adjectives are often used in this manner as substantives, 
particularly in the plural. 

4. Nosne, instead of num nos. 

5. Frueris, with the ablative of the thing. 

6. The impersonal verbs, pudet,piget, poenilet, tcedet, miser et, re- 
quire the person who is the subject of the feeling to be in the ac- 
cusative case, and the object which excites it to be in the geni- 
tive. 

7. Latrando. The ablative of the gerund. 

8. Quod denotes the cause of the preceding. 

9. Vescamur. With the ablative of the thing. 

10. Velis—possis. The subjunctive stands after qui, quae, quod, 
when it refers to an indefinite object, expressed by is, aliquis, or 
talis. 

11. Eundem, scil. leonem. 



82 NOTES. 

Pa?e 

15 12. Conspicata and obviam facta can be resolved by quum with 
the pluperfect. 

13. Ausa est. Why not audebat ? 

14. Recta via, " straight forward.** 

15. CW. See above, note 1st. 

16. Facientem. The participle depends upon videre, and sup- 
plies the place of the infinitive. 

17. Videro. In what relation does the future past stand here 1 

18. Sic. By this concord. 

19. Dissidio orto, equivalent to post dissidium ortum, or postquam 
dissidium or turn erat. 

20. Quantum boni. The genitive depends upon quantum. The 
nominatives and accusatives neuter of some pronouns, and of some 
adjectives which are used as pronouns, take a genitive, either be- 
cause they are virtually become substantives, or because they de- 
note a part. 

21. Sit. Compare note 6th, page 14. 

16 1. Tanquam esset. The subjunctive serves to express tfaat 
which exists only in the conception of another. 

2. Unde agnitus. Unde, instead of et inde, connects in the same 
manner as the relative pronoun. 

3. Mam, scil. gallinam, as the accusative of the subject, while 
massam, which depends on celare, is the accusative of the object. 

4. Una. An adverb. 

5. Laeti— prior. The adjective is often added to the verb, in- 
stead of the adverb, to denote the manner, or situation, in which 
the action is performed. 

6. Conspexisset. Compare note 1st above. 

7. Contendunt, etc. Observe the use of the present in animated 
narration instead of the imperfect, just as below aufugit and po- 
titur instead of the perfect. 

8. Comitatus esset. See above, note 1st. 

9. Idque, equivalent to et quidem. 

10. Ne nostris quidem corporibus. The particles ne, quidem, are 
separated by the word on which the emphasis lies. In what case 
is corporibus ? 

11. Quid fiat. Interrogates, when preceded by such words as 
scio, nescio, quaero, dubito, are said to be taken indefinitely, and 
are joined to the subjunctive mood. 

12. Quod quum. See above, note 5, p. 14. 

13. Enim suffers us to add in thought a sentence from the pre- 
ceding. 

14. Nitidas, i. e. Candidas. The ancients wore garments of 
wool, which w r as cleansed and made white by Fullers. 

IT 1. Reddidissem. The subjunctive of the pluperfect takes the 
place of the future past, and denotes an action as possible in the 
future, and as accomplished in relation to a future action. 

2. Ne me interficite. Ne is used instead of non, with the im- 
perative mood, and also with the present subjunctive. 

3. Propter hoc ipsum, " for the same reason." These words, are 
explained by the following sentence. 

4. Pugnandi tmperitus, is used in the same manner as peritus, 
imperitus, litter arum. 

h. Eos, qui irritent. See note 10, p: 15. 

6. Bina aut terna. The cardinal numerals, unus, duo, &c. im- 
ply, that thenumber spoken of belongs to all collectively, and is the 



NOTES. 83 

Page 
whole amount. The distributive, singuli, bini, terni, denote that 1 T 
the number specified belongs to each individual, and is therefore 
onty a part of the whole. Thus, Eutropius, speaking of the govern- 
ment of the senators after the death of Romulus, says, " Rcgnave- 
runt per quinos dies ;" not, " they reigned live days," but " five days 
each." Crombie's Gymnasium, vol. 1, p. 38, 3d ed. 

7. Fore, ut pareret. A periphrasis for Hi-am parituram esse. 

8. At denotes an objection which we make to the intention or 
thought. 

9. Etiam, " yet too," with reference to the trouble it costs to ob- 
tain them, to which afterwards the words, in via repertas, (of things, 
which one can get without any exertion) are opposed. 

10. Quae is the accusative governed by assequi ; se the accusa- 
tive of the subject. The phrase may be rendered, " which they 
despair of being able to attain." 

11. Desperent. See note 10, p. 15. 

1*2. Dicitur respondisse, instead of respondit, ut dicitur. 

1. Cave-rent. The past tense is here used, because habuerunt, 18 
the leading verb, is in the past. Even, however, though the lead- 
ing verb were present (kabent), caverent would still be used, if it 
were requisite to denote a continued action: " how they might 
protect themselves for the time to come." 

2. Multis aliis propositis, " after many other propositions." 

3. Ipsos is equivalent to se, but lays more stress on the pronoun. 

4. Jussit appendi. See note 2, p. 11. 

5. Quasi esset. See note 1, p. 16. 

6. O te stolidum. The accusative is used in exclamations with 
or without an interjection. M&miseruml mefelicem! 

7. Qui ignorare videris. The clause gives the reason for the 
preceding remark. 

8. Sibi placere, applied to a vain person, who is filled with con- 
ceit on account of something. 

9. Licet venias,fruaris. The subjunctive depends upon ut un- 
derstood. 

*l0. Nihil moror. More forcible than non euro. 

11. Tanti esse. The genitive of valuing. 

12. Quod possit. The relative pronoun contains, in relation to 
tanti, the meaning of a consequence, and may be expressed by ut 
id. 

13. Conolucit. Concerning the present in a narration. See p. 
10. note 7. 

14. Qui extrahat. When the proposition introduced by the rela- 
tive expresses the end and motive of the action mentioned in the 
preceding proposition, so that ut might be substituted for it, the 
verb must be in the subjunctive mood. This applies also to rela- 
tive adverbs. Compare Crombie's Gvmnasium, vol. 2, p. 23, and 
Znmpl's L. G., Kenrick's Transl. p. 348. 

1. Miser icordia motus. We often add to the expression of pas- 19 
sion a participle which designates its origin. Thus, incensus ira } 
inflammatus amore, percussus terrore. 

2. Qualem soleant. See page 14, note 6. 

3. Qui pasceretur. The relative pronoun includes the designa- 
tion of a reason, and is then, in signification, equivalent to quod. 
Concerning the subjunctive, see note 12, p. 14. 

4. Bella exorto (exorior.) The ablative absolute. 

5. Vubieribus confossus. collabitur, (collabor). Properly telis 

h 2 



I 



84 NOTES. 

Pa*e 

19 should be used. But the consequence is often used instead of the 
cause. 

6. O me stolidum. See note 6, p. 18. 

7. Qui aestimaverim. As just above, qui pasceretur. 

8. Quos noverat. The relative pronoun includes the accusa- 
tive of the subject, which depends upon noverat. " When he knew 
to." 

9. Afferri jubet. See note 2, page 11. 

10. Quibus allatis. The phrase may be resolved into quae juum 
allatae essent. For the use of the relative, see note 5, p. 14. 

11. Quod quum, instead of quum hoc. 

12. Aliqua parte. The ablative of measure, as in the sentence, 
Sol multis partibus major est, quam terra. 

13. Se levaret. The whole clause is equivalent to ut aliquant 
partem oneris reciperet. 

14. O me miserum. See note 6, p. 18. 

15. Qui noluerim. See above, note 3. 

16. Texendo. The ablative answering to the question, by what 1 

17. De node, "during the night." 

18. Ad opus. The spinning and weaving. 

20 1. Quo facto. See note 5, p. 14. 

2. Deteriore conditions. The ablative of quality. 

3. Incerta. To be joined with domina, and to be explained as 
a participle. 

4. Prima nocte, instead of initio, or, prima parte noctis. The ad- 
jectives primus, medius, ultimus, and the like, are often used in this 
manner for the sake of abbreviating the expression. Thus, in 
media urbe, in ultimo carmine, in summo monte. 

5. Sese. Sui, sibi, is a reflective pronoun, i. e. denotes an agent, 
who is the subject of the proposition, and whose act reverts upon 
himself; and therefore, this pronoun exists only in the oblique 
cases. It continues to be used in a sentence through successive 
propositions, as long as no other subject is introduced. If a second 
.subject be introduced, se refers strictly to that subject, and is should 
be used of the first. But se often continues, if no ambiguity is pro- 
duced, to be used of the original subject, especially if the second 
proposition expresses a thought or purpose of the subject at first. 
Thus in the present instance, sese is used, because the second pro- 
position, ut sese volare doceret, expresses a wish of the testudo, the 
subject of the first. Zumpt's Lat. Gram. p. 241. 

6. Volare supplies the place of the accusative of the thing (docere 
aliquem aliquid). 

7. Arreptam sustulit. Instead of arripuit et sustulit, {arripio } 
tollo). 

8. Comminuta interilt. Instead of comminuta est et interiit. 

9. Quae quum. See note 11, p. 19." 

10. Se for ipsam. See above, note 5. 

11. Venetur. The present is used, because the leading verb is 
in the present. 

12. Cui accipitur. See note 5, p. 14. 

13. Partam praedam, (pario). Partus applies properly to that 
which has been earned or acquired by one's self; then to that 
which is held in possession. So parta praeda here signifies "the 
booty which is secure." 

14. Usque sublatis ; equivalent to quae postquam sustulerat. 

15. Domum. Domus and rus, like names of towns, are used with 






NOTES. 85 

Pap» 

verbs of motion, without prepositions, domum, (or domos, of more 20 
than one) " home ; " rus, u into the country ;" dorao and rure, " from 
home, from the country;" domi and ruri (which is more common 
than rure,,) " at home, in the country." 

16. Aliquantumvice, "a considerable distance." See p. 15, note 
20. 

17. Et— et, "both— and." 

18. Defatigatus. The participle is used to denote the cause of 
what follows. 

19. Qua — liberet. See p. 18, note 14. 

20. Panitebat. See page 15, note 6. 

21. Requiro, qui. Supply aliquem, which is often understood be- 
fore the relative pronoun. 

22. Qui allevet. See page 18, note 14. 

1. Submersum iri. In what is called the infinitive future passive, 2 1 
(amatum, monitum iri, &c.), iri is really the infinitive of the passive 
impersonal itur, " things tend." Audio eum monitum iri, is there- 
fore literally, " I hear that things tend to advising him ;" i. e. " that 

he is about to be advised." Hence the supine is unchanged, what- 
ever be the gender or number of the substantive. Zumpt's Lat. 
Gram. p. 110. 

2. Existvmaret. Concerning the subjunctive, see page 14, note 
6, and page 16, note 11. 

3. Major canibus. See page 8, note 4. 

4. Quibus possis. Compare note 12, p. 18. 

5. Qui fit. Instead of quomodo, wide fit. 

6. Natura formidolosos, i. e. eos, qui natura formidolosi sunt. 

7. Inquit Me, i. e. lupus. 

8. Futurum, scil. esse ; equivalent to fore. 

9. Ubi. For quum ibi, expressing the cause of the assertion con- 
tained in the question. 

10. Si moriendum sit. The subjunctive designates a case only 
thought possible; si moriendum est, a positive and expected case. 
So also, at the end of the fable, si conjuncta sit. 

11. Aspergi. Aspergere, (adspergere), might be used here to ex- 
press a voluntary action. 

12. Pol. An expression of asseveration ; considered an abbre- 
viation of Pollux. 

13. Arreptum devoravit. Instead of arripuit et devoravit. 

14. Praeda divisa. These ablatives may be resolved by post- 
quum. 

1. Vindicat sibi labor meus. Instead of miki vindico ob laborem 22 
egregium meum. 

2. Qui voluerit. Instead of si quis voluerit, "should any body 
wish." 

3. Aut quae, scil. earum. 

4. Quod debeat. See page 18, note 12. 

5. Modo and dummodo, " provided only ;" require the subjunctive 
after them, because they always denote something supposed, as 
distinguished from something real. 

6. Quod dnturus esset. The subjunctive represents these words 
as a part of the invitation ; if the expression were, quod daUirus 
erat, they would be an explanatory addition of the narrator. Com- 
pare note 12, p. 14. • 

7. Quae quum. Qui is frequently employed in Latin, to intro- 



# 



86 NOT^S. 

Pag© 

22 duce a sentence or clause, where in English we use the demonstra- 
tive pronouns simply. 

8. Caeteris. See note 4, p. 8. 

9. O vos stolidos. See note 6, p. 18. 

10. Quantopere excruciet. See p. 21, note 2. 

11. Petivisse dicuntur. For petiverunt, ut dicitur. 

12. Quarum. See above, note 7. 

13. Puniturus. The future participle serves to express an in- 
tention. 

14. A quo. The relative pronoun includes the copula, and the 
demonstrative, or, in other words, qui is frequently used ioxet ille ) 
ct hie. 

15. Poeniluit. See note 6, p. 15. * 

16. Suos refers to At/ienienses, ipsi to Philippus. 

17. Demosthenes, the greatest orator of Athens, and a strenuous 
opponent of Philip. 

18. Qua denotes a purpose, and consequently has the subjunc- 
tive. It is equivalent to ut ea. Compare note 14, p. 18. 

23 1. Tmpetu facto. Intead of impetum fecisse (in caulas) et gregem 
dilaniasse. 

2. Frustratus, i. e. quum decepisset. Frustrari conveys the idea 
of pains taken in vain (frustra). 

3. Lupo irruente. Instead of et lupus tandem revera irrueret. 

4. Coepit forms with orare a periphrasis for the finite verb (ora- 
vit), to denote the commencement of the action. 

5. Quo scrao. See note 7, p. 22. 

6. Allecli, from allicere, originally " to allure by bait." 

7. Impetu facto. See above, note 1. 

8. Quos pullos, eos. In the usual transposition of sentences, 
where the relative precedes the demonstrative, the former attracts 
to itself the substantive to which it refers. 

9. Comedendos. The future passive participle denotes the pur- 
pose and destination : ut ah Us comedantur, (" for eating.") 

10. Venatum. In signification equivalent to venaturi. The su- 
pine is frequently use with ire, venire ; thus, eo dormitum ; ibimus 
auditum orator es ; speciatum veniunt. 

11. Correptum dila,niavit. Instead of corripuit et dilaniavit. 

12. PartiendA negotium. The gerund supplies the place of a 
declinable infinitive of the present active. See note 5, p. 7. 

13. Astutior, scil. quam asinus. 

14. Laudare coepit. See note 4, above. 

15. Unde didicerit. In a direct question the expression would 
be, unde didicisti ? 

16. Hujus. Alluding to the ass which had been killed by him. 
2\ 1. Heu miseram vicem ! See note 6, p. 18. 

2. Fraudulentus. Opposed to blandus. 

3. Perfida volupias. According to the context, perfida voluptatis 
would have been more appropriate. 

4. Cupidus pascendi. See note 5, p. 7. 

5. Simul — simul. The repetition of the adverb denotes the 
quick succession of the actions. It might be* said, though with 
less animation, simul atque hunc adspicit, accurrit. 

6. Jure plector, qui. The relative pronoun includes the signi- 
fication of cause. See note 3, p. 19. 

7. Salo — solo.- An intentional play upon words similar in form. 

8. Seque. Combine : et dixit , se avolaturum esse, si cum gravaret. 



NOTES. 87 

Page 

9. At Me, scil. respondil. . 2* 

10. Nee, "not even." 

1 1 . Considentem. Instead of the infinitive as denoting an action 
of the accusative of the subject. This change takes place generally 
with the verbs sentire, videre, audire, and the like. 

1. Draconem. Dragons, in consequence of their acute sight 25 
were often considered the guardians of holy places and treasures. 

2. Prolem, Semele and Ino, and his grand-children Pentheus 
and Actaeon. 

3. lllyriam, a country bordering on the Adriatic, opposite Italy. 
'It lies in a northerly direction from Macedonia. It answers now, 
in a great degree, to modern Albania. 

4. Bebrycia, an ancient name of Bithynia, which extends along 
the Propontis and Euxine. 

5. Argonautas. The Grecian heroes, who went to Colchis in 
the ship Argo, under the command of Jason, to take forcible pos- 
session of the golden fleece. 

6. Pollux and Castor, sons of Leda and Jupiter, were worshipped 
under the name of Dioscuri, (Aioaxovpoi,) " sons of Jupiter." 

7. Mir a magnitudine. The ablative of quality. 

8. Novern digitis. The ablative of measure. 

9. Annorum. The genitive of quality. 

10. Ossa and Pelion, mountains in Thessaly. 

11. Athenis. The names of towns of the 3d declension, or of the 
plural number, are put in the ablative when answering to the ques- 
tion, where? 

12. Labyrinthus, a building full of intricate windings. 

13. Icarium pelagus, a part of the Aegaean, off the western coast 
of Asia Minor. 

14. Cyclopes, the assistants of Vulcan. 

15. Tkessalia, a country in the north of Greece. 

16. Morbo implicitus. Equivalent to correptus. 

1. Si quis. Instead of aliqui s. • 26 

2. Hercules. The guest of Admetus. 

3. Orcus generally stands for the infernal regions ; here it is the 
divinity that conducts men to the world below, by the Greek poets 
called Qdvaros, (Mors.) 

4. Cassiope, wife of Cepheus, king of Aethiopia. 

5. Nereides, daughters of Nereus, a god of the sea. 

6. Perseus, son of Jupiter and Danae, who received from Mer- 
cury winged sandals, with which he flew over the sea ; whence 
here advolavit. 

7. Medusa, one of the Gorgons, who petrified all by her terrific 
appearance. 

8. Victor, as victor, after having proved victorious. 

9. Re cognita, i. e. quum insidias sibi parari cognovisset. 

10. Quo viso. Equivalent to cujus adspectu. 

11. In patriam. To Argos, in Greece. 

12. Vento moti. Instead of rami {cum pomis) vento moventur et 
recedunt. 

13. Peleus, a king of Thessaly, one of the Argonauts. 

14. Thetis, a daughter of Nereus. 

15. Malum, (to be distinguished from malum.) 

16. Misit. Instead of conjecit. 

17. In medium. Among the guests. 

18. Mercurius, the messenger of the gods. 



ff 



«» 



88 NOTES. 

Pare 

26 19. Paris, also called Alexander, son of Priam, king of Troy. 
•20. Ida, a mountain of Mysia, east of Troy. 

21. Diremturum esse. The infinitive depends upon dixit, which, 
according to the signification, is included in imperat. 

22. Spopondit. Spondco is one of the four verbs of the second 
conjugation, which receive the reduplication in the perfect, after 
the manner of the Greek. 

23. Anteposito. Translate as if it were expressed in the active : 
hoc dojh-um prioribus anteposuit et 

24. Menelaus, king of Lacedaemon, and son of Atreus. 

2T 1. Cito periturum esse. The Parcae had fixed it as his destiny, 
to enjoy, either a long but inglorious life, or great glory and a 
short life. 

2. Scyros, an island in the Aegaean sea. 

3. Ithaca, an island on the western side of Greece ; Ulysses, 
('Odvvvcvs), was distinguished for his prudence. 

4. Advocari. Why not advocare? 

5. Unde. See note 2, p. 16. 

6. Aulis, a town in Greece, on the Euripus. which separates Eu- 
boea from the continent. 

7. Agamemnon, king of Argos, and brother of Menelaus. 

8. Superbiusque. He had preferred himself to the goddess in 
the art of shooting with the bow. Scil. superbius, quamparerat. 

9. Abduxit. On this pretence (sic) he allured her from her 
• home to Aulis. 

10. Tcrram Tauricam. The TauricaChersonesus was a large 
peninsula of Europe, at the south-west of the Pains Maeotis, now 
called the Crimea. It was joined by an isthmus to Scythia. The 
inhabitants, called Tauri, were a savage and uncivilized nation. 

11. Achilles was desirous of marrying Polyxena, and was killed 
at an interview with her in the temple of Apollo, according to 
some, by the god, who favoured the Trojans; according to others, 
by Paris. 

12. Caucasus, a range of mountains between the Euxine and 
the Caspian sea. The length of this chain is 400 miles, and its 
breadth from 60 to 200 miles. 

13. Quae, with the signification of purpose. See n. 14, p. 18. 

14. Pluto, Jupiter, and Neptune, sons of Saturn, divided the 
world among themselves by lot in such a manner, that Jupiter 
obtained the heaven {Olympus), with the sovereignty of the whole, 
Neptune the sea, and Pluto the infernal regions (Hades), and the 
realms of the dead. 

15. Negavit, i. e. dixit, Cererem non esse passuram. 

28 1. Eleusis, a town in Attica, famous for the Eleusinian Myste- 
ries, which commemorated the arrival of the goddess in this re- 
gion. 

2. Igne obruebat. In order to purify him by .fire of that which 
was terrestrial. 

3. Quas disseminaret. Quas is equivalent to ut eas. See n. 13, 
p. 27. 

4. Parcae. The three goddesses of destiny, Clotho, Lachesis, 
and Atropos. 

5. Victurum, scil. esse. 

6. Calydon, a town in Aetolia in Greece. 

7. Atalanta, daughter of Jasion, who ruled over a part of Area- 



NOTES. 89 

Page 

dia; she was brought up in the woods, and devoted herself to the 28 
chase. 

8. In aves, Meleagrides, " guinea-hens." 

9. Sidon, onis, (do in these names is long, Hi Suv, oivos ; in the de- 
rivative Sidonius it is usually short, Y>i66vio S ). A town in Phoeni- 
cia, on the Mediterranean. 

10. Creta, a large island in the same sea, south-east of Greece ; 
famous for its 100 cities and the laws of Minos. It is now called 
-Candia. 

11. Conditions addita. Instead of hac conditioner since he had 
added the condition to their message. 

12. Cadmus. See p. 25, § 1. 

13. Delphos. To the oracle of Apollo in Phocis. We must 
suppose that he had questioned the oracle respecting his future 
lot , hence below responsum. 

14. Sequeretur. The idea of an order is contained in the words 
responsum accepit; hence sequeretur instead of ut sequeretur. 

15. In Boeotiam. A country of Greece, north of Attica. It is 
now called Livadia. 

16. Draconem. See p. 25, § 1. 

17. Aravit. He ploughed them over, as a sower the scattered 
seed. 

18. Sparti, called Z-rraproi from (nrclpuv, "to sow." Here the name 
is derived from spargere. 

19. Thebae, arum, the capital of Boeotia. Its citadel was built 
by Cadmus, hence called Cadmea. 

20. Silenus, the instructor and companion of the young Bac- 
chus. 

21. Mygdonia, a country of Lydia in Asia Minor. 

1. Quidquid teligisset. Here the action is expressed in the plu- 2H 
perfect, because it is last in relation to the following, aurum fieret, 
and it is expressed by the subjunctive, because it is an historical 
narration of the language of another. 

2. Quern. The relative pronoun includes, besides the demon- 
strative, a conjunction, as et, vero, igitur, tamen, etc. Quern is 
here the accusative of the subject depending upon jussit. 

3. Colore aureo. The ablative of quality ; instead of aqua tincta 
est colore aureo. 

4. Schoeneus. He was born in Boeotia, but became naturalized 
in Arcadia. 

5. Horum, scil. malorum. 

6. Megara. A town in Greece, the capital of a country called 
Megaris. It was at an equal distance from Athens and Corinth, 
on the Sinus Saronicus. 

7. Negavit, i. e. dixit, Cretam non esse recepturam, &c. 

8. Tantum scelus, a strong expression for mulierum tarn sceles- 
tarn. 

9. Praecipitat. The present instead of the perfect. See note 7, 
p. 16. 

10. Muris cinxit. Since he collected the stones by the melody 
of his lyre. 

11. Quern partum, i. e. hos liber os suos. 

12. Superbius. See note 8, p. 27. 

13. Dicilur, narrantur. Observe the construction of the verbs 
dici and narrari with the nominative and infinitive. 



i 






I 



90 NOTES. 

Page 

30 1. Harpyias, fledged, ravenous monsters. The name is derived 

from ap-rra^civ. 

2. Canes. The ancient poetic language called dogs, " beings 
subservient to the gods." 

3. Argonautae. See note 5, p. 25. 

4. Iter rogarenL Rogare aliquem aliquid, " to ask one for some- 
thing." 

5. Strophades, two islands off the western coast of Greece. The 
name is derived from cTpt<ptiv, " to turn," because here the sons of 
Aquilo or Boreas turned from their. pursuit of the Harpyiae. 

6. Liberarunt. Instead of liberaverunt. 

31 1. Latere aliquem. Complete the following sentences by eos la- 
tent. 

2. Dum viveret. The subjunctive stands in the dependent sen- 
tence, because it is an historical narration of thoughts and words 
of another, and' is not an assertion of the author. 

3. Ancipiti, i. e. dubiae et ambiguae. 

4. Quae ab eo. The order of translation is, ut non auderent ad- 
ducere in dubitationem ca, quae audivissent ab eo. 

5. Pricne, a maritime town of Asia Minor, at the foot of Mount 
Mycale. It was one of the 12 independent cities of Ionia, and 
owed its foundation to the Athenians. 

6. Ego vero. The conjunctions Autem, Enim, Vero, Quoque, 
Quidem % are always placed after the introductory word of the 
clause, generally in the second place, and sometimes in the third — 
as, llle autem, Ego enim, Qui vero — not Autem ille } Enim ego, Vero 
qui. Crombie's Gymnasium, vol. 2, p. 46. 

7. Cynicorum. The Cynics (from kvm) endeavoured to attain 
the highest freedom by denying themselves every superfluity, al- 
lowing only the necessaries of nature. Like travellers, without a 
home upon earth, they always went with knapsack and staff, en- 
gaged in a constant war against vice and the vicious. 

8. Videret, wilh a participle. See n. 11, p. 24. 

9. Nisi ista periissent. He considered the knowledge, which he 
had acquired during his absence, of so much greater value than 
extensive possessions. 

10. Accubuisset. The ancients took their meals reclining (ac- 
cumbentes), not sitting. 

11. Cogitationibus inhaerens, " lost in thought." 

32 1. Tarentinus, of Tarentum, now Tarento, a town of Calabria, 
in Magna Graeciaor Lower Italy, situated on the Tarentinus Si- 
nus, near the mouth of the river Galesus. The luxurious habits 
of the Tarentines were proverbial. 

2. Villicus, a superior slave in the country, who took charge of 
the villa or country-seat of his master. Slaves only were liable 
to corporal punishment. 

3. Vehementius, scil. quam par erat. , 

4. Exarsisset,sci\.ira, since anger, like every violent passion, is 
usually compared with* flame. 

5. Veritus, " through fear." For the genitive discendi : see n, 
12, p. 23. 

6. Cupiditate ductus. See n. 1, p. 19. 

7. Pythagoras had established a flourishing school of philosophy 
in Magna Graecia, in the sixth century, A. C. 

8. Fuisse fertur. See n. 13, p. 29. 



NOTES. 91 

Paw 

9. Quid essct, quod. A more expressive form of interrogation, 3 2 

instead of quare? 

10. Inter esset, i. e. praesens esset, audiret sermones. 

11. Poenituit. The infinitive here expresses the object of the 
repentance, which, when designated by nouns, is put in the geni- 
tive. 

12. Ptolemaeus, one of the kings of Egypt, after Alexander, in 
whose reign Hegesias taught in Alexandria, the capital of the \ 
country. 

13. Leontino, of Leontium in Sicily. 

14. Qui ezistimabatur . See note 13, p'. 29. 

15. Dclphici. At Delphi, the common oracle of Greece, 

16. Nihil habeo quod, " I have no reason to." 

1. Homerus creditur. See n. 13, p. 29. 33 

2. Quaestionem. The question was a riddle. 

3. Octoginta annos natum, " when eighty years old." Old, 
applied to the years of human life, is rendered Latin by natus, 
with an accusative of the time. 

4. In certamen musicum. On solemn occasions, choirs, headed 
by poets, contended for the prize. 

5. Dicunt, scil. homines. 

6. Et ipse, " also." 

7. Rediens, " while returning." 

8. Sententiam. A verse which contained a sentiment displea- 
sing to them. 

9. Pan, the protector of herds, whom Pindar worshipped in a 
chapel near his house, but who ranged over the woods and moun- 
tains, his usual abode. 

10. Pepercit, with the dative of the object. 

11. Myndus, a maritime town of Caria, north-west of Halicar- 
n^ssus. 

12. Quum, " though." • 

13. De qua ageretur. The conjunction denotes an indefinite 
object, conceived only as possible. 

14. Pericles, a celebrated orator and general of Athens, who by 
his great abilities rnaintained an absolute sovereignty over the re- 
public for 15 years, and shared it with others for 25 years. He 
died about 429 years B. C, in the 3d year of the Peloponnesian 
war. 

15. Iturus. The future participle active -expresses an action, 
which one intends or is about to perform. 

1. Ne quod, instead of ne verbum aliquod. 34- 

2. Lycurgus, a celebrated lawgiver of Sparta, son of king Eu- 
nomus* and brother of Polydectes. The reform, which he effect- 
ed, happened 884 B. C. His laws continued in full force for 700 
years. 

3. Persuasit, with the dative of the object. 

4. Pythid. This was the title of the priestess, who delivered 
the oracles at Delphi from the sacred tripod. 

5. Persae. In the second Persian war, before the contest at 
Thermopylae. 

6. Obscuraturi, scil. esse. Respecting the use of did, narrari, 
ferri, videri, existimari. See n. 13, p. 29. 

7. Cyrus, son of Cambyses and Mandane, daughter of Astyages, 
king of Media. He was the founder of the Persian monarchy. 

8. Pontus, a kingdom of Asia Minor, bounded on the north by 
PART I. I 






I 



92 NOTES. 

Page 

34 the Euxine, on the east by Armenia, on the south by Cappadocia, 
and on the west by Galatia and Paphlagonia. 

9. Achilles, son of Peleus and Thetis, the bravest of all the 
Greeks in the Trojan war. He is the hero of the Iliad of Homer. 

10. In Olympico certamine. Olympia, a town in Elis, a country 
of the Peloponnesus, situated on th? southern bank of the Alpheus, 
now Alfeo. This was the celebrated region in which the Olym- 
pic games were held in honour of Jupiter Olympius. They were 
of very ancient foundation, and revived, by Coroebus, B. C. 776, 
and serve as the epoch of Grecian chronology. They were cel- 
ebrated at the conclusion of every fourth year, or rather every 
forty-ninth month, and were held for five successive days. 
The Roman lustrum was a period of Jive years. 

11. Epaminondas, a. famous Theban, who aided his friend Pe- 
lopidas in freeing their city from the yoke of Lacedaemon, and 
in maintaining its freedom and independence. 

12. Affixa. The ancients, after a contest, hung up, in the tem- 
ple of the goes, the arms taken from the enemy, or at the close of 
the war, their own. 

13. Mantinea, a town of Arcadia, near the borders of Argolis. 
From the death of Epaminondas, Thebes lost its power and con- 
sequence among the Grecian states. 

14. Clypeus. It was considered most disgraceful to a soldier to 
abandon his shield in the fight. 

15. Tanta abst. et integr. Ablatives of quality. 

16. Lysander, a celebrated Spartan, who terminated the Pelo- 
ponnesian war, by taking Athens, and appointing 30 tyrants over 
it, B. C. 404, 

17. Volo praebeas. Understand ut, 

18. Quod factum. The accusative depending upon cxprobran- 
tibus. 

* 19. Tkrasyhdus, who freed his country from the 30 tyrants, B. 
C. 401. 

35 1. Quanta s-tantas. Concerning the position of the sentences, 
and the attraction of the substantive by the relative, see n. 8, p. 
23. 

2. Ut videar relulisse, is a more modest expression than ut re- 
tulerim would be, since it leaves it to others to decide as to the 
merit of his action. 

3. Abscinderem. Understand num or ne ; abscinderemne. 

4. Pythiam ad se vocatum. Translate as if it were Pythiam ad 
. se vocavit, quumque ab eo, (" from his mouth :") accepisset (audivis- 

set) difficuliatem rei dom. (" the deranged state of his private 
affairs, ") eum pecunia instruxit. 

5. Pythia. The ablative in the abridged comparison. 

6. Damnata, who, in a cause decided by the king, had received 
an unfavourable sentence. 

7. Filium, Alexander. 

8. Quod, instead of quant oh rem. 

9. Sperojore ut. A common periphrasis for spero with the in- 
finitive of the future. 

10. Et nobis et rebus. The ablatives depend upon dignus. 

11. Sperasne. Instead of num speras. 

12. Eos, quos. " That such as." Concerning the subjunctive 
following the relative, when it refers to talis, ejusmodi, is, see n. 
10, p. 15. 



NOTES. 93 

Page 

13. Asia debellata. Debellare means properly, "to end the war, 35 
to weaken the enemy so as to disable him from continuing the con- 
test;" hence simply "to conquer." 

14. Civitate sua, " with the freedom of their city." 

15. Offlcium, an action by which we think to please, or confer a 
favour upon one. 

16. Lubentissime. Alexander now considered the compliment 
by which he was made equal to Hercules as a favourable omen of 
future greatness. 

17. His verbis utebantur. Understood, "in the resolution taken 
upon it." 

18. Brevitate. The Lacedaemonians took great pains to con- 
vey the most expressive meaning in the fewest words; whence 
such mode of expression has been proverbially called Laconic. 

19. Lnjsimachus, one of the captains of Alexander the Great, 
who at the partition of the empire, received for his share Thrace, 
the Chersonese, and the countries adjacent to the Euxine. 

20. Cyrenaeum, "of Cyrene," now Curin, the capital of Cyre- 
naica, a country of northern Africa, east of the Syrtis Major and 
west of Marmarica. It corresponds with the modern Barca. 

1. Mea nihil interest. Interest and refert are joined with a gen- 36 
itive of the person whose interest is concerned, or with the neuters 
mea, lua, sua, nostra, vestra, instead of mei, tui, etc. The degree 

of importance is expressed by adverbs, or by the neuters of adjec- 
tives, or by their genitives. The thing in which any one's inte- 
rest is involved is not expressed by a substantive, but by an accu- 
sative with an infinitive, or by ut with a subjunctive and the inter- 
rogative particles. 

2. Humine, instead of utrum humi. 

3. Sublime, instead of in sublimi. 

4. Caria. A province in the south-west of Asia Minor. 

5. Sepulcrum. The Mausoleum, one of the wonders of the 
world. 

6. Septem miracula. Of these the principal were the temple of 
Diana at Ephesus, the Colossus, or brazen image of Apollo, at 
Rhodes, the pyramids of Egypt, &c. 

7. Manibus. Not from manus, but from manes. 

8. Praemiis propositis. Translate as if it were, et in hoc certa- 
mine praemia amplissima proposuit ei, qui 

9. Dionysius, surnamed the younger, was finally expelled by 
Timoleon, B. C. 343. 

10. Lydia, a province in the western part of Asia Minor, on the 
Aegaean. 

11. Sefeliclor. Instead of quam ipse. 

12. Psophidium. Of Psophis, a town of Arcadia. 

13. Pyrrhus crossed to Italy for the express purpose of aiding 
the Taren tines in the war which they had undertaken against the 
Romans, B.C. 280.. 

14. Loquuturi eramus. The conditional sentence, nisi defecisset 
seems to require essemus, and this would convey the same mean- 
ing ; but eramus expresses the conditional as positive and not to 
be doubted, so that the boldness of the speaker is more forcibly 
displayed by the indicative. 

15. Antigonus. surnamed Gonatus, son of Demetrius, and grand- 
son of Antigonus, who was one of Alexander's generals. 

15. In foro potius, scil. cognoscam. 



94 NOTES. 

Pag* 

36 17. Catana, now Catania, a town at the foot of Aetna in Sicily. 

18. At permits us to understand a sentence from the preceding; 
11 you would justly laugh, if I intended to fly before the enemy j but 
I go to war to fight firmly, without abandoning my post." 

19. Sibi lactitiae esse. With the verbs esse, prqficisci, dare, and 
venire, verto,fio, and others of the same meaning, besides the da- 
tive of the person, another is used to express the purpose, effect, 
and destination. Zumpt's L. G. ; Kenrick's Transl. 

20. Se meliores. Instead of quamipsum. 
3T I. At anseres. See n. 18, p. 36. 

2. Rhodius, of the island Rhodus, which lies opposite Caria, in 
the Mediterranean. 

3. In ludis Olympicis. See n. 10, p. 34. 

4. Inspectante populo. " In the sight of the assembled people." 

5. Africanus. So called from his victory over Hannibal in 
Africa. 

6. Epirus, a country in the western part of Greece, forming a 
part of modern Albania. 

7. Instandum esse negabat. The neuter of the participle passive 
in dus is used in the nominative, or the accusative before the in- 
finitive, with esse, in the sense of propriety or necessity. Accord- 
ingly the words above may be translated, " said that one ought not 
to urge." 

8. Fortius, scil. quam alias fecissct. 

9. Ex necessitate, i. e. necessitate coactus. 

10. Corinthus, now Corito, a famous commercial city, situated 
on the Isthmus of Corinth, now Hexamili, which connects the Pe- 
loponnesus with Hellas, or Greece properly so called. Corinth 
was destroyed by Mummius the Roman general, B. C. 146. 

11. Non esset unde. Instead of nan esset aliquid, ex quo 

12. Major. The conqueror of Hannibal in the battle of Zama, 
to be distinguished from the Younger, who destroyed Carthage. 

13. Gentis Corneliae. The family of Scipiones was a branch 
of the gens Cornelia. The full name of this Scipio was P. Corne- 
lius Scipio Africanus. Concerning the name of the Romans, see 
n. 2, p. 4. Sometimes, as in the present instance, a fourth name, 
called the Agnomen, was given, added from some illustrious action 
or remarkable event. 

14. Recuperato demum gladio, i. e. non prius ad suos reversus est, 
quam gladium recuperaverat. 

15. Locum. The place from which they had retreated during 
the fight. A soldier could name his heir in the presence of 3 or 4 
comrades, before he went to battle, and this, without any other 
ceremonies, was considered a complete testament. It was called 
testamentum militare, vel in procinctu, i. e. " made while he was 
girding himself, or preparing for battle." 

16. Eos is to be referred to wAlites, which is contained in cohortes. 

17. Cedentem videret. See n. 11, p. 24. 

18. Capite devoto. He suffered himself to be devoted to death 
by certain ceremonies, as if it were an atoning sacrifice for the 
whole army. 

19. Liberavit. Brutus expelled TarquiniusSuperbus, B. C. 509- 
The consular authority was established, which continued inde- 
pendent 461 years, till the battle of Pharsalia. 

20. Virgis caesos. Roman citizens, who were condemned to 



1 



NOTES. 95 

Page 
death, were beaten with rods previous to their execution, in order 3T 
to place them on a level with the slaves. 

1. Perse^5was conquered by Paulus Aemylius,sonof theAeray- 38 
lius who fell at Cannae. The decisive battle was fought at Pyd- 
na, B. C. 168. The province Macedonia, under the Romans, in- 
cluded Thessaly and Epirus, and extended from sea to sea. It is 
now Roumelia. 

2. Hoc omine. All unusual phenomena, particularly in the hea- 
vens, were considered by the ancients as signs of future things. 

3. Cicatricem aversam, i. e. in parte corporis, hostibus aversa, i. e. 
in tergo ; on the contrary, adversa vulnera are. " wounds in the 
breast." 

4. Coronis. Crowns were given by the ancients to free citizens 
as tokens of merit and valour. They were different according to 
the circumstances : Obsidionalis, for freeing an army from a block- 
ade ; Vallaris vel Castrensis, to the first who mounted the rampart, 
or entered the camp of the enemy ; Muralis, to him who first scaled 
the walls of a city in an assault" ; Navalis, to him who first board- 
ed the ship of an enemy ; Civica, to him who had saved the life 
of a citizen. There were smaller rewards of various kinds ; as, 
a banner, (Vezillum); trappings, (Phalerae)) golden chains, 
{Aurea Torques) ; bracelets. (Armillae). 

5. Carpetani. The territories of this people were in the centre 
of Spain, in what is now New Castile. Their principal city was 
Toletum, now Toledo. 

6. Barbari. Hispani et Gatli, who were in the Carthaginian 
army. The Romans, like the Greeks, called every nation barba- 
rian which was not of their own race. 

7. Infidem ejus rei. " In order to give credit to this pretence." 

8. Quibus trajiceret. Respecting the subjunctive, see n. 14, p. 

9. Vulnerari. See n. 2, p. 11. 

AN EPITOME OF ROMAN HISTORY. 

1. Jantculum. A hill on the Tiber, by some considered as one 3d 
of the seven hills on which Rome was built ; while others say that 

it was not included within the city. It was fortified by Ancus 
Martius. 

2. Troja eversa. Troja, the capital of Troas, a district on the 
Aegaean coast of Mysia in Asia Minor. After a war of 10 years, 
undertaken in consequence of the rape of Helen by Paris, Troy 
was taken and completely destroyed by the allied army of the 
Greeks, B. C. 1184. This city has been celebrated by the poems 
of Homer and Virgil ; the former gives an account of the war, 
and the latter relates the wanderings of Aeneas, after the fall of 
his native city, and his final settlement in Italy. See p. 26, § 11. 

3. Quibus pepercerat, (parcere alicui). 

4. Alba longa. Called longa, because it extended along the hill 
Albanus, and Alba, from the circumstance of Aeneas having found 
on the spot a white sow with 30 young ones, according to the pro- 
phecy of Helenus. 

1. Vestae sacerdotibus. The Vestal virgins devoted themselves 40 
to the service of the goddess Vesta, and kept the perpetual fire 
upon her altar. They took upon themselves the vow of chastity, 
and a violation of it was punished with death. 

i2 



96 NOTES. 

fft*e 

40 2. Viro nubere. Ducere, " to take in marriage," is used when a 
man is the subject of discourse ; Nubere, " to be veiled," or duct, 
" to be led," is used when a woman is the subject. 

3. Ultra ripam. The Tiber having flat banks, the overflowing 
oi* the river is a common occurrence. 

4. Nutricndos. Instead of ut eos nutriret. 

5. Asylum, Gr. a<rv\ov, a consecrated place, which afforded safety 
from violence. 

6. Pulsi. Understand such as during the civil commotions had 
been expelled by the opposite faction, or were obliged to leave 
their country on account of a murder, which, in the badly organ* 
ized state of civil society, was a common occurrence. 

7. In arce. The Capitol was a citadel and temple on the Tar- 
peian rock, which formed a part of the Capitoline bill. 

8. In urbem recepit. On condition that Tatius, king of the Sa- 
bines, should share the sovereignty with him. 

41 1. Lustrarct. At the end of every five years a review (census) 
of the people was made. After the census was finished, an expi- 
atory or purifying sacrifice, (Sacrificium lustrale), was made ; 
and thus the people were said to be purified, (lustrari). Because 
this was done at the end of every fifth year, hence Lustrum is put 
for the space of five years. 

2. Ad deos sublatum, (toller c). Romulus was afterwards wor- 
shipped by the Romans as a god, under the name of Quirinus. 

3. Melius Fuffelius. The general of the Albans. After a 
treaty of peace had been made, he sided with the Romans in a 
battle between them and the Veientes, and, deserting during the 
fight, exposed his allies to great danger. 

4. Ei mocnia circumdedit. Equivalent to novis earn moenibus 
circumdedit. 

5. Corinthus. See n. 10, p. 37. 

6. Etruria, otherwise called Tuscia, a celebrated country of 
Italy, lying to the west of the Tiber. It is now called Tuscany . 

7. Minorum, gentium. Those "elected by Romulus were called 
Patres majorum gentium, and those enrolled by Tullus Hostilius, 
Tarquinius Priscus, and Brutus, were denominated Patres mino- 
rum gentium. This at least is the opinion of some critics. Others 
maintain, that all those who were enrolled before the time ot 
Brutus, were named Patres majorum gentium, and those enrolled 
by him, Patres minorum gentium. See Crombie's Gymnasium, 
vol. 2, p. 315. 

8. Ademtos, i. e. quos hostibus ademerat. 

9. Capitolium. See n. 7, p. 40. 

42 1. Censum. The census was instituted by Servius Tullius, and 
properly consisted in taking an account of the property and family 
of each citizen, and in imposing taxes in proportion to their effects. 
Servius at the same time divided the people into six classes, and 
these again into centuries. The census was at first "taken by the 
kings, and afterwards by the consuls ; but, after the year of the 
city 310, by a proper officer, called Censor. 

2. Curia. The place at which the senate usually met was the 
Curia Hostilia, built by Julius Hostilius at the foot of the Palatine 
hill, so that there was an easy ascent to it from the Forum by 
means of steps, (gradibus). 

3. Carpentwn, a vehicle with two wheels, and an arched cover- 



KOTES. 9Z 

Pag« 

ing, sometimes without the covering, and generally drawn by 42 
mules. It was used by the Roman matrons in the city. 
4. Hanc injuriam. The outrage offered her by the king's son. 

1. Luzerunt. Lugere means not only " to lament, to bewail," 43 
but also " to wear mourning for." 

2. Pons ligneus. A bridge over the Tiber, called also pons sub- 
licius, (from sublicae, " stakes.") As it was entirely of wood, it 
was easily taken asunder, (rumpi). 

3. Ignibus allatis. He threatened him with torture, in which 
fire also was used. 

4. Anienem. From the obsolete nominative Anien, for which 
Anio is used. The Anio is a river of Latium, which rises in the 
Apennines, and empties into the Tiber near Antemnae. 

5. Qui conciliaret. See n. 14, p. 18. 

6. Fabulam. See this fable, II. 8. 

7. Tribuni plebis. Two tribunes were at first created, but A. U. 
297, ten tribunes were created, which number continued ever after. 

8. Qui defenderent, i. e. ea de causa, ut. 

9. Volscorum. The Volsci were situated in the southern part of 
Latium. 

10. Milliarum. The public ways (Publicae Viae) of the Ro- 
mans were furnished with mile-stones, which were distant from 
one another 1000 paces or 5000 Roman feet. The pace (Passus) 
included a double step, (gradus vel gressus), or the space from the 
place where the foot is taken up to that where it is set down. 

11. Veientes. The inhabitants of the city Veil (orum) in Etru- 
ria. 

1. Cremera, a small river of Tuscany, which empties into the 44 
Tiber above Rome. 

2. Qui Hannibalem. In the second Punic war. 

3. Debilitavit, i. e. vires imminuit. 

4. Decemviri. A college of ten men. Bodies charged with a 
particular office were generally designated by the number of their 
members, to which was still given an explanatory epithet. Thus 
here the above-mentioned Decemvirate is distinguished from other 
decern viral bodies by the addition of legibus scribendis. 

5. Palerii, a city in Etruria. The inhabitants were called Falisci. 
G. Reducendum tradidit. As above, c. 7, pueros uxori nutrien- 

dos de'dit. 

7. Albis equiSj i. e. curru inveclus albis equis juncto. The use of 
white horses, in their opinion x was confined to the gods, and espe- 
cially to Jupiter and the Sun. 

8. Galli Senones, a nation of Gallia Transalpina, who left their 
native possessions on the banks of the Seine (Sequana) and Marne 
(Matrona), and, under the conduct of Brennus, pillaged Rome. 
They settled on the coast of Umbria in Italy. 

9. Allia, a little river of Italy, in the territories of the Sabines, 
which empties into the Tiber. 

10. In eo erant. A collective noun or noun of multitude, e. gr. 
praesidium, tui'ba, multUudo, exercilus, nobilitas, may be the subject 
of a plural verb. It is common when a noun of this class conti- 
nues the subject of successive propositions, to join a singular verb 
with it in one and a plural in another ; thus, in the present in- 
stance, praesidAum is connected, in the first proposition, with the 
singular verb laborabat, in the second, with the plural erant. 

11. Trans Anienem. See. n. 4, p. 43. 



98 



Pa?e 
45 



NOTES. 



46 



4T 






48 



1. Tribunus militum. One of the highest military officers, fn. 
the earliest times there were three to each legion, and as the le- 
gion at that time consisted of 3000 men, each tribune commanded 
1000 ; hence they were called by the Greeks chiliarchi (x l ^' ia PX ot ) 
In later times there were six in each legion, who commanded 
under the consuls. 

2. Samnites, a people of Italy, whose territory was called Sam- 
nium. Their country lay between Apulia on the east, Latium and 
Campania on the west, Lucania on- the south, and the confines oi 
the Marsi on the north. 

3. Dictator, a magistrate at Rome, invested with absolute autho- 
rity. He was appointed only in extraordinary cases, when the 
circumstances of the state required prompt and efficient manage- 
ment. His power continued only for the space of six months. 
The dictator, as soon as elected, chose a subordinate officer, called 
his master of horse, magister equitum. 

4. Furculae Caudinae, a narrow pass in the vicinity of Caudi- 
um, a town of the Samnites. 

5. Sub jugum. When enemies were vanquished, they were 
stripped of their arms and made to pass under the yoke, {jugum). 
This consisted of two spears planted in the ground, which were 
crossed at the top by a third, so low, however, that the captives 
were obliged to bend in passing under. 

6. Tarentinis. Tarentum was a Grecian colony in lower Italy, 
still called Tarento. 

7. Epirus, a country on the western coast of Greece. 

8. Auxilio poposcerunt. The more usual construction is, poscere 
auxilium ab aliquo, or, with a double accusative, poscere aliquem 
auxilium. 

9. Elephant orum. As the Romans first saw the elephant in the. 
army of Pyrrhus in Lucania, and were ignorant of its proper 
name, they called it bos Lucas. 

1. Adversis vulneribus, See note 3, p. 38. 

2. Brevi, scil. tempore. 

3. Campania, a country of Middle Italy, on the Inferuni vel 
Tyrrhenum Mare. 

4. Praeneste, a town in Latium. 

5. Praelio commisso. In the consulship of P. Sulpicius Saverrio 
and P. Decius Mus. 

6. Pueri comitarentur. This distinction was usually allowed 
to triumphant generals, and only on the day of their triumph. 
It was granted to Duilius for his lifetime. 

1. Se desiisse. Soldiers who were taken prisoners in war, lost 
thereby their right of citizenship. 

2. Tot millia. The Carthaginians had proposed an exchange 
in the lump, although the number of Carthaginian prisoners was 
by far the greater. 

3. Lilybaeum, the western promontory of Siciiy. 

4. Citra Iberum. The Iberus (now the Ebro) flowed through Spain 
from north-west to south-east, almost parallel to the Pyrenees. The 
country south of this river remained subject to the Carthaginians. 

5. Clusium, (now Chiusi), a town in Etruria. 

6. Insubres, a powerful Gallic tribe in Upper Italy, in what is 
now the government of Milan in Austrian Italy. 

1. Spolia. The spoils which a general took from the general 
of the enemy was called spolia opvma. They were dedicated and 



NOTES. 99 

Page 

suspended in the temple of Jupiter Feretrius. These spoils were 48 
obtained only thrice before the fall of the republic. The first by 
Romulus, who slew Acron, king of the Caeninenses; the next by 
A. Cornelius Cossus, who slew Lar Tolumnius, king of the Vei- 
entes, A. U. C. 318; and the third by M. Claudius Marcellus, who 
slew Viridomarus v a king of the Gauls, A. U. C. 530. 

2. Saguntum, a city on the eastern coast of Spain, in Hispania 
Tarraconensis. 

3. Ut mandaretur. Un derstand before it qui postularent, the idea 
of which is contained in miserunt. 

4. Liguria, a country of Upper Italy, bounded on the south by 
the Sinus Ligusticus, or Gulf of Genoa, on the north by the Pad us, 
now the Po, on the east by the river Macra, and on tke west by 
the Varus. It answers to Genoa and part of Piedmont. 

5. Ticinus, now Tessino, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, which rises 
in the Alps, and, having traversed in its course the Lacus Verba- 
nus, (now Lago Maggiore), empties into thePadusnear Ticinum. 

6. Trebia, a river of the same country, which rises in Liguria, 
and flowing in a northerly direction empties into the Padus near 
Placentia. . 

7. Tuscia,or Etruria. From the former the present name Tus- 
cany is derived. 

8. Trasimenus, a lake of Etruria, near Perusia, (now Perugia), 
from which it takes its present name, lake of Perugia. 

9. Quam mora, i. e. cunctando et bellum differendo. This Fabius 
had shown, who, when appointed dictator, weakened the enemy 
by avoiding ah engagement and continually harassing his army 
by countermarches and ambuscades. Hence he received the sur- 
name of Cunctator. 

10. Apulia, now Puglia, a country of Magna Graecia in Italy, 
lying along the Adriatic, from the river Frento in the north-west 
to the promontory Iapygium. 

11. Armata, "with their arms in their hands." 

12. Aureorum annulorum. The senators and knights enjoyed 
the privilege of wearing golden rings. 

1. A duobus Scipionibus. Publius and Cnaeus. The former 40 
was a father of the elder Scipio Africanus. 

2. Nola, a town of Campania. Bells were invented there, in 
the beginning of the 5th century, by St. Paulinus, the bishop of 
the place. Hence they have been called in Latin Nolae, or Cam- 
paiiae. 

3. Quo minus irajiceret. After verbs meaning " to hinder, to 
prevent," quo minus is used in the signification of ne. 

4. Poeni, a name given to the Carthaginians. It seems to be a 
corruption of Phoeni or Phoenices, as the Carthaginians were of 
Phoenician origin. 

5. Syracusae'a celebrated city of Sicily, founded about 732 B. C. 
by Archias a Corinthian. 

6. Duo Scipiones interfccti. Both were slain within the space of 
one month, in the eighth year of their generalship in Spain, in un- 
fortunate battles against the Carthaginians. 

7. Ad Ticinum. See above, c. 3. 

8. Hal. deser. cupient. Since they thought that the state was 
ruined beyond all hope of recovery. 

9. Carthago nova, now Carthagcna, on the southern coast of His- 
pania Tarraconensis. 

L. of <N 



100 NOTES. 

Page 

4:9 10. Sena, or Sena Gallica, now Senigaglia, a town on the Adri- 
atic, built by the Senones, A. U. C. 396. 

11. Picenum, a country of Italy on the Adriatic, east of the 
Apennines ; now called the March of Ancona. 

12. Bruttii, a people who inhabited the most southern part of 
Italy. 

13. Numidia, an extensive kingdom in the northern part of 
Africa, west of Africa Propria. * It was bounded on the west by 
Maurerania, and on the south by Gaetulia. It forms the present 
kingdom of Algiers. 

SO 1. Zama, a town of Numidia, now Zamora, 300 miles south-west 
of Carthage. 

2. Quartfcocperat, i. e. anno undevicesimo, postquam coeperat. 

3. Philippus, the son of Demetrius. See above, p. 49, § 6. 

4. Cynoscephalae, eminences in Thessaly, south-east of Pharsa- 
lus, so called from their resemblance to the heads of dogs, (kwcov 

K£<pa\ou.^) 

5. Nobis, a tyrant of Sparta, celebrated for his cruelty. He was 
slain B. C. 192, after an usurpation of 14 years. 

6. Syriacum, "a Syrian." Syria, a country of Asia, on the 
Mediterranean, between Arabia and Cilicia in Asia Minor. 

7. Legatus, the name of the officer chosen by a proconsul or pro- 
praetor to accompany him to his province, and assist him in the 
discharge of his duties. Sometimes the governor remained at 
home, and merely sent out the legatus to the province; and at 
other times the senate sent out a legatus, without naming any pro- 
consul or propraetor. 

8. Magnesia, a town in the northern part of Lydia, near the 
junction of the Hermus and Hyllus, and in the vicinity of mount 
Sipylus. 

9. Asia, i. e. Asia Minor, in which Antiochus had many posses- 
sions. 

10. Taurus, the largest range of mountains in Asia as to extent. 
Intra Taurum, " on the southern*side of the range." 

11. Pydna, a town in the southern part of Macedonia, situate 
on the shore of the Sinus Thermaicus. It was originally called 
Citron. 

S\ 1. Sexdecimremorum or dines. The ships of war were variously 
named from their rows or ranks of oars. Those which had two 
rows or tiers were called Bir ernes; three, triremes; four, quadri- 
remes ; five, quinqueremes vel penteres ; those of six or seven, by 
a Greek name, Hexeres, Hepteres, and above that by a circumlocu- 
tion, as in the present instance. The rowers were placed above 
one another in different stages or benches ( in transtris vel jugis) 
on the side of the ship. 

2. Tribunus, as tribunus militum. 

3. Plurima, works of art, and images of the gods, taken from the 
temples of conquered towns. 

4. Pseudophilippus, ^evSoQtXnnros, who had falsely assumed the 
name of Philippus. A certain Andriscus pretended to be the son 
of Perseus, that he might lay claim to the kingdom of Macedonia, 
and formed a large party among the Macedonians, who were op- 
pressed under the sovereignty of the Romans. 

5. Corinthiis. Corinth, (see p. 37, § 65,) the principal city of the 
Achaean league, a famous confederacy which was formed B. C. 
284, and continued formidable upwards of 130 years. 



NOTES. 101 

• Pago 

6. Propter injuriam. The Roman ambassadors had been treat- 5 1 
ed with violence and insult, at the meeting of the confederacy at 
Corinth, on account of the extravagance and severity of their de- 
mands ; in consequence of which, war was declared against the 
confederacy. 

7. Lusitania, a part of ancient Hispania, on the Atlantic coast, 
answering nearly to the modern kingdom of Portugal. Portugal 
is in its length larger than Lusitania, but from west, to east much 
smaller. 

1. Numantia, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis, near the 53 
sources of the river Durius. 

2. Hostibus tradi. The Numantines did not accept this expedi- 
ent for evading the fulfilment of the contract, and did not offer vi- 
olence to the consul who was offered to them as a victim. 

3. Correxit. He began by reforming the abuses which had crept 
into the military discipline. 

4. Vinctus, " in chains." The history of the war with Jugurtha 
has been given by Sallust in a work styled Helium Jugurthinum. 

5. Ci'tnbri et Teutones, northern tribes who left their ancient 
abodes, and went in search of new settlements. Other Gallic tribes 
through whose territory they passed, joined them. 

6. Ne iterum. See above, p. 44, § 32. 

7. Teutones. Marius met the Teutones at Aquae Sextiae, now 
Aix, a town of Gallia Narbonensis. He left 20,000 dead on the 
field of battle, and took 90,000 prisoners, B. C. 102. 

8. Belloque protracto. See n. 5, p. 14. 

1. Gravissimum helium. The war of these allied nations (sub- 53 
jects of Rome) was called bellum sociale, or, because the Marsi, a 
people of middle Italy, were the leading nation engaged in it, bel- 
lum Marsicum ; also, bellum It-alicum. 

2. Aequajura, the right of Roman citizens, jura civitatis. 

3. Jus civitatis. The freedom of the city was conferred in differ- 
ent degrees, according to the different merits of the allies towards 
the republic. To some the right of voting ( jus sufragii) was 
given, and to others not. After the social war it was communi- 
cated, with the right of voting, to all of the Italians south of the river 
Rubicon on the upper sea, and of the city Luca on the lower sea. 
Afterwards the same right was granted to Cisalpine Gaul, which 
hence began to be called Gallia Togata. 

4. Pontus, a kingdom in the north of Asia Minor, on the Pontus 
Euxinus ; Mithridates had greatly enlarged it by his conquests. 

5. Fugatusfuerat. He had taken refuge in Africa, but returned 
upon hearing that Cinna had embraced his cause. 

6. Proscripserunt. Proscribe™, properly " to post up in writing, 
to publish any thing to be sold," especially in reference to auc- 
tions; also, " to confiscate one's property, sequester ogseize one's 
estate ;" from the time of Sylla, " to proscribe, or otjttlw one ; to 
doom to death and confiscation of property." Sylla introduced the 
custom of proscription, after having conquered the party of Marius. 
He ordered lists (tabulae proscriptionis), of the names of those 
whom he doomed to die, to be placed in the public places of the 
city, with the promise of a reward (duo talenta) for the head of 
each person so proscribed. He divided the lands and fortunes of 
the slain among his friends, and declared their children incapable 
of honours. 

7. Sociale. See above, n. 1. 






102 NOTES. 

54 1. Chalcedon, now Kadi-Keni, an ancient city of Bithynia, oppo- 
posite Byzantium, built by a colony from Megara, B. C. 685, some 
years before the founding of Byzantium. 

2. Cyzicus, anciently a very flourishing city, situate on the island 
of Cyzicus, in the Propontis, which is now a peninsula, and pre- 
serves its name. 

3. Byzantium, a city situate on the Thraeian Bosphorus, found- 
ed by a colony from Argos and Megara, B. C. 658. Con stan tine 
the Great made it the capital of the eastern Roman empire, A. D. 
328, and called it Constantinopolis. 

4. Novum helium, the war of the slaves. 

5. Gladiator es. Gladiators were for some time exhibited only at 
funerals, but afterwards also by the magistrates, to entertain the 
people. They were kept and trained in schools (in ludis) by per- 
sons called Lanistae. The whole number under one Lanista was 
called Familia. Gladiators were at first composed of captives, 
slaves, or condemned malefactors. Afterwards also free-born citi- 
zens fought, some even of noble birth. Gladiators were exhibited 
sometimes at the funeral pile, often in the F&rum, but usually in an 
amphitheatre, so called, because it was seated all round, like two 
theatres joined. The place where the gladiators fought was called 
Arena, because it was covered with saw-dust or sand, to prevent 
the gladiators from sliding, and to absorb the blood ; and the per- 
sons who fought, Arenarii. — The slaves of Capua were quickly 
joined by an immense multitude of their fellow-sufferers, with 
whom Italy was filled. 

6. Cabira, a fortified town of Armenia Minor, near the confines 
of Pontus, afterwards called Sebaste. 

7. Successor. M. Acilius Glabrio, who was shortly after succeed- 
ed by Pompey. 

8. Piratae, chiefly the inhabitants of the coast of Asia Minor, 
especially the Cilicians, who rendered the Mediterranean unsafe 
by their piracies. 

55 1. Venenum hausit. According to others, he stabbed himself, 
since the poison had no effect on him, in consequence of the anti- 
dotes which he was in the habit of taking to render ineffectual the 
attempts of his enemies to poison him. 

2. Galatia, a country of Asia Minor, lying west of Pontus. It 
derived its name of Galatia from the Gauls or Celtae, who invaded 
and settled the country. From the Greeks, who subsequently be- 
came intermingled with them, the country was also called Gallo- 
Graecia. 

3. Quod non recepisset. See n. 12, p. 14. 

4. Judaea,, a province of Palestine, forming the southern divi- 
sion, and lying north of Arabia. Hierosolyma (Jerusalem) was 
the capital. 

5. Argenti infinitum, i. e. infinitum pondus, infinita summa. 

6. Catalina. In order to repair his ruined fortune, he attempted 
to effect a political revolution, and to murder the Senate and opu- 
lent citizens, with the intention of confiscating their property for 
the benefit of himself and his followers. 

7. Parthi, a people of Asia, successively tributary to the empire 
of the Assyrians, Medes, and Persians, and almost unknown until 
about 240 B. C, when they suddenly emerged from their obscurity 
under Arsaces, who laid the foundation of the Parthian empire. 
This empire was bounded on the east by the Indus, on the south by 



NOTES. 103 

Page 

the Mare Erythraeum, on the west by the Tigris, and on the north 55 
by Caucasus. 

8. Car rat, a town of Mesopotamia, south-east of Edessa. 

9. Contra auspicia, notwithstanding the unlucky omens, which 
occurred before the battle. 

1. Nominis, i. e. populi. 56 

2. Absens. Candidates were bound according to law to be pre- 
sent at Rome, and when they commanded an army, to discharge 
it before soliciting an office. But Caesar continued with his army 
in Cisalpine Gaul. 

3. Ariminum, now Rimini, a town in Italy on the Adriatic, be- 
yond the limits of Caesar's province ; wherefore the taking pos- 
session of this town was to be considered as a declaration of war. 

4. Dictatorcm. See n. 3, p. 45. 

5. Hispanias. The plural comprehends the three principal divi- 
sions of the peninsula, Lusitania, Tarraconcnsis, and Baetica. 

6. Primo praelio . This battle was fought near Dyrrachium, now 
Durazzo, a large city of Macedonia, bordering on the Adriatic sea. 

7. Pharsalus, now Farsa, a town of Thessaly, south-west of La- 
rissa, on the river Enipeus. In its neighbourhood is a large plain 
called Pharsalia, in which the battle was fought. 

8. Alexandria, a city founded by Alexander the Great, B. C. 
332, situate at the mouth of the Nile. It was famous for its com- 
mercial advantages, commanding the trade of the east until tha - 
discovery of the Cape of Good Hope. It was also celebrated for 

its schools, and its library of 700,000 volumes. 

9. A rege Aegypti, the last of the Ptolemies, and the brother of 
Cleopatra. 

10. Generi quondam, i. e. qui quondam gener Caesaris fuerat. 
Pompey had formed a league with Caesar and Crassus, A. U. 
694, and had married Julia, the daughter of Caesar. She died in 
the year 703, and with her death the last bond of union between 
the two statesmen was severed. 

11. Cleopatra, the sister of Ptolemy ; she had a short time before 
laid claim to the throne. 

1*2. Insolentius. He made himself perpetual Dictator, Impera- 
tor, &c. and it was suspected that he intended to declare himself 

13. Bruti duo, Marcus and Decimus. 

1. Fusus. Antony besieged D. Brutus in Mutina, a town of 5T 
Gallia Cispadana, now Modena, but was defeated by the consuls 
Pansa and Hirtius. 

2. Lepidum, who was in Gaul with the army. 

3. Octavianus, the son of C. Octavius and Atia, a niece of Ju- 
lius Caesar, by whom Octavianus was adopted as a son. But 
sons, who entered a family by adoption, added to the name cf their 
pater adoptivus, which they assumed, the name of their real father 
with an addition ; so that Aemilius became Aemilmnus, and Octa- 
vius, Octavianus. Octavianus had first waged war with the sen- 
ate (Oplimates) against Antony. 

4. Proscripsit. See n. 6, p. 53. 

5. Cassius. After the first battle Cassius caused one of his freed- 
men to kill him ; Brutus fell on his own sword after the second. 

6. Philippi, a town of Macedonia, east of Amphipolis. 

7. Gallias i (as Hispanias, see n. 5, p. 56), comprehends all couu- 

PART I. K 



I 



104 NOTES. 

Pago 

6 T tries under the name of Gallia, both on this side and the other side 
of the Alps. 

8. Lepidus. A short time after the division, Lepidus was strip- 
ped of his portion by Octavianus, and made to retire to a private 
station, because he made higher pretensions than he ought. 

9. Augustus, a title of honour, which Octavianus received in 
the year 726, when he proposed to abdicate the imperatorial dig- 
nity, and which conveyed the idea of holiness, since Augustus 
was especially applied to places which were devoted to religious 
purposes. 

10. Actium, now Azio, a town and promontory of Epirus. 

11. Aspis, a poisonous serpent of Egypt and Libya, whose bite 
occasions inevitable death, but without pain. 

SB 1. Fretum Gaditanum, from Gades, a Phoenician colony, now 
Cadiz. 

2. Qui montes. Not, as in English, monies qui, which po- 
sition of the relative, when accompanied by an apposition, the 
Latin did not admit. 

3. Herculis columnae, as marks of the limit which nature had 
put to the wanderings of Hercules. According to some he had 
erected columns on these mountains, after he had separated them 
by force, and thereby connected the Mediterranean (mare inter- 
num) with the Ocean (mare Atlanticum). 

4. Tanais, now the Don. 

5. Pontus Euxinus, now the Black Sea. 

6. Paius Maeotis, now the Sea of Azoph or Zaback. 

7. Mare Brit, now the North Sea. 

8. Aegaeum, now the Archipelago. 

9. Tyrrhenum, so called from the ancient inhabitants of middle 
Italy, who named the land which they inhabited Th/rrhenia ; by 
the Romans it was called Tuscia. 

10. Baetis, now the Guadalquiver. 

11. Condita. The island, on which Gades was built, was con- 
nected to the main land by a mole. 

12. Narbonensis, so called from the city Narbo (Narbonne) ; 
before the reign of Augustus it was called Provincia Romana 
(Provence), as being the first country subdued by the Romans in 
Transalpine Gaul. ^. 

13. Massilia, now Marseilles. Respecting the foundation of 
the city by the Phocaeans, see Part II. I. i. 

14. Campus lapideus, or campi lapidei, a plain of several miles 
in extent, covered with round stones, situate in the vicinity of the 
Rhodanus, (Rhone), not far from the sea. The natural soil of this 
region is the same as described by the ancients. 

15. Pluisse, scil. lapidibus. 
&9 1. Rhodanus, now the Rhone. 

2. Lac us Lemanus, now the Lake of Geneva. They distinguish- 
ed the water of the Rhine at a considerable distance, whence the 
opinion arose that the river flowed unmixed through the lake. 

3. Dirimit. The Rhone flows between Gallia Narbonensis and 
Lugdunensis, and empties into the Mediterranean by several 
mouths between Narbo and Massilia. 

4. Porrigitur. The ancient Gallia comprehended the whole 
country west of the Rhine as far as the North Sea, including the 
modern kingdom of the Netherlands. 

5. Druidae. Britain, according to Caesar, was the great school 



NOTES. 105 

Page 
of the Druids, and their chief settlement was in the island called 59 
Mona by Tacitus, now Anglesey. The common derivation is from 
ipvs, " an oak," or from the old British word dru or drew, " an 
oak," because they taught in forests, or, as Pliny states, never 
sacrificed but under an oak. 

6. Quae se scire profitentur. The knowledge in which they 
boast, which they assert that they possess. 

7. Garumna, now the Garonne. 

8. Aquitania comprehends the modern Gascony, and a part of 
Guienne. The Aquitani were a powerful people of Iberian origin, 
who divided themselves into many tribes. 

9. Sequana, now the Seine. 

10. Celtae. This nation inhabited that part of Gallia which lay 
between the Sequana and Garumna, extending eastwardly from 
the ocean to the Rhine. Augustus, however, B. C. 27, extended 
Aquitania into Celtica as far as the Ligeris, now the Loire, and 
further diminished Celtica by comprehending under Belgica that 
part which lay near Che Rhine. 

11. Belgae. This nation inhabited that part of Gallia which 
lay north of Sequana and the territories of the Celtae, between 
the ocean and the Rhine. 

12. Usque ad Rhenum pertinent. To that part of the Rhenus now 
called the Lower Rhine. 

13. Lutetia, now Paris. 

14. Lacus Venetus, or Brigantiae, from the town Brigantia on 
its eastern bank, now Br e gent z in Tyrol. It was also anciently 
called Bodamicus. It is now called Boden Sea, or Lake Constance, 
from a town of that name on its western border. 

15. Mediomatrici, a people of Belgic Gaul, who were situated 
along the Mosella or Moselle. Their capital was Divodurum, now 
Metz. 

16. Treviri, a nation of Gallia Belgica, between the Mosella 
and Mosa, now the Meuse. The capital was Augusta Trevirorum, 
iigw Treves, on the Moselle. 

17. Flevo, a branch of the Rhine, which expanded to such a de- 
gree as to form a considerable lake. This lake, having been in 
process of time much increased by the sea, assumed the name of 

IZuyder Zee, or the Southern Sea. 

18. Iterum. After forming the lake it was contracted again 
into a narrower bed, and re-assumed the appearance of a river. 
It is not now a river, but is a part of the Zuyder Zee. 

19. Vistula. This river falls into the Baltic, and still retains 
its ancient name. ' 

20. Boni hospitibus, i. e. erga hospites. 

1. Alio transituri. Non ut ibi maneant, sed ad tempus, et mojc 60 
alio transituri, i. e. co consilio, ut in alium locum transeant. 

2. Silva Hercynia. This was an immense forest of Germany, 
considered by some writers as covering nearly the whole of that 
extensive territory. Parts of it only remain at the present day, 
which go under particular names, as the Black Forest, which 
separates Alsace from Swabia ; the Bohemerald, which encom- 
passes Bohemia, and was in the middle ages called Hercynia 
sylva ; the Hartz forest in Lunenburgh, &c. 

" 3. Patere narrat. Its breadth, according to Caesar, was nine 
lays journey, while its length exceeded sixty. 



106 NOTES. 

Pag* 

60 4. Danubius, the Danube, called by the Greeks Istet, Which 
name the Romans also applied to the eastern part cf the stream. 

5. Moenus, now Mayne, which falls into the Rhine by Mentz. 

6. Visurgis, now the Weser, falling into the German ocean. 

7. Albis, now the Elbe. 

8. JRhaetia, bounded on the north by Vindelicia, east by JNbri- 
cum, south by Italy, and west by Helvetia. 

9. Aperuit. Julius Caesar made two voyages from Gaul to Bri- 
tain, and thus opened the way to the Romans. 

10. Claudio imperante. In the reign of Claudius, A. D. 42, the 
Romans first established themselves in Britain, under the com- 
mand of Aulus Plautius. 

11. Muro. This wall, which was intended to protect Roman 
Britain from the incursions of the Picts and Scots, extended from 
the Tyne to the Esk. The succeeding Caesars built other ram* 
parts and walls for the same purpose. 

12. Cantium, now Kent. 

13. Longior quam latior. When two predicates are joined to a 
noun, and one is to be expressed in a higher degree than the other, 
both are used in Latin in the comparative. 

14. Ramos. One of these branches of the Apennines terminates 
in the promontory of Iapygium, the other in that of Leucopetra. 

61 I. Id genus, equivalent to hujus generis. 

2. Lecla, i. e. when one merely reads about them. 

3. Fontes saluberrimi, the warm baths of Baiae. 

4. Padus, now the Po. 

5. Gallia Cisalpina, or Togata, the northern part of Italy on 
this side of the Alps, including the Italian Tyrol, extending as 
far south as the Rubicon. 

6. Vesulus, in Liguria, a mountain of the Alpes Cottiae. 

7. Urbis Romaiute magnijicentiam, instead of Romam urbem mag* 
nificcnlissimam. 

8. Tarentum, now Taranto. 

9. Super ato. In the war with the Romans. See Roman Hist. 
Lib. II. 5—9. 

10. Trinacria, compounded of rpeTs, " three," and axpa, " a pro- 
montory." 

11. Cyclopes, giants with one eye in their forehead, who forged 
the thunderbolts of Jupiter in the workshop of Vulcan. 

12. Egesti, from egero. 

13. Humcris sublatos Jlammae erip., equivalent to humeris sustu* 
lisse etfl. eripuisse. 

62 1. Bello pelita. For an account of this war, see part II. C. 
19—21. 

2. Bello Punico. See Roman Hist. Lib. III. 2—11. 

3. Archimedes, a famous mathematician, who defended the town 
for a long time by the machines of war which he constructed. 
He was made captive and slain by a Roman soldier. 

4. Olympia. See p. 34, n. 10. 

5. Reddi depends upon dicitur in the preceding sentence. 

6. Vestigii. The name Ichnusa is derived from *yvo$, vestigium. 

7. Epirns, a country of Greece, to the west of Thessaly, lying 
along the Adriatic, and now forming a part of modern Albania. 

8. Sejunguntur. Macedonia and Epirus, which were governed 
by kings, were by many considered as not belonging to Greece, 
which consisted only of free states. 



NOTES. 107 

Pazo 

9. Transiulil. For the history of Philip and Alexander, see 62 
part II. E. 

10. Perseo superato. See Roman Hist. Lib. IV. 3. 

11. Acroceraunii montes. A range of mountains in the vicinity 
of the sea, which terminaied in the promontory Acroceraunium. 

12. Tinnitu significasse. The ancients supposed that the oaks 
of Dodona possessed human voices and prophesied. The priests 
drew their predictions from the rustling of the leaves, and the 
clattering din of large kettles, which were suspended in the air 
near a brazen statue ; when this was agitated, it struck against 
one of the kettles, which communicated the motion to the rest. 

13. Cephallenia, now Cefalonia. 

14. Corcyra, now Corfu, the land of the Phaeacians, over which 
(according to the Odyssey) Alcinous reigned in the time of Ulys- 
ses. The gardens of Alcinous bloomed and bore fruit constantly. 

1. Quo tempore. Not tempore quo. See p. 58, n. 2. 63 

2. Numa Pompilius. See Roman Hist. Lib. I. 13. 

3. Ithaca, now Teaki. The fame given by the Odyssey of Ho- 
mer to this barren island, has placed it in as high or even a high- 
er rank than that occupied by the most fruitful region of the earth. 

4. Per quos, scil. montes. They placed these mountains one 
upon the other, intending by means of them to climb to the habi- 
tation of the gods. See III. 3 

5. Peneus, now Salempria, HdXcu-rpia (pronounced Salebria), one 
of the finest and clearest rivers of Greece. 

6. Tempe, to. ripitn. 

7. Athe'tiae. Understand sunt, or sitae sunt. 

8. Deos, Neptune (Jloaeiccov,) and Minerva ('AGr^/?). From the 
last the town received its name. 

9. Eas, instead of tales, tarn praeclaras. 

10. Propylaea, ra vpoizv\ai.a, a gateway, ornamented with rows 
of columns, one of the most magnificent structures in Athens. 

11. Longos muros, to. ncucpa rei^rj, also called cKt\n. 

12. Musices ope. See above, III. 23. 

13. Epaminondae virtus. See Part II. D. § 8, 9, 10. 

14. Nemo ignorat. Combine thus, nemo ignorat, quantam aucto- 
ritatem oraculum Apollinis in hac urbe habuerit. Respecting the 
relative in the beginning of a sentence, see n. 5, p. 14. 

15. Peloponnesus, (" the island of Pelops,") now the Morea. 

16. Isthmus, Gr. iadnos; the Isthmus of Corinth is now Hexamili. 

17. Ludi Isthmici. The Isthmian games were instituted, B. C. 
1326, in honour of Melicerta or Palaemon, but having been inter- 
rupted after some years, they were re-instituted by Theseus in ho- 
nour of Neptune. 

1. Bellum Achaicum. Respecting this war, see Roman Hist. 64 
Lib. IV. 6. and Part II. E. § 75, 76. . 

2. Res gestas numerat. As the Olympiads were celebrated after 
an interval of 4 years, the Greeks called that space of time an 
Olympiad. They counted the Olympiads from the year 776 B. C. 
They reckon (numerant), or date their actions and exploits {res 
gestas) from the years of the Olympic games. See p. 34, n. 10. 

3. Lycurgi leges. See Part If. D. § 1, 2. 

4. Taygetus, a chain of mountains, which extending from Arca- 
dia divide into two branches, of which one terminates in the 
Taenarium Promontorium, the other in the Malea Pr. These 
promontories form the Sinus Laconicus, now G. of Colokythia. 

k 2 






108 NOTES. 

64: 5. Orpheus, as is said, descended by a cave at Taenarus to tne 
infernal regions, for the purpose of procuring from Pluto the 
restoration of his wife Eurydice to life. 

6. Clyclddes, from kvkXos " a circle." 

7. Delus, (derived from SriXos), now Sedili. 

8. Transtulerunt. The allied states of Greece, in order that 
they might always be prepared to carry on war with the Persians, 
made a proportional contribution, which they deposited in the 
temple of Delos, as a common treasury of Greece, but subsequent- 
ly the Athenians, having become most powerful by sea, conveyed 
the treasures to Athens, and applied them to their own use. 

9. Euboea, now Negropont. 

10. Temere, " without stated intervals." 

65 1. Plures (uxores) singuli {viri) habent. 

2. A judicious. In these disputes judges decided who was most 
worthy of following her husband. 

3. Ducendae. The participle denotes the purpose. 

4. Inveniunt, etc. instead of maritos pecunia data (mercedc) 
emunt. 

5. Byzantium, called Constantinople from Constantine the 
'Great. The Turks call it Istamboul or Stamboul. 

6. Bosporus Thracius, (so called to distinguish it from the Bos- 
porus Cimmerius), a strait connecting the Propontis {Sea of Mar- 
mora) with the Pontus Euxinus {Black Sea). 

7. Hellespontus, now the Dardanelles, leading from the Aegaean 
to the Propontis. 

8. Amor Herns el Leandri, the love of Leander of Abydus (on 
the Asiatic coast) for Hero, (genit. Herus, 'Hpw, ois). a priestess of 
Venus at Sestos, to whom he used to swim by night across the 
Hellespont. He was at length drowned, in consequence of the 
torch, which Hero held to direct his coarse, being extinguished 
during a storm. 

9. Cynossema, kwos <rvua, " a dog's tomb." 

10. Hecuba, wife of Priam, king of Troy. 

11. Aeneas, son of Anchises and Venus, who, after the destruc- 
tion of Troy, went in quest of new habitations, accompanied bva 
band of his countrymen. 

12. Devorandus, " to be devoured.'* 

13. Cassander, son of Antipater ; he made himself master of 
Macedonia after his father's death. 

14. In extrema Macedonia, i. e. in extremis Macedoniae partibus, 

15. Assignasse, scil. Us. 

16. Scytliia, a country between the Ister and the Maeotis Palus 
or the Phasis, whic v also extended into unknown regions of the 
north and east. The name of Riphaei Monies is applied to any 
cold mountains in a northern country ; it would appear that the 
ancients intended to denote by them the northern and western 
limits of the earth. 

66 1. Majoribus, etc. i. e. quanto quis {aliquis) illustriores majores 
habet. 

2. Taurica Chersonesus, (to distinguish it from the Chersonesus 
Thracia), a peninsula in the Black Sea, now Crimea. 

3. Borysthenes, a large river of Scythia, falling into the Euxine, 
now the Dnieper. 

4. Hyperborei, v-xspfidpzioi ; the word signifies " people who in- 
habit beyond the wind Boreas." Thrace was the residence of 



NOTES. 109 

Page 
Boreas, according to the ancients, and it appears that the Greeks 6G 
called the Thracians Boreans ; it is probable, therefore, that they 
called the people beyond these Hyperboreans, perhaps the inhabit- 
ants of Russia and part of Siberia. Virgil places them under the 
north pole. 

5. Occidit. It was also during one half of the year day, and 
during the other night. 

6. Omni, equivalent to ulla. 

7. Taedet (like piget, poenitet) is used with an accusative of the 
person and a genitive of the thing, see n. 6, p. 15. 

8. Asiae nomine. Asia Minor is here meant, which is now 
called Natolia, Anatolia, or rather Anadoli, from dvaroXh, oriens. 

9. Ad quern amnem. Respecting the arrangement of the words, 
see p. 63, n. 1. 

10. Victoriam reportavit. For an account of this battle, see Part 
II. E. § 18. 

11. Peninsulae. Cyzicus was originally an island. From the 
time of Alexander, who joined it to the continent by a mole, it has 
been called a peninsula. 

12. Ab Argonautis occisus est, on their expedition in quest of the 
golden fleece. 

13. Aves absorbent, by fascination, as it would seem, or by the ef- 
fect of their breath. Something similar is told of rattlesnakes. 

14. Ab Jasone. On the expedition to Colchis. 

1. Axenus, from a&og, "inhospitable." 6T 

2. Euxinus, from sv&iwo^ " hospitable." It bore the name of 
Axenus, until the establishment of numerous Greek colonies, along 
its coast insured to voyagers a safe and friendly reception. » 

3. Thermodon, a river of Pontus, falling into the Euxine. 

4. Distinguunt notis, " tattoo their body," i. e. make punctures 
in the naked body, which are variously stained, so as to give them 
a parti-coloured appearance. So above, § 41. Agathyrsi ora et 
corpora pingunt. 

5. Asia proprie dict-a, i. e. Asia Minor. 

6. Colonius misil. It sent out eighty colonies. 

7. Amazoncs, a fabulous nation of women, who are said to have 
dwelt in the eastern part of Asia Minor, on the coast of the Euxine, 
in the vicinity of the Thermodon. 

8. Ilium, otherwise, Troja. 

9. Fama quam natura majores, " more celebrated than large." 

10. Judicium Mils, redd. See p. 26, § 11. 

11. Ajax, the son of Telamon, next to Achilles the bravest of 
the Grecian heroes who fought before Troy. After the death of 
Achilles, Ajax and Ulysses disputed their claim to the arms of the 
lero. When they were given to the latter, Ajax was so enraged 
that he became bereaved of his understanding, and slaughtered a 
flock of sheep, supposing them to be the Greeks who had given the 
preference to Ulysses, and then stabbed himself with his sword. 

12. Mercedc accepla. The Greeks originally bore arms only for 
their native land. The custom of serving foreign princes {aliena 
bella gerere) for pay (mercede accepla) was first introduced after 
the Peloponnesian war. 

13. Contusa, from contundo. 

14. Sepulcrum. See p. 36, § 51. 
1. Lavare, properly used in a transitive signification, lavare cor- 68 



110 NOTES. 

Page 

68 pus, membra, is also used in a neuter sense, instead of se lavare, or 
lavari. 

2. Lucis, i. e. nemoribus. 

3. Terrere dicitur. The greatest part of the Corycian cave was 
in reality a valley between rugged rocks ; in the bottom of the 
valley was a hole, in which the rushing of the water might pro- 
duce the effects here mentioned. There was another Corycian 
cave in Phocis near Parnassus. 

4. Cum terra conjuncta. This connexion with the main land 
was first made by Alexander, who, when besieging the place, 
formed a mole in order to gain access to the city, which was built 
on an island. 

5. Latrociniis vivunt. As the Bedouins at the present day. 

6. Aelius Gallus penetravit. In the reign of Augustus, A. U. C. 
729. 

7. Bactrianae et Arabiae, adjectives from Bactrianus and 
Arabius. The camel with one bunch or protuberance on its back 
is called a dromedary. 

69 1. Ambllu. The noun ambitus has the penult short, although 
the participle ambitus has that syllable long. 

2. Moles. The arches on which the gardens rested, the plan of 
which was arranged by Semiramis. 

3. Successores. Seleucus Nicator, one of the successors of Alex- 
ander, who penetrated as far as the countries which border on the 
Ganges. 

4. Paropamisus, a mountain which separates Bactria from India. 

5. Ambitu corporis, i.e. corpora elephantorum ambientes et impli- 
cates. 

6. Lanas ferunt. The cotton (gossypium) growing upon trees 
and shrubs. 

7. Insistunt. In like manner the Fakirs at the present day ac- 
quire a character for holiness by subjecting themselves to bodily 
tortures and mortifications. 

8. In rogos se praecipitantes. This is told of the Gymnosophis- 
tae. 

9. Plinius, a learned Roman, who lived in the reigns of 
Claudius, Nero, and Vespasian, and who has left an extensive 
work, giving an account of almost every natural object. He 
perished in an eruption of Vesuvius. 

10. Meditantem, i. e. exercentem. 

11. Magna ex parte. In the east the battle is principally decided 
by the elephants. 

TO 1. Ebur adkibetur. The most famous statues of Phidias, as the 
Jupiter at Olympia, and the Minerva in the Parthenon at Athens, 
were of ivory, and were covered with golden garments. 

2. Excipit, equivalent to sustinet. 

3. His cymbis instead of his testis utuntur pro cymbis } Usque na- 
vigant. 

4. Terni, scil. homines. 

5. Ad centena, " about a hundred every time." 

6. Feminarum gloria, " is an object of pride among the women." 

7. Antonius, M. Antonius, the triumvir, who after the war with 
the Parthians, rived in extreme luxury, at Alexandria, with Cleo- 
patra the last princess of Egypt, w r hom he rivalled in extrava 
gance. 

8. Catabathmus, KarafiaBpds, a region constantly declining. 



NOTES. Hi 

Pag« 

9. Praecipitatus. This waterfall (Catarractes or Caiaracta) is TO 
the smallest of several, which the river forms before its entrance 
into Egypt. 

10. Septem ora. Many give it nine mouths. 

1. Agger es aperiuntur. Egypt is intersected by canals, in order 7 1 
to extend the water of the river through every part of the country. 
These are kept shut by sluices and dams, until the Nile has attain- 
ed its proper height. 

2. In insula Nili. So says Pliny. According to others, Tenty- 
ra (ra TipTvpa) is a town and district on the western side of the Nile. 

3. Crocodilos ostendit. The Roman Aediles took upon themselves 
the care of celebrating the Dudi Mazimi or JRomani, and some other 
festivals, in which they often caused foreign and rare animals to 
be exhibited to the people. 

4. Moeris, a lake in Middle Egypt, now Birket Caroun. The 
present extent of this lake is by no means the same as that repre- 
sented by the ancients. 

5. Lahyrinthus. The labyrinth, which is said to have been built 
by 12 Egyptian kings, lay on the southern side of lake Moeris, not 
far from Arsinoe. 

6. Ptolemaeus, Lagi 'films, or Soter, the first of the Ptolemies. 
Egypt was governed by these princes from the time of Alexander 
until it became a Roman province. From the light-house here 
mentioned, built upon the island of Pharos, the name Pliaros is 
applied to light-houses in general. 

1. Inbibliothecis condendis. The Alexandrian library, commenc- 72 
ed by the second Ptolemy (Philadelphus), is said to have increased 
until it contained 700,000 volumes (yolumina). Respecting the li- 
brary at Pergamus, see p. 5, n. 2. 

2. Medicatos, "embalmed," as mummies. 

3. Nee diu quaeritur. The priest kept another in readiness 
which had the required marks. 

4. Macrobii, pa*f>d/?(o<, " long-lived." 

5. Terminatur Nilo. The Nile was considered by many as the 
easiern limit of Africa; others comprehended the whole of Egypt 
in Africa. 

6. Mauritania was bounded on the north by the Fretum Her- 
culeum, now Straits of Gibraltar, on the east by Numidia, on the 
south by Gaetulia, and on the west by the Atlantic. It is now the 
empire of Fez and Morocco. The inhabitants were called Mauri. 

7. Columnae Her cutis app. See p. 58. § 1. 

1. Numidia, now the kingdom of Algiers. It was bounded on 73 
the north by the Mediterranean, south by Gaetulia, east by Africa 
Propria, and west by Mauritania. The inhabitants were called 
Nomades, and afterwards Numidae. i 

2. Africa. That part of Africa called Propria corresponds with 
the modern Tunis. 

3. Bella cum Romanis. The three Punic wars, which terminat- 
ed in the destruction of Carthage. See Roman Hist. Lib. II. 10 

13. Lib. III. 3—11. Lib. IV. 4, 5. 

4. Narranlur. A full account of this transaction is given in 
the 79th chapter of Sallust's History of the Jugurthine war. 

5. Catabathmus. The declivity which separated Cyrenaica from 
Egypt was called Catabathmus magnus, to distinguish it from ano- 
ther in the Lybian nome, called parvus. The former is called by 
the Arabs Akabet-Ossolom. 






112 



NOTES. 



Page 
13 



T* 



6. Cyrenaica, corresponding with the modern Barca, was also 
called Pentapolis, from five principal cities which it contained, 
viz. Berenice or Hesperis, Barce, Ptolemais, Apollonia, *and 
Cyrene the capital. 

7. Solis, scil. fonlem. 

8. His , scil. locis rcgionibus. 

9. Itapromovent. As the herds go in qtiest of food, so these pas- 
toral tribes wander about with their huts or tents. 

10. Generositas, scil. est. Instead of leones praecipue gencrosi. 

11. Prostratis, i. e. Us, qui se prostemunt. 

1. Appetit, he finds him out in the greatest multitude, and attacks 
him. 

2. In campis PMlippicis. After the battle in the plains of Phi- 
lippi in Macedonia, in which Brutus and Cassins perished, and 
the party of Octavianus and Antonius proved victorious. 

3. Bagrada, now Megerda, a river of Africa, which empties into 
the sea between Utica and Carthage. 

4. Regulus, imp. Bom. Concerning Regulus, see Roman Hist. 
Lib. II. 11, 12. 

5. Manu, " with its trunk. 



DICTIONARY. 



Explanation of Abbreviations and Marks. 



a. Active. 

adj. Adjective. 

adv. ..... Adverb. 

al. Ut alii putaht. 

c. - • • • ■ - - Common gender. 

comp. Comparative. 

conj. Conjunction. 

contr. • * • : Contraction. 

def. - - - - - Defective. 

def.pret. • • • Defective preteritive. 

d. Deponent. 

dim. Diminutive. 

/. Feminine. 

freq. ..... Frequentative. 

fr. - - • • • • From. 

imper. • • • . - Imperative. 

impers. .... Impersonal. 

inc. ..... Inceptive. 

ind. ...*•- Indeclinable. 

int. Interjection. 



irr. Irregular. 

m. Masculine. 

n. Neuter. 

n. p. Neuter passive. 

num. Numeral. 

card. num. Cardinal do. 

ord. num. Ordinal do. 

distr. num. Distributive do. 

mult.num. Multiplicative do. 

adv. num. Adverbial do. 

part. Participle. 

pass. Passive. 

pp. Perfect passive. 

pi. Plural. 

prep. Preposition. 

pr. cum. ace. A preposition with the ace. 
pr. cum. abl. A proposition with the abl. 

pro. Pronoun. 

sup. Superlative. 



The Arabic numbers denote the declension and conjugation. A short vowel is 
marked thus (^), a long one ( — ). 



a, short for ab. As E for Ex. 
ab, prep. cum. abl. from, by, &c./r. 

0.7:0, dif . 

Abdera, ae, f. 1. a maritime town 
of Thrace, at the mouth of the 
river Nestus. 

abditus, a, um, part. <$• adj. (fr. ab- 
do) hidden, removed, secret, 

abdo, ere, idi, itum, a. 3. (ab et do) 
to put away from view, hide, re- 
move. Do in its compounds is 
often to'putor place, as in condo, 
subdo. For I give or consign to 
a place what I put in it. * 

abduco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (ab et 
duco) to lead from, to lead or take 
away. 

abdudus, a, urn, part. pass, led from 
or away. 

abeo, ire, Ivi et xi, xtxffni, irr. n. (ab et 
eo) to go from or off, to depart. 

aberro, are, dvi, dtum,n.\.(ab et 
erro) to stray from, wander, lose 
the way. 

abjcctnis, a, urn, part. pass, (ab et 



jactus)ihrovi\\ from, thrown away, 
cast off. 

abjicio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. (ab et 
jdcio) to throw from, throw away, 
lay by, throw aside. 

abluo, uere, ui, iitum, a. 3. (ab et 
lud) to wash off. make clean, pu- 
rify. 

abs,prep. cum. abl. from. Fr. ab, 
for softness. Al. from dip, back. 

abscindo, indere, idi, issum, a. 3, (ab 
et scindo) to tear off, cut off, part 
asunder. 

\absens, lis part, absent. Fr. abs 
and ens. Ens, entis, from el ( u, 
part. ei$, hvTos, whence entis, ents, 
ens. 

absolvo, olvere, olvi, lutum, a. 3. (ab 
et solvo) to loose from, loose, un- 
tie, release. 

absorbeo, bcre, bui, more frequently 
than psi, ptum, a. 2. (ab el sorbeo) 
to sup or suck in, absorb, swal- 
low. 

^ahsterreo. & e, ui. ifum, a. 2. (abs et 



114 



DICTIONARY. 



terreo) to frighten from or away, 
terrify, deter. 

abstinsntia, ae.f. 1. an abstaining 
from, abstinence. 

abstineoj inere, inui } entum, a. 1. for 
dbsteneo (abs et teneo) to hold off 
from, keep from, abstain, refrain 
from. 

absum, esse, fui, irr. n. (ab et sum) 
to be at a distance from a place 
or person, to be absent. Parum 
abest, it wants but little. Fui, 
and the part. futurus f both come 
from the old verb fuo,fr. <pva> to 
be. 

absumo, ere, si or psi, turn or ptum, 
a. 3. {ab et sumo) to consume, 
destroy, make an end of. Absumi 
dolore, to fret one's self to death, 
to die of grief. 

absumtus vel ptus, a, um, part. pass. 
consumed, destroyed, wasted. 

absurdus, a, um, adj. grating, dis- 
cordant, not agreeing with the 
subject in hand, inconsistent, ab- 
surd. As said of that {ab) from 
which one turns away one's ears 
and is {surdus) deaf to it. 

abundantia, ae, f 1. abundance, 
plenteousness. 

abundo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to over- 
flow, abound. Properly said of 
(unda) water rising (ab) out of its 
bounds. So exundo is used. 

ac, conj. and, as, than. Aeque ac, 

just as much as ; non secus ac, 

not otherwise than. Soft for ate, 

fr. atque, whence atq\ ate, as Ne- 

que, Neq\ Nee. 

Aeca, ae,f.\. Acca Laurentia, the 
wife of Faustulus, shepherd of 
king Numitor's flocks, who 
brought up Romulus and Remus. 

acetdo, dere, ssi, ssum, n.%. i. e. ee- 
do ad, to come to, draw near, ap- 
proach. Also, to acquiesce in, 
coincide with ; properly, I come 
up to a proposal, ad negolia, to 
enter upon business, come to the 
subject in hand. 

accendo, ere, di, sum, a. 3. to light 
up, set on fire. Accendo is fr. 
cando, to make to shine, fr. can- 
deo, to shine ; as fugo, fr. fugio. 

accensus, a, um, part. pass, lighted 
up, set on fire. 



accessus, us, m. 4, a coming to, an 
approaching or drawing near to. 

acetdo, ere, i. n. 3. {ad et eddo) to 
fall down at or before, accidit, it 
happens. 

accipio, ipere, epi, eptum, a. 3. (ad 
et cdpio) to take to, receive, com- 
prehend, verba, to hear. 

accipiter, tris, m. 3. a hawk, falcon. 
Fr. accipio, where capio is used in 
its stronger sense of seizing, from 
its rapacity. 

accommodatus, a, um, adj. accom- 
modated to, adjusted, fit, suita- 
ble. 

accumbo, mbere, bui, bitum, n. 3. (fr. 
accubo, i.e. cubo ad), to lie down 
or sit down at table. 

accurate, adv. accurately, diligent- 
ly, attentively. 

accurdtus, a, um, adj. (fr. euro) 
done with care, much attended to^ 
accurate. 

accurro, cur r ere, curri et cucurri, 
cur sum, n. 3. (ad et curro) to run 
to. 

accuso, dre,dvi,dtum,a, 1. to arraign, 
accuse. For accauso, (as Exclu- 
do for Exclaudo),fr. causa, a ju- 
dicial process. So inciiso. 

deer et dcris, ere, sup. dcerrimus, adj. 
fr. olkt], a point), sharp, keen, 
brisk, enterprising, valiant. 

dcerbus, a, um,, adj. (fr. dceo, to be 
tart), bitter, tart, harsh, severe. 

deer rime, adv. sup. See acriter. 

dcervus, i, m. 2. aheap. For ager- 

VUS,fr. dyepu,fut. dytipw, to collect. 

V as in sylva . 

dcetum, i, n. 2. vinegar. Fr. aceo, 
to be tart. 

Achaicus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Achaia(which name was extend- 
ed b}r the poets to all Greece) or 
Greece, Grecian. 

Achelous, i, m. 2. a river of Greece, 
which rises in mount Pindus in 
Epirus, and after dividing Acar- 
nania from Aetolia, falls into the 
Ionian sea. Jt is now called As- 
pro Potamo or the White river. 

Achernsia, ae,f. 1. a lake in Cam- 
pania, between the promontory 
of Misenum and Cumae. Now 
Lago delta Collucia. 

\AchiUes } is et eos } m. 3. son ot 






DICTIONARY. 115 

Peleus and Thetis, the bravest of dddmas, antis, m. 3. {a6a<iag, avros.) 
the Grecian heroes in the Trojan a diamond, adamant, 
war. additus, a, um, part, added. 

dcidus, a, um, adj. (fr. dcco, to be addo, ere, idi, Uum, a. 3. (ad et do) 
tart) sour, tart, harsh. to add. That is, to place a thing 

dries, iei,f 5. {fr. axis, a point) the (ad) near to or by another, 
sharp edge or point of any thing, addiico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (ad el 
as of a sword or spear. Hence, duco) to lead to, conduct, bring, 
a battalion, an army in battle ar-j induce ; in dubitationcm, to bring 
ray into doubt. 

acinus, i, m. 2. {fr. axis, a point) a ddemtus or plus, a, ui?i, part.fr. adi- 

berry, kernel, grape-stone. mo, t.aken away. 

dcris, ere, adj. See deer. ddeo, adv. (ad eo) to such a degree, 

dcriter, crius, cerrime, adv. sharply, to such a pass, so. Ad is joined 

boldly, valiantly. to an adverb, as in adkuc. So in 

Acroceraunia et i, orum. n. et m. pl.\ English, hereto, hitherto, .there- 

2. (fr. axpos, high, and xepawog, a fore. 

thunderbolt, because they were ddeo, Ire, Ivi et ii, Uum, irr. n. (ad, 
often struck on account of their et eo) to go to, approach, 
height) very high mountains adhaereo, rere, si, n. 2. (ad et hac- 
that separate Epirus from Mace- reo) to stick close to, grow to, ad- 
donia. j here. 

Acrocorinthos, i, f. 2. 'AxpoxopivBos, Adherbal, alls, m. 3. a Numidian 
a high hill overhanging Corinth, prince, son of Micipsa and grand- 
on which was a citadel of the son of Massinissa. 
same name. adkibeo, ere, ui, Hum, a. 2. to adopt, 

Acropolis, is, f 3. the citadel of apply, employ, use. That is, 
Athens. | (kclbco) I hold any thing in my 

actio, ohis, f 3. (fr. actum sup. of hand (ad mcos usus) for the puf- 
dgo) a thing done or doing, act, pose of using it. 
action ; business; action at law. adkuc, adv. up to this point, hither- 
Aclium, i, n. 2. now Azio, a town to, as yet. See Adcb. 
and promontory of Epirus, fa- ddimo, imerc, emi, cmtum or (ru- 
inous for the naval victory obtain- turn, a. 3. to take away. Fr. emo, 
ed by Augustus over Antony and I take. Emo ex alio ad me, 1 take 
Cleopatra. from another to myself. 

actus, a, um, part, {ago, agtum, ac- dditus, us, m. 4. (fr. dditum, sup. 
turn, actus) led, conducted, dri- of ddeo) a going to, entry, ac- 
ven. | cess. 

dcideus, i, m. 2. {fr. dcuo, to sharp- adjdceo, ere, ui, n. 2. {ad ctjdceo) to 

en) a sting, a point. lie near, border upon. 

acumen, inis, n. 3. {fr. dcuo, to adjungo, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (ad et 
sharpen) sharpness, or sharp jjmgo) to join to, annex, unite, 
point, acuteness. adjutus, a, um, part. pass, of adjuvo, 

dcus, its, f 4. (fr. axis, a sharp point, helped, aided. 

or acuo) a needle, bodkin. adjuvo, uvdrc, uvi, utum, a. 1. (ad 

dcutus, a, um, adj. (fr. dculum sup. et jiivo) to help, aid. 
of acuo) sharp-edged, pointed, Admttus, i, m. 2. one of the Argo- 
acute. i nauts, king of Pherae in Thessa- 

ad, prep, cum acC. (shortened from ]y. 

a pud) at, about, near a place, administer, tri, m. 2. an assistant, 
Also, to, unto. Ad, in composi- servant. 

tion, increases the force of words, administro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {ad 
For, if I put any thing (ad) to et ministro) to lend aid, direct, 
another, I increase that other admlrdtio, onis, f 3. (admiror) o.d- 
thing. miration, wondei. 

PART I. L 



116 



DICTIONARY. 



admiratus, a, um, part, of admiror,'adrosus, a, um, 'part, (from adrado t 

ere, osi, osum, 3.) gnawed,, gnaw- 



admiring. 

admlror, dri, dius sum, d. 1. {ad et 
miror) to wonder greatly, to ad- 
mire. 

admissus, a, um, part, of admitto, 
admitted. 

admitto, ittere, Isi, issum, a. 3. (ad 

* et mitto) to admit to one's own 
presence, to receive ; to admit 
to one's own attention or appro- 
bation, give heed to, approve, al- 
low. 

admodum, adv. just, exactly, en- 
tirely. That is, ad modum jus- 
tum, up to the just and proper 
measure ; simply, up to the mea- 
sure. 

admoneo, ere, ui, Hum, a. 2. (ad et 
moneo) to put in mind, warn, ad- 
monish. 

admonitus, a, um, part, admonish- 
ed. 

admoveo, overe, dvi, 6tum, a. 2. (ad, 
et moved) to put near, bring near 
to, apply. 

adndto, are, dvi, alum, n. 1. (ad et 
ndto fr. no) to swim to or to- 
wards. 

ddolescens, tis, adj. (fr. adolesco) 
growing, young ; subst. m. et f. 
one still growing, or stirl growing 
in strength and vigour ; a young 
man or woman. 

ddolescentia, ae,f. 1. youth. 

adolesco, olescere, olevi, very rarely 
olui, ultum, (od et olesco,fr. oleo.) 
n. inc. 3. to grow up, grow in 
strength. 

adoplo, are, dvi, dtum, a.l.l desire, 
choose, adopt. That is, (opto) I 
desire to be (ad me) by me. Or 
ad is very much. 

adbrior, orlri, ortus sum, dep. 3. et 
4.(ad, et orior) to set about, take 
in hand, undertake ; invade, at- 
tack. 

Adria, ae, et Hadria, ae, m. 1. the 
Adriatic sea. Also /. a city be- 
tween the mouths of the Padus 
and Athesis, from which the sea 
was called. 

Adriaticus, a, urn, adj. (from A dria). 
Mare Adriaticum vel Hadriati- 
cum, the Adriatic or Hadriatic 
sea ; now, the Gulf of Venice. 



ed round, bitten. 

adscendo vel ascendo, dire, di, sum, 
a. 3. (ad et scando) to ascend . 
mount, climb. 

adsisto vel assisto. sislcre, stUi, (com- 
mon with asto) n. 3. (ad et sisto) 
to stand by the side of, assist, 
help. 

adspergo vel aspergo, gere, si, sum, 
a. 3. (ad et spar go) to sprinkle, 
besprinkle, bedew. 

adspicio vel o.spicio, icere, exi, eclum, 
a. 3. (ad et specio) to look at, be- 
hold, see. 

adsto vel asto, stare, sttti, n. 1. (ad 
et sto) to stand by or near. 

adsnm, ades, adesse, adfui, irr. n. 
(ad et sum) to be by or near an- 
other, help, attend to. 

adulator, oris, m. 3. (adidor) a flat- 
terer. 

aduncus, a, um, adj. crooked, curv- 
ed, bent. 

adveko, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. (ad et 
veiw) to bear to, conduct, convey. 
advehor, to arrive. 

advena, ae, m. 1. a new comei, 
stranger. 

advcnio, enire, eni, entum, n. 4. (ad 
et vlnio) to come to, arrive. 

adventus, us, m. 4. a coming, an ar- 
rival. 

adver sarins, i, m. 2. (fr. adversor) 
an adversary. 

adversus et adversum, prep, cum ace. 
against, opposite, towards. 

um, adj. turned to 



adversus, a, 



wards, facin 

to ; adversa vulnera 



b or right opposite 

wounds in 

on the 



front ; adverso corpore 

breast. 
advoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ad et 

voco) to call to, call. 
advolo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (ad et 

void) to fly to, or towards. 
aedlfico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (i. e. 

aedem facte) to build a house, 

build. 
aedllitas, diis, f 55. the office of 

Edile. 
aedilitius, a, um, adj. pertaining to 

Ediles ; (vir) one who -has held 

the office of Edile. 
Aegaeus, a, um. adj. pertaining to 



DICTIONARY. 



the Aegaean. Aegaeum mare ? Aesculapius 
the Aegaean sea (now Archipe- 
lago) a part of the Mediterrane- 
an, dividing Greece from Asia 
Minor. 

aeger, gra, grum, adj. (sup aeger- 
rimus) weak, infirm, sick. Fr. 
deoyds transp. deypog. That is, in- 
capable of work or action. 

aegre,adv .(fr. aeger) hardly, scarce- 
ly, with difficulty. 

aegritudo, inis, f. 3. (aeger) sorrow, 
grief, affliction. 

Aegyptus, i, f 2. (Alyvirrog) Egypt. 

Aelius, i, m. 2. the name of a Ro- 
man family ; abbreviated thus, 
Ael. 

Aemilivs. i, the name of a Roman 
family : Paulus Aemilius, sur- 
named Macedonicus, was one of 
its most illustrious members. 

aemuldtio, 6nis,f. 3. emulation, am- 
bition. 

aemulus, a, um, adj. emulous. 

aemulus, i, m, 2. a rival. 

Aeneas, ae, m. 1. a Trojan prince, 
son of Anchises and the goddess 
Venus. 

aenens, a, um, adj. (for aerineus,fr. 
aes, aeris) brazen. 

aenigma, dtis, n. 3. (aiviypa) a riddle, 
obscure question. 

Aenos, i, f. 2. now Eno, an inde- 
pendent city of Thrace, at the 
eastern mouth of the Hebrus, con- 
founded with Aeneia, of which 
Aeneas was founder. 

Aeolis, idis, f 3. a country of Asia 
Minor, on the coast of the Aegae- 
an. 

aequabiliter, adv. (fr. aequabilis) 
equally, uniformly. 

aequdlis, e, adj. equal. 

aegudliter, adv. equally. 

aequitas, dtis,f. 3. equity, imparti- 
ality, love of justice. 

aequus, a, um, adj. just, equal, even ; 
aequus animus, equanimity. 

der, aeris, m. 3. (dfjp) the air. 

aerarium, i, n. 2. (aes, aeris. money) 
the treasury. 

ces. aeris, n. 3. ( fir. a'tK, splendour) 
brass. 

Aeschylus, i, m,. 2. an excellent sol- 
dier and celebrated writer of tra- 
gedies, born at Athens. 



i, m. 2. 
was god of medici 



t 



117 

of Apollo, 
aestus) the 



aestas, dtis, f. 3. ( 
summer. 

aestimo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr, 
aes ; timo being a termination, as 
timus in maritimus) to value, es- 
timate. 

aestuo, are, dvi, dtum, (fr. aestus) to 
be hot, boil, rage. 

aestuosus, a, um, adj. (aestus) stor- 
my. 

aestus, us, m. 4. (fr. aio-ai pp. of 
aWto, to burn) heat. 

oMas, dtis, f 3. (for aevitas fr. at- 
vum) age. 

aeternus, a, um, adj. (for aeviternus 
fr. aevum) lasting for ages or all 
ages, eternal. 

Aetkiopia, ae.f. 1. a country of Afri- 
ca, divided into Superior and In- 
ferior. The former answers to 
modern Abyssinia, the latter to 
the southern parts of Africa. 

Aethiops, opis, m. 3. an inhabitant 
of Aethiopia. 

Aetna, as.f. 1. a volcanic mountain 
of Sicily, now Mongibello. 

aevum, i, n. 2. (fr. ai&v) length of 
time, an age. 

Afer, ra, rum, adj. relating to Afri- 
ca, African. 

affdbre, adv. skilfully, exquisitely. 
Fr. faber, ri. Ad modum fabri, 
workmanlike. Or ad is, very. 

affectum, a, um, part, of officio. 

affero, afferre, attuli, alldtum, irr. a. 
(ad et fero) to bring, cause. 

officio, icere, tci, ectum, a. 3. (ad et 
fdcio) to affect, influence ; gaudio 
afficere, to fill with joy; hostem 
cladibus afficere, to defeat an ene- 
my ; afficifebri, to be seized with 
fever. 

affigo, gere, xi, xum, a. 3. (ad et 
figo) to fix or fasten to. attach 
to ; affigere cruci, to crucify. 

affinis, e, adj. adjoining. That is, 
dwelling (ad fines) at or by the 
boundaries of another's estate or 
dwelling. Affincs, relations. 

affirmo. dra, dvi. dtum, a. 1. (fr.fir- 
mus) to make firm or sure, to say 
firmly or positively, affirm. 

affixus. a. um, vart. of affigo. 

afflatus, us, m. 4. {fr. affio) a breath- 



118 



DICTIONARY. 



ing upon, gmst °f wind ; inspira 
tion, enthusiasm. 

Africa, ae, f. 1 Africa. 

Africdnus, i, m 2. the surname of 
two of the Scipios, Publ. Corne- 
lius, and Publ. Aemilianus, call- 
ed Africanus the younger. 

Africus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Africa, African. 

Agamemnon, onis, m. 3. king of 
Mycenae and Argos, brother to 
Menelaus. He was appointed 
commander-in-chief of the forces 
sent against Troy. 

Agathyrsi, orum, m. pi. 3. an effe- 
minate nation of Scythia, dwell- 
ing near the Maeotis Palus. 

dgellus, i, m. 2. dim. of ager, a 
small piece of ground, a little 
field. 

Agenor, oris, m. 3. a king of Phoe- 
nicia, was son of Neptune and 
Libya, and brother to Belus. 

ager, gri, m. 2. (dypog) a field, farm, 
land, estate, agri, rorum, the 
country in opposition to the city. 

agger, Iris, m. 3. a heap, mound, 
rampart. 

aggredior, edi, essus sum, d. 3. (ad 
et grddior) I go to or up to, enter 
upon, assail, attack. • 

aggressus, a, urn, part, of aggre- 
dior. 

agitator, oris, m. 3. (agito) a driver. 

agito, are, dvi, dium,freq. a. 1. (fr. 
ago) to drive, stimulate, agitate, 
harass, think of, revolve in the 
mind. 

Aglaus, i, m. 2. the poorest man of 
Arcadia, pronounced by the ora- 
cle more happy than Gyges, king 
of Lydia. 

agmen, znis, n. 3. (for agimen fr. 
ago) an army on march, a troop, 
band. 

agnitus, a, um, part. pass, of ag- 
nosco. 

agnosco, oscere, ovi, Hum, a. 3. (ad et 
nosco) to know, recognise, own. 

agnus, i, m. 2. a lamb. 

ago. agere. egi, actum, a. 3. (fr. 
ay(o) to do, act, carry on, lead, 
drive, spend the time ; funus, to 
perform funeral ceremonies ; an- 
to be in a certain vear; 



diem, to pass a day ; bene, to be 
well. 

agricbla, ae, m. 1. (ager et colo) a 
husbandman, farmer. 

agricultura, ae, f. 1. tilling of the 
ground, agriculture. 

Agrigentum, i, n. 2. now Girgenti, 
a town of Sicily, 18 stadia from 
the sea. 

dhtnum, i, n. 2. a brazen vessel, a 
caldron. 

aio, is, def. to say, speak. 

Ajax, dcis, m. 3. the name of one 
of the most celebrated Grecian 
heroes that fought before Troy. 
He was son of Telamon. 

dla, ae,f. 1. a wing, an armpit. 

aldcer, cris, cre t adj. lively, brisk, 
spirited. 

aldtus, a, um, adj. having wings, 
winged. 

Alba, ae,f. 1. Longa, a city of La- 
tium, built by Ascanius, B. C. 
1152. 

Albanus, a, um, adj. mons Albanus, 
mount Albanus, which derived 
its name from Alba, was 16 miles 
from Rome, subst. m. 2. an in- 
habitant of Alba. 

Albis, is, m. 3. now the Elbe, a river 
of Germany falling into the Ger- 
man ocean. 

Albula, ae, m. 1. the ancient name 
of the river Tiber. 

albus, a, um, adj. white. 

Alcestis, %dis,f. 3. a daughter of Pe- 
lias, and wife of Admetus. 

Alcibiddes, is, m. 3. an Athenian 
general, disciple to Socrates ; he 
was nephew of Pericles, and line- 
ally descended from Ajax. 

Alcinous, i, m. 2. was king of the 
Phaeacians, and is praised for his 
love of agriculture. His gardens 
are beautifully described by Ho- 
mer. 

Alcyone or Haley one, es, f. 1. daugh- 
ter of Aeolus, married Ceyx, 
king of Trachinia. They were 
both transformed into birds call- 
ed Halcyons. 

Alcyonius, a, um, adj. Alcyonii dies, 
halcyon days. 

Alexander, ri, m. 2. the 3rd, sur- 
named the Great, was son of 



DICTIONARY. 



119 



Philip and Olynipias. He was' Alpkeus, i, m. 2. now 
born B. C. 356. 

Alexandria, ae,f. 1. a great and ex- 
tensive city of Egypt, built B.C. 
332, by Alexander. 

algeo, ere, si, n. 2. to be cold, to' Alpmus, a, urn, adj. relating to the 



eo or Al~ 
pheo, a famous river MPelopon- 
nesus.which rises in Arcadia,and 
after passing through Elis falls 
into the sea. 



Arc; 



shudder with cold. 

alicunde, adv. (aliquis et unde) from 
some place. Properly, from some 
whence. 

aliendtus,a, um,part. of alieno. 

alitno, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to make 
(alienum) different, estrange ; to 
make another's, transfer. 

alitnus, a, urn. adj. (fr. alius) be- 
longing to another, derived from 
another source, foreign. 

alio, adv. to another place. 

aliquamdiu, adv. for some time. 

aliquandd, adv. (aliquis et quando) 
at some time, sometimes, for- 
merly. 

aliquantum, adv. somew r hat, a little, 
rather. 

aliquis, qua, quod et quid, pro. some- 
body, some one. 

aliquot, ind. adj. some, some certain. 
a few. 

aliter, adv. in another wa3 r , other- 
wise. 

alius, a, ud, gen. alius, dat.alii, adj. 
another, other, alii. ..alii, some... 
others. 

alldtus, a, urn, part, of affcro. 

alleclus, a, um, part, of allicio. 

allCvo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {ad et 
livo) to lift up, lighten, mitigate, 
relieve. 

Allia, ac,f. 1. a river of Italy, flow- 
ing into the Tiber. It is now 
the Aia. 

allicio, iccre, exi, ectum, a. 3. {ad et 
lacio) to allure, attract, entice. 

alligo, are, dvi, dtum, a. \.(ad et ligo) 
to bind to. 

alloquor, qui, quutus vel cuius sum, 



Alps, Alpine. Alpini mures, 
marmots, quadrupeds about -the 
size of the rabbit, allied to the 
murine tribe. They inhabit the 
higher regions of the Alps and 
Pyrenees. 

alte, this, tissime, adv. high, high- 
ly- 

alter, era, erurn, adj. one (of two) the 
other. 

alternus, a, um, adj, one after ano- 
ther, alternate. 

Altheae, oj>, f.\. the wife of Oeneus, 
king of Calydon, and mother of 
Meieager. 

allitudo, inis,f. 3. (fr. altus) height. 

altrix, Ids, f. 3. (fr. old) a female 
nourisher, foster-mother, nurse. 

altus, a, um, adj. high, deep, loud ; 
alta voce, with a loud voice ; al- 
tum silentium, profound silence. 

alumnus, i, m. 2. (fr. alo) one who 
is reared up, as a foster child, pu- 
pil, &c. 

alveus, i, m. 2. the channel or bed of 
a river; a ditch, trench. 

alvus, i,f 2. the belly. 

amdrus, a, um, adj. bitter. 

Amazon, onis. f. 3. (fr. a, non, et 
r<i*\s, mamma) an Amazon. Amd- 
zovxs, a nation of female war- 
riors, who established themselves 
in Pontus, along the coast of the 
Euxine. 

ar/ibitio, onis, f. 3. ambition. Fr. 
ambio ; properly a going round, 
canvassing for posts of honour. 

ambitus, us, m. 4. a going round, 
compass, circuit, 

ambo, ae. o, adj. pi. ("Aficpw) both. 
d. 3. (ad et loquor) to speak to, ambnln, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to walk, 
address, accost. walk along. 

alluo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. (ad et luo; dmicilia, ae, f. 1. friendship. 
fr.loio), to wash,) to flow hard amicus, a, um, adj. (fr.amo) friend- 
by or near to, to lave. ly. 
alo, Ire, ui, itum vel turn, a. 3. to amicus, i, m. 2. a friend. -* 



nourish, support, feed. 
Aloeus, i, m. 2. a giant, son of Titan 

and Terra. 
Alpes, iuMjf.pl. 3. the Alps. 



dmitto, ittere, isi, issum, a. 3. (a et 
mitlo) to send away, dismiss ; suf- 
fer to go, lose. 

Amnion et Hammon, onis, m. 3. a 

2 



120 



DICTIONARY. 



name of Jupiter, worshipped in 
Libya, g 

amnis. is, m. 3. a river. 

dmo, arc. t dvi, dtum, a. 1. to love; 
amans anzujus rei, fond of any 
thing. 

dmoenus, a, wm,#4?.pleasant,charm- 
ing, delightful. 

amor, oris, m. 3. love. 

Amphinomus, i, m. 2. and Ana/pus, 
two brothers of Sicily, who, 
when Catana and the neighbour- 
ing cities were in flames by an 
eruption of Aetna, saved their 
parents on their shoulders. They 
received divine honours in Sicily 
after their death, and the place 
of their burial was called Camp 
us piorum. 

Amphlon, onis, m. 3. a son of Jupi- 
ter, who received from Mercury 
the lyre, by the sound of which he 
raised the walls of Thebes. 

ample, adv. amply. 

amplector, cti, xus sum, d. 3. (am. 
about, etplecto) to fold one's sell 
about another, embrace. 

amplio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to in- 
crease, enlarge; i. e. ampliusfa- 
cio. 

amplius, adv. (fr. ample,) more. 

amplus, a, um, adj. great, extensive, 
ample. 

Amulius, i, m. 2. king of Alba, was 
son of Procas, and younger bro- 
ther to Numitor. 

Amyclae, drum, f. pi. 1. a city of 
Laconia in Peloponnesus, south- 
west of Sparta, and in its vicini- 
ty. 

Amjjcus, i, m. 2. a son of Neptune, 
and king of the Bebryces. He 
was slain by Pollux, one of the 
Argonauts. 

an, adv. whether'? wiiether, or, 
else. 

Anacreon, lis, m. a famous lyric poet 
of Teos in Ionia, who flourished 
532 B.C. 

Andpus vel Anapius, i, m. 2. v el 
Anapis, is, 3. see Amphinomus. * 

Anaxagoras, ae, m. 1. a philosopher 
of Clazomenae in Ionia, disciple 
to Anaximenes, and preceptor to 
Euripides and Pericles. 

anceps, ipitis, adj. doubtful. 



Anchises, ae, m. 1. son of Capyt,, 
and father of Aeneas. 

ancilla, ae,f. 1. a maid-servant. 

ancora, ae,f. 1. (HyKvpa) an anchor. 

Ancus, i, m. 2. Martins, the 4th king 
of Rome, was grandson to Numa, 
by his daughter. 

Andriscus, i, m. 2. a worthless per- 
son, called also Pseudophilippus, 
who incited the Macedonians to 
revoio against Rome. 

Andromeda, ae, f. 1. daughter of 
Cepheus, king of Aetniopia, oy 
Cassiope. 

ango, glre, xi, a. 3. to press close, 
afflict, vex, trouble. 

anguis, is, c. 3. a snake. 

angulus, i, m. 2. an angle, corner. 

angustiae,drum,f: 1. a narrow place 
or pass, narrowness. 

angusius, a, um, adj. (fr. ango) nar- 
row, confined. 

anima, ae,f. 1. breath, life, the soul ; 
animam reddere, to give up life ; 
animam recipere, to come to one's 
self again. 

animadverto, tere, ti, sum, a. 3. (i. e. 
verto animum ad) to take notice 
of, attend, observe. 

animal, dlis, n. 3. an animal. - 

animosus, a, ujii, ^'.spirited, coura- 
geous. 

animus, i, m. 2. the mind, disposi- 
tion of the mind, courage, soul, 
purpose or design ; generosus ani- 
mus, generosity ; uno animo, una- 
nimously ; animus mild est, I have 
a mind, am inclined. 

Anio, tnis, m. 3. now the Teverone, 
a river of Italy, flowing through 
the country of Tibur, and falling 
into the river Tiber, about 3 miles 
north of Rome. 

annecto, ectere, exui, exum, a. 3. (ad 
et necto) to join to, attach, an- 
nex. 

annulus, i, m. 2. a ring. 

annumero, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. (ad 
et numerd) to number, count, enu- 
merate. 

annuo, ere, ui, idum, n. 3. (ad et 
nuo) to nod to, assent by a nod, 
assent. 

annus, i, m. 2. a year. 

annuus, a, um, adj. yearly. 

anser, is, m. 3. a goose. 



DICTIONARY. 



121 



ansennus, a, um, adj. of or per- 
taining to a goose; ova, goose 
eggs. 

ante, prep, cum ace. before. 

ante, adv. before : on a former occa- 
sion. 

antea, adv. formerly, afo^ume. 

antecello, ere, ui, a. 2. \ante et cello. 
to drive ; ) to surpass. 

antepono, ponere, posui, posltum, a. 
3. (ante et pond) to place before, 
prefer. 

antequam, adv. before that, before. 

Antiochia, ae, f. 1. now Antakia, a 
city of Syria, on the river Oron- 
tes, about 20 miles from its 
mouth. 

Antiochus, i. m. 2. the name of se- 
veral Syrian kings. 

Antiope, es,f. 1. the mother of Arn- 
phion and Zethus. 

Antipdler, tris, m. 3. a poet of Si- 
don, 
v. antiquus, a, um, adj. old, ancient.— 

Antium. i, n. 2. now Antio, a ma- 
ritime town of Italy, upon a 
promontory 32 miles from Os- 
tia. It was the capital of the 
Volsci. 

Antonius. i, m 2. the name of seve- 
ral Romans. 

antrum, i, n. 2. a cave. 

Apellcs, is m. 3. a celebrated paint- 
er of the is 1 arul of Cos. son of 
Pithius. 

Apenninns. i m. 2. the Apennines 

aper. ri, m. 2 a wild boar, a boar. 

apcrio. ire, ui, turn, a. 4. (ad et pa- 
rio) to open. 

apertus, a, urn. part, of aper io, open- 
ed. 

apex. tcis. m. 3. a top, a summit. 

apis, is. f. 3. a bee. 

Apis, is. m 3 a god of the Egyp- 
tians worshipped under the form 
of an ox. 

Apjllo, inis, m. 3. son of Jupiter 
and Latona. called also Phoe 
bus. 

apparatus. i(S. m. 4. (fr. appdro) a 
preparing, preparation. 

appdreo, ere, ui. Hum, n. 2 (ad et 
pared) to appear; appdret, it is 
apparent. 

appellatus. a, um. part, of appello. 
addressed. 



appello. are, dvi, dtum, o, I. {ad et 
pelld) to call to. '^dil upon, ad- 
dress. 

appends, dere, di, sum* a. 3. (ad et 
pendo) to hang to, to weigh. 

o.ppeto. ere, Ivi et ii, Uum, a. 3. (ad 
et peto) to try to get, aim at, de- 
sire vehemently. 

Appius, i, m. 2. the praenomen of 
an illustrious family at Rome. 

appono, onere, osui. ositum, a. 3. (ad 
etpono) to place near, set before, 
apply to, attach, unite. 

appositus, a, um, part. pass, of ap- 
pono. 

appropinquo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. 
(ad et propinquo) to draw nigh, 
approach. 

apricus, a, um, adj. (Jr. aperid) ex- 
posed to the sun, sunny, clear, 
warm. 

apto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to fit, 
adapt. 

aptus, a, um, part. (Jr. apo vel apio, 
to bind), well suited, fit. 

apud, prep, cum ace. at, close by, 
near, among. 

Apulia, ae,J. 1 . now Puglia,o. coun- 
try of Magna Graecia in Italy, 
lying along the Adriatic. 

aqua, ae, J. 1. water. 

aquaeducius, us, m. 4. an aqueduct. 

aquila, ac,J. 1. an eagle. 

Aquilo, onis, m. 3. the north-wind. 

Aqultdnia, ae, J. La country of 
Gaul, between the Garumna or 
Garonne and Pyrenees. 

Aquitdni, drum, m. pi. 2. the inha- 
bitants of Aquitania. 

dra, ae,J. 1. an altar. 

Arabia, ae,f. 1. a large country of 
Asia, forming a peninsula be- 
tween the Arabian and Persian 
gulls. 

Arabicus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Arabia; Arabicus sinus, the Red 
sea. 

Arabius, a, um, adj. Arabian. 

Arabs, dbis, m. 3. an Arabian. 

arbitror, dri, dtussum, d. 1. to judge, 
think, imagine. 

arbor et arbos, oris, f. 3. a tree. 

area, ae,J. 1. a chest. 

Arcadia, ae, J. 1. a country in the 
middle of Peloponnesus, sur- 
lounded on everv side bv land. 



122 



DICTIONARY. 



Areas, ddis, m. 3. a son of Jupiter 
and Callisto. He reigned in Pe- 
lasgia, called from him Arcadia. 

arceo, ere, ui, a. 2. to keep off, drive 
away; to keep in, restrain. 

areessltus, a, um, part. pass, of ar- 
cesso. 

arcesso, ere, Ivi, Uum, a.S. to call for, 
invite, summon. 

Archimedes, is, m. 3. a famous geo- 
metrician of Syracuse, born B.C. 
287. 

architectus, i, m. 2. an architect. 

Archytas, ae, m. 1. a Pythagorean 
philosopher of Tarentum, and an 
able astronomer and geometri- 
cian. He flourished 400 B. C. 

arete, arelius, arctissime, adv. tight- 

• ly, closely. 

arclus, a, um. adj. confined, close. 

arcus, us, m. 4. a bow, an arch. 

Ardea, ae,f. 1. now Ardia, a town 
of Latium, near the coast, the ca- 
pital of the Rutuli. 

ardeo, dere, si, sum, n. 2. to glow, 
burn, be consumed by fire. 

arduus, a, um, adj. high, steep, dif- 
ficult. 

arena, ae,f. 1. sand. 

arenosus, a, um, adj. sandy. 

Arethusa, ae, f. 1. a fountain in 
Elis, said to force its way under 
the sea and rise again in the is- 
land of Ortygia, near Syracuse 
in Sicily. 

argenlum, i, n. 2. silver. 

Argias, ae, m. 1. the founder of 
Chalcedon. 

Argivi, drum, m. pi. 2. the Argives, 
the inhabitants of Argos and Ar- 
golis in Peloponnesus. 

Argivus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Argos. 

Argonautae, arum, m. pi. 1. a name 
given to those heroes who went 
with Jason on board the ship Ar- 
go to Colchis, 1263 B. C. 

Argos, i, n. 2. et in plur. num. Argi, 
orum, m. 2. the capital of Argolis 
in Peloponnesus. 

arguo, ere,ui, iitum, a. 3. (fr. dpydg, 
white} to make clear, prove ; 
prove another to be guilty, con- 
vict. 

Ariminum, i, n. 2. now Rimini, a 



city of Umbria in Italy, at the 
mouth of the river Ariminus. 

Aristippus, i, m. 2. the elder, a phi- 
losopher of Cyrene, disciple to 
Socrates, and founder of the Cy- 
renaic sect, flourished about 392 
B.C. 

Aristobulus, i, m. 2. a name com- 
mon to some of the high priests 
and kings of Judaea. 

Aristoteles, is, m. 3. a famous phi- 
losopher, born at Stagira, B. C. 
384. 

arma, orum,, n. pi. 2. arms. 

armdtus, a, um, part. pass, ofarmo, 
armed. 

Armenia, ae,f. 1. now Turcomania, 
a large country of Asia, divided 
into Upper and Lower,calledalso 
Major. 

Armenius, a, um, adj. Armenian. 

armentum, i, n. 2. a herd (of large 
cattle). For ai -amentum, fr.aro. 
As useful for ploughing. 

armilla, ae,f. 1. a bracelet. 

armo, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. to arm. 

aro, are, dvi, dtum,, a. 1. {dpou, dpco) 
to plough. 

arreptus, a, um, part. pass, of arri- 
pio. 

arripio, ipere, ipui. epium, a. 3. {ad 
et rdpio) to take by force, seize, 
lay hold of. 

arrogo > are, dvi, "dtum, a. 1. {ad et 
rogo) to claim to one's self, 
claim more than one's right,arro- 
gate. 

ars, tis.f.3. art, occupation, craft. 

Artemisia, ae, /. 1. a queen of Ca- 
ria, wife of Ma us ol us. 

artifez, ids, m, et f. 3. an artist. 

arundo, %nis,f. 3. a reed. 

Aruns, Us, m. 3. a son of Tarquini- 
us Superbus. 

arx, cis,f. 3. {fr. aKpa) a lofty place, 
citadel. 

Ascanius, i, m. 2. a son of Aeneas 
by Creusa. 

aseendo, ere, di, sum, a. 3. See ad- 
seendo. 

Asia. ae,f. 1. one of the three parts 
of the ancient world. 

Asiaticus, i, m. 2. the surname of 
Lucius Corn. Scipio, for his con- 
quests in Asia. 



DICTIONARY. 



123 



Asina, ae, m. 1. a surname of a 
branch of the gens Cornelia. 

asinus, i, m. 2. an ass. 

asper, a, um, adj. rough, rugged, 
harsh. 

aspergo. See adspergo. 

aspernor, dri, dtus, sum, d. 1. (ad et 
zperno) reject, spurn, despise, dis- 
dain. 

aspis, idis, f 3. an asp. 

asstquor, qui, quiitus vel ciitus sum, 
d. 3. (ad et siquor) to come up 
with, reach, gain, procure. 

asservo, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. (ad et 
servo) to watch over, preserve. 

assigno,dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ad et 
signo) to assign, allot 

assisto. See adsisto. 

assurgq, surgire, surrexi, surrectum, 
n. 3. (ad et surgo) to rise, rise up. 

astronomia, ae.f 1. astronomy. 

astidus, a, um, adj. (fr. astus, us, 
craft) crafty, cunning. 

asylum, i, n. 2. (aav\ov) an asylum, 
sanctuary. 

at, conj. but. 

Atalanta, ae, /.La daughter of 
Schoeneus, king of Scyros. 

Athinae, drum, f. pi. 1. the capital 
of Attica, founded 1556 B. C, by 
Cecrops and an Egyptian colony; 
called Athenae ('ASrivai), in ho- 
nour of Minerva, ('Afl^). 

Atktniensis, is, m. 3. an inhabitant 
of Athens. 

Atilius, i, m. 2. a name of Regu- 
lus. 

Atlanticus, a, um, adj. pertaining 
to Atlas ; mare Atlanticum, the 
Atlantic ocean. 

atque, conj. and. 

atrOciler, adv. (atrox)crue]\y , fierce- 
ly. 

Attdlus, i, m. 2. a king of Perga- 
mus. 

attentus, a, um, adj. (fr. attendo) at- 
tentive, diligent. 

attiro, terire, trivi, tritum, a. 3. (ad 
et tiro) to rub against, wear, des- 
troy. 

Atthis, idis, f. 3. a name given to 
Attica from a daughter of Cra- 
naus the 2d, king of Athens. 

Attica, ae,f. 1. a country of Greece. 

Atticus, a, um, adj. Attic, Athenian. 



attingo, tinglre, tigi, tactum, a. 3. 
(ad et tango) to touch, border 
upon, reach, gain. 

attollo, ire, a,. 3. (ad et tollo) to lift 
or raise up. 

attrltus, a, um, part. pass, of atUro. 

auctor, oris, m. 3. an author. 

aucteritas, dtis, f. 3. authority. 

actus, a, um, part. pass, of augeo. 

audacia, ae, f. 1. (fr. audax) cou- 
rage, audacity. 

audax. dcis, adj. (fr. audeo) daring, 
bold. 

audeo, ere, a'usus sum, n. p. 2. to 
dare, adventure. 

audio, Ire, Ivi, Uum, a. 4. to hear, 
hearken. 

auditor, oris, m. 3. a hearer. 

auditus, a, urn, part. pass, of audio. 

auditus, its, m. 4. a hearing, report. 

aufiro. auferre,abstuli, abldtum, irr. 
a. (abs et fero) to carry off, take 
away, remove. 

aufugio, ugire, ugi, ugitum, n. 3. 
(abs etfugio) to flee or run away, 
fly from. 

augendus, a, um, part, of augeo, to 
be increased. 

augeo, ere, xi } ctum, a. 2. to increase, 
enlarge. 

augurium, i, n. 2. (fr. avis et gero) 
divination from the flight and 
singing of birds ; an augury. 

auguste, adv. reverently. 

augustus, a, um, adj. august, vene- 
rable, sacred. 

Augustus, i, m. 2. Octavianus Cae- 
sar, second emperor of Rome, 
was son of Octavius, a senator, 
and Accia. sister to Julius Cae- 
sar. 

Aulis, idis et idos, f. 3. a town of 
Boeotia on the sea-coast, where 
all the Greeks conspired against 
Troy. 

Aulus, i, m. 2. a praenomen com- 
mon among the Romans. 

Aurelius, i, ?n.2. the name of many 
Romans. 

aureus, a, um, adj. golden. 

auriga, ae,' f. 1. a charioteer. 

auris, is,f~3. the ear. 

aurum, i, n. 2. gold. 

auspicium, i, n. 2. (fr. auspex) an 
auspice. 






124 



DICTIONARY. 



ausus, a, um, part, of audeo, having 
dared. 

aut, conj. or ; aut. ..aut, either.. .or. 

autem. conj. but. 

autumnus, i, m. 2. autumn. 

auxilium, i, n. 2. aid, help ; auxilia, 
auxiliaries. 

avdrilia, ae,f. 1, avarice. 

dvdrus, a, um, adj. covetous, avari- 
cious. 

dveho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. {a et veho) 
to carry away. 

dvello, ere, velli, et vulsi, vulsum, a. 
3. (a et vello) to tear or drag 
away. 

Avcntinus, i, m. 2. one of the seven 
hills on which Rome was built ; 
it was not reckoned within the 
precincts of the city till the reign 
of the emperor Claudius. 

dversus, a, um, part. pass, of dverto. 

dverto, tere, ii, sum, a. 3. (« etverto) 
to turn from or away, avert, re- 
move. 

avicula, ae, dim. of avis, f. 1. a small 
bird. 

avidus, a, um, adj. (fr. aveo, to long 
for) eager, desirous, greedy. 

avis, is, f. 3. a bird. 

dvoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. \a et voco) 
to call off or away. 

dvblo, are, dvi, dtum, %.\.{a et volo) 
to fly away. 

avunculus, i, m. 2. a maternal un- 
cle. 

dvus, i, m. 2. a grandfather. 

Axenus, i, m. 2. (afrvos) the ancient 
name of the Euxine. The word 
signifies inhospitable, and was 
highly applicable to the inhabit- 
ants of the coast. 

axis, is, m. 3. an axle, axis. 



B 



Babylon, onis, f. 3. a celebrated 
city, the capital of the Assyrian 
empire, on the banks of the Eu- 
phrates. 

Babylonia, ae, f. 1. a large province 
of Assyria, of which Babylon 
was the capital. 

bacca, ae, f. 1. a berry. 

Bacchus, i. m. 2. the son of Jupiter 
and Semele. the daughter of Cad- 
mus ; the god of wine. 



Bactridna vel Bactria, ae, /. 1. a 
country of Asia, which derived 
its name from the river Bac- 
trus. 

Bactridni, drum, m. pi. 2. the inha- 
bitants of Bactriana. 

Bactridnus, a, um, adj. pertaining 
to Bactria, Bactrian. 

baculum,, i, n. et baculus, i, m. 2. a 
starT, stick. 

Baetis, is, ace. Baetim, abl. Baeti, 
m. 3. now the Guadalquiver, a 
river of Spain, from which a 
part of the country has received 
the name of Baetica. 

Baeticus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
the Baetis ; Baetica provincia, or 
simply Baetica ,- the southern part 
of Hispania Ulterior. 

Bagrdda, ae, m. 1. now Megerda, 
a river of Africa flowing between 
Utica and Carthage. 

ballista, ae,f. \.{fr. (36l\\m, to throw) 
a warlike engine to shoot stones 
or darts with. 

Balticus, a : um, adj. mare Balticum, 
the Baltic sea. 

barbdrus, a. um, adj. barbarous, un- 
civilized; &zr£ari.barbarians ; (not 
Greeks, or, not Romans ) 

Batdvus, a, um, adj. pertaining "to 
Batavia, now Holland. 

beatitudo, inis, f. 3. beatitude, feli- 
city. 

beatus, a, um, adj. {fr. beo, to make 
happy) happy, blessed. 

Bebrycia, ae.f. 1. an ancient name 
of Bithynia, from the Bebryces 
who settled there, after passing 
from Europe. 

Belgae, drum, m. pi. 1. the most 
warlike people of ancient Gaul. 

Belgicus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
the Belgae. 

Bellerophon, tis, m. 3. the son of 
Glaucus, king of Ephyre, con- 
quered the Chimaera. 

bellicosus, a, um, adj. warlike. 

bellicus, a, um, oAj. warlike ; bellica 
laus, military glory. 

belligero, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (bellum 
et gero) to wage war. 

bello. dre t dvi, dtum, n. 1. to wage 
war. 

\bellua, ae,f. 1. a beast, monster. 

\bellum, i. n. 2. war. 



DICTIONARY. 



125 



Belus, i, m. 2. one of the most an- 
cient kings of Babylon. 

bene, adv. comp. melius, sup. optime, 
well j bene pugnare, to light with 
success. 

' benef icium, i, n. 2. a kindness, fa- 
vour, benefit. 

benevolentia, ae,f. 1. good will, be- 

* nevolence. 

benigne, adv. kindly. 

benignus, a: urn, adj. kind, liberal. 

bestia, ae, f. 1. a beast. 

Bestia, ae, m. 1. Calpurnius Bestia, 
a Roman consul. 

bestiola, ae, f. 1. a little beast. 

Bias, anlis, m. 3. one of the seven 
wise men of Greece, son to Teu- 
tamidas, born, at Priene. 

bibliotheca, ae,f. 1. (J3ifi\todfiKT)) a li- 
brary. 

hibo, ere, i. Hum, a. 3. to drink, im- 
bibe ; bibere color em, to take a 
colour. 

Bibulus, i, m. 2. a son of M. Cal- 
purnius Bibulus by Portia, Cato's 
daughter. He was Caesar's col- 
league in the consulship. 

biduurn, i, n. 2. the period of two 
days. 

bini, ae, a, dislr. num. adj. two, two 
by two. 

bip'-s. edis. adj. two-footed. 

Ins, num. adv. twice. 

Bithynia, ae,f. 1. a country of Asia 
Minor, formerly called Bebry- 
cia 

bland itia. ae.f. 1. a complimenting; 
blanditiae, blandishments, Hatte 
ry. 

blandus, a, um, adj. soothing, flatter- 
ing. 

Boeolia.ae.fl. a country of Greece, 
north of Attica. 

bonitas, dtis,f. 3. goodness. 

bonus, a, urn, adj. good ; met tor, bet- 
ter ; optimus, best ; bonum. a good 
thing, good ; bona, goods ; boni, 
upright men. 

Borcdlis, e, adj. northern. 

Boreas, ae, m. 1. the north wind. 

Bonjsthtnes, is, m. 3. a large river 
of Scythia. falling into the Eux- 
ine, now called the Dnieper. 

Borysthenis, idis,f. 3 a town situ- 
ate at the mouth of the Borys- 
thenes. 



bos, bovis. c 3. an ox. a cow. 

Bosphbrus vel Bosporus, i, m. 2. 
Thracius, now the Straits of Con- 
stantinople, which connect the 
Propontis with the Euxine ; 
Cimmerius, now the Straits oj 
Caffd or Theodosia, which con- 
nect the Maeotis Palus with the 
Euxine. 

'brachium, i, n. 2. an arm. 

brevi, adv. {soil, tempore) shortly. 

brevis, e, adj. short. 

brevitas, dtis.f. 3. shortness, brevi- 

I ty. 

Brigantia, ae, f. 1. Brigantiae la- 
cus, a lake of Rhaetia between 
the Alps, now lake of Con- 
stance. 

Britannia, ae,f. 1. Great Britain. 

Britannicus, a, um. adj. pertaining 
to Britain, British. 

Britannus, a, um, adj. British ; Bri- 
tanni, the Britons. 

bruma, ae, f. 1. the shortest day of 
the year, the winter solstice ; win- 
ter. 

Bruttium, i, n. 2. a promontory of 
Italy. 

Bruttii, drum, m. pi. 2. a people in 
the farthest part of Italy. 

Brutus, i, m. 2. the name of a noble 
family at Rome. 

Bucephalus, i, m. 2. a horse of Alex- 
ander's. 

Bncephdlos, i, /. 2. et Bucephdla, ae, 
/.La city of India, on the Hy- 
daspes, built by Alexander in 
honour of his horse. 

buxeus, a, urn. adj. (fr. buzmn) of 
box, of a pale yellow, like box, 

Byzantium, i, n. 2. now Constanti- 
nople, a town situate on the Eu- 
ropean side of the Thracian Bos- 
phorus. 



Cablra. ind. a town of Pontus, on 
the river Iris. 

cacinnen, in is. n. 3. the top or sum- 
mit of any thing. 

Cadmus, i m. 2 the son of Agenor, 
king of Phoenicia. 

eddo. cadi re. ccc'/di. edsum, n. 3. to 
fall ; bcrce, to turn out well ; male t 
ill. 



126 



DICTIONARY. 



caducus, a, urn, adj. ready to fall, 
falling. „ 

Caecilius, i, m. 2. the name of a Ro- 
man family. 

Caecubum, i, to. 2. t?rf Ctocufow W, 
a district in Latium, famous for 
its wines. . . 

Caecubus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Caeeubum. 

caedes, is,f. 3. slaughter. 

caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesum, a. 6, 



Calydonius, a, urn, adj. pertaining 
to Calydon, a city of Aetoha in 
Greece. 

camelus, i, c. 2. a camel. < 

GzmiZte, s m. 2. (L. Funus) a ce- 
lebrated Roman. 

Campania, ae, f. 1. now Campagna 
a country of Italy, south-east of 
Latium. . 

aMnparfra, *, ao> belonging to a 
plain, even, level. 



;- >- fl vni icam^s, i, m. 2. a plain field. 

JaSJSSU of cael^Jcancer, cri,m. 2. a crab. 

graved ; columnae caelatae, nutea 

columns. 
caeZo, are, aw, atom, a, I. to carve, 

engrave, emboss. 
caepe, to. ind. an onion. 
Caepio, otois, m. 3. a surname of one 

of the branches of the Servihan 

family. ~,, 

Caesar, dris, m. 3. a surname of the 

Julian family, 
caeste, fe m. 4. (/r. caedo, to strike) 

a gauntlet, boxing glove. 
c/iesus, a, urn, part. ^ caedo. 
caetera, (etcetera) ae,f. ^«> 
n (in the oblique cases used also 
in the masculine) adj. the rest, 
residue, other. 
caeterum, adv. as for the rest, but 
Cains, i, m. 2. a praenomen very 

common at Rome. 
Oz to, if, »■ 3. son of Boreas, bro- 
ther of Zethes. 
taUrmta h atisJ. 3. calamity, mis 

fortune. , ,_ ... „ 

admits, i,«». 2. areed (for writing 

JriuL, i, » 2. a WltotaArt- 

wKfoew, /<«*«, feet, factum, a,o. 

< jr. cdleo et fade) to make warm. 

calif actus, a, um, part. pass, of cale- 

Jtfio, fieri, f actus sum, pass. irr. 
to be warmed, grow hot. 

calidus, a, urn, adj. w arm - ... 

callUus, a, urn, adj. (Jr. called) skil- 
ful, practised, cratty. 

fjllfctf I ^ Gibraltar,, 
fountain in the south of Spain, 



candidus, a, urn, adj. white. 
ca?i^r, oris, m. 3. sheeny white- 
ness, brightness, splendour, 
cams, is, c. 3. a dog. 
Gmmmw, drum,/, pi. 1- a village of 

Apulia, near the Aufidus. 
Cannensis, e, aoj. pertaining to Can- 
nae. . „ . 
cd?i0, edrocre, cecini, cantum, a. J. io 

sing, sound, blow. 
canthdrus, i, m. 2. a beetle. 
Gwtfwm, i, to. 2. a country in the 
south-eastern extremity oi Bri- 
tain, now called Kent, 
canto, are, dvi, dtum, freq. 1. (jr. 

cdno) to sing often, to sing. 
cantns, us, m. 4. a song ; galli cantos, 

the crowing of the cock. 
cdnus, a, urn, adj. hoary, gray. 
cdpax, acis, adj. {fr. cdpio) contain- 
ing, capacious, 
cctpesso, ere, M?i, ite, to. 3. {Jr. ca- 
pio) to take, undertake, enter up- 
on. r 
cdpiendus, a, urn, part, of capio 
cdpio, cdpere, cepi, captum, a. 6. to 
take, make captive ; take to one s 
self, enjoy. 
cdpitdlis. e, adj. capital, dangerous y 

cavitale odium, deadly hatred. 
cdpitolium, i, to. 2. a celebrated tem- 
ple and citadel at Rome on the 
Mons Capitol in us. 
capra,ae,f. I. a goat. 
captlxus, a, urn, adj. captive. 
captivus, i, m. 2. a prisoner, cap- 
tive. . 1 f fr 
capto, are, avi, dtum, freq. 1. {jr. 
capio,) to catch at ; auguria, to 

osu* '■ -as? *™~ of f sftSM .sr hKf c y 

noble Roman famil}. I <• a r 



DICTIONARY. 



127 



caput, itis, n. 3. a head, life ; capitis castra ponere, to pitch a camp, 

encamp. 

casus, its, m. 4. a falling, accident, 
chance, occurrence. 

CoAabathmus, i,f. 2. {Kara/3 ad ^6?) a 
great declivity separating Cyre- 
naica from Egypt. 

Catdna, ae, /. 1. a town of Sicily, 
at the foot of Mount Aetna. 

Catdnensis, e, adj. pertaining to Ca- 
tana. 

Catienus. i, m. 2. Plotinus, a man 
who burnt himself upon the fu- 
neral pile of his patron. 

Catilina, ae, m. l.JL. Sergius, a no- 
ble Roman, who formed a con- 
spiracy against his country, but 
was baffled in his attempts by Ci- 
cero. 

Cato, onis, m. 3. a surname of the 
Porcian family. 

Catulus, i, m. 2. the name of seve- 
ral distinguished Romans. 

catulus, i, m. 2. a young dog, whelp ; 
the young of other animals. 

Caucasus, i, m. 2. the name of the 
highest and most extensive range 
of mountains in the northern part 
of Asia. 

cauda, ae,f. 1. a tail. 

Caudlnus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Caudium, a town of the Sam- 
nites. See faux vel furcula. 

caula, ae,f."\. a sheep-cote, fold. 

causa, ae, /. 1. a cause, reason ; 
mea causa, on my account ; ali- 
cujus rei causa, on account of a 
thing. 2. a matter in dispute, law- 
suit ; thus, causam Jiabere cum ali- 
quo. 

cautes, is, f. 3. a rugged rock, cliff. 

caveo, cdvere, cdvi, cautum, n. 2. to 
beware, or take heed of; cavere 
ab oMquo, to beware of any one. 

cdverna, ae, /. 1. a hollow place, ca- 
vern. 

cavus, a, um, adj. hollow. 

Cecropia, ae.f. 1. the original name 
of Athens. 

Cecrops, bpis, m. 3. an Egyptian, 
deemed the first founder of 
Athens. 

cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum. n. 3. to 
give place, give way, yield, de- 
part ; loco alicui, to give way to 
any one. 



damnare, to condemn to death ; 

praecipua capita, the chief points. 

2. a chief city. 
carbonarius, i, m. 2. a collier. 
career, iris, m. 3. a prison. 
cardo, inis, m. 3. a hinge, 
careo, ere, ui, itum, {cum ablativo) 

to be without, want. 
Cares, ium, m. pi. 3. the inhabit- 
ants of Caria, anciently called 

Leleges. 
Caria, ae, f. 1. a country of Asia 

Minor, south of Lydia. 
carica, ae,f. 1. a fig. 
carmen, inis, n. 3. a verse, song, 

poem. 
Carneddes, is, on. 3. a philosopher 

of Cyrene in Africa. 
xaro, nis,f. 3. the flesh of animals. 
carpentum, i, n. 2. a kind of carriage, 

chariot, wagon. 
Varpitdni, drum, m. pi. 2. a people 

of Spain. 
carpo, pere, psi, plum, a. 3. to gather, 

pluck, tear. 
Carrae, drum, f. pi. 1. a very an- 
cient townof Mesopotamia,south- 

east of Edessa. 
Cartkaginiensis, e, adj. pertaining to 

Carthage. 
Carthago, inis, f. 3. a celebrated 

city of Africa. 
cdrus, a, um, adj. dear, precious, 

costly. 
edsa, ae, /. 1. a cottage or cabin, 

hut. 
Casca, ae, m. 1. one of Caesar's 

assassins, who gave him the first 

blow. 
edseus, i, m. 2, cheese. 
Cassander, dri, m. 2. a Macedonian, 

son of Antipater. 
Cassiope,es,f. 1. married* Cepheus, 

king of Aethiopia, by whom she 

had Andromeda. 
Cassius, i, m. 2. the name of many 

Romans. 
Castalius, a, um, adj. of Castalia, a 

fountain of Parnassus in Phocis, 

sacred to the Muses. 
castigdtus, a, um, part, of castlgo. 
cast.lgo, are, dvi, dtum t a.l.to chas- 
tise, punish. 
caslrum, i, n. 2. a castle, fort ; cas- 
tra, drum, a camp, encampment ; 
PART I. M 



128 



DICTIONARY. 



celeber, bris, e, adj. frequented, much 
resorted to, famous. 

celebrdtus, a, urn, part, of celebro. 

celebritas, dtis,f. 3. celebrity, fame. 

celebro, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. to fre- 
quent, resort to, celebrate. 

celeritas, dtis, f. 3. swiftness, quick- 
ness, speed. 

celeriter, ius, rime, adv. speedily. 

Celeus, i, m. 2. a king of Eleusis, 
father to Triptolemus. 

Clio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to hide, 
conceal. 

CeUae, drum, m. pi. h a name given 
to a part of the Gauls, whose 
coun try, called GalliaCeltica,was 
situate between the rivers Sequa- 
na and Garumna. 

censeo, ere, ui, um vel Hum, a. 2. to 
count, reckon ; thus, censere in- 
ter, to count or enrol among ; 
hence, 2. to estimate, judge, 
think. 

Censorinus, i, m. 2. a Roman gene- 
ral, sent against the Carinagini- 



ans. 



eensorius, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
the censor ; so eensorius (vir), one 
who has been a censor. 

census, us, m. 4. a valuation of 
every man's estate, a rating, tax- 
ing. 

centeni, ae, a, distr. num. adj. every 
hundred. 

centesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. the 
hundredth. 

centies, num. adv. a hundred times. 

centum, ind. num. adj. pi. a hun- 
dred. 

centurio, onis, m. 3. a centurion. 

Cephallenia, ae,f.\. now Cefalonia, 
an island in the Ionian sea, be- 
low Corcyra. 

cera, ae,f. 1. wax. 

Cerberus, i, m. 2. a dog of Pluto, 
with 50 heads according to He- 
siod, and three according to 
others ; he was stationed, as a 
keeper, at the entrance to the in- 
fernal regions. 

Cercasum, i, n. 2. a town of Egypt. 

Ceres, Iris, f. 3. the goddess of corn 
and harvests. 

cerno, cernere, crevi, cretum, a. 3. to 
distinguish, see, descry, 

certdmen, xnis, n. 3. a eontest^strife. 



certe, ius, issime, adv. certainly, as- 
suredly. 

certo, are, dvi, dtum, a. et n. 1. to 
contend, strive, fight. 

certus, a, um, adj. established, sure, 
certain. 

cerva, ae,f. 1. a hind. 

cervinus,' a, um, adj. of a stag or 
hart. 

cervix, lcis,f. 3. the neck. 

cervus, i, m. 2. a stag. 

cessdtor, oris, m. 3. a loiterer, lin- 
gerer, idler. 

cesso, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to give 
over, intermit, cease. 

ceteri, ae, a. See caeteri. 

ceterum.. See caeterum. 

cetum, i, n. 2. any large sea-fish, a 
whale. 

Ceyx, yds, m. 3. a king of Trachi- 
nia, husband of Alcyone. 

Chalcedon, onis, f. 3. now Kadi- 
Keni, an ancient city of Bithynia,. 
opposite Byzantium. 

Chaldatcus, a, um, adj. of Chaldaea, 
a country of Asia, between the 
Euphrates and Tigris. 

charta, ae,f. 1. paper. 

Chersiphron, onis, m. 3. a builder of 
the temple at Ephesus. 

Chersonesus, i, f. 2. (x e ?™ vr i uo s) a 
peninsula. 

Chilo, onis, m. 3. a Spartan philoso- 
pher, who has been called one of 
the seven wise men of Greece. 

cibus, i, m. 2. food. **^ 

cicatrix, ids, f. 3. a scar, wound. 

Cicero, onis, m. 3. a native of Ar- 
pinum, son of a Roman knight, 
one of the most celebrated of the 
ancient orators. 

ciconia, ae,f. 1. a stork. 

Cilicia, ae,f. 1. a country of Asia 
Minor, en the coast of the Medi- 
terranean. 

Cimbri, drum, m. pi. 2. a people of 
Germany, who occupied the 
Chersonesus Cimbrica, or mo- 
dern Jutland. 

ductus, a, um, part, of cingo. 

Cineas, ae, m. 1. a Thessalian, mi- 
nister and friend of Pyrrhus,king 
of Epirus. 

cingo, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to gird, 
encompass, surround. 

cinis, eris, m. 3. ashes. 



DICTIONARY. 



129 



Cinna, ae, m. . L. Cornelius, a par 
tisan of Marius, during the civil 
wars between him and Sylla. 
cinndmum, i, n. 2. cinnamon. 
circa, prep, cum ace. about, around, 

in the neighbourhood of. . 
circuitus, its, m. 4. a going around. 

circuit. 
circumddtus, a, urn, part, of circum- 

do. 
circumdo, dare, dedi, datum, a. 1. 
(circum et do) to put or set around, 
surround, encompass. 

circumeo, Ire. Ivi, et ii, itum, irr. n. 
(circum et eo). 

circumfluo, ere, xi, xum, n. 3. to flow 
round or about. 

circumjdceo, ere, ui, n. 2. {circum 
etjaceo.) to lie about, border up- 
on. 

circumsto, stare, steti, n. 1. (circum 
et sto) to stand round, beset. 

circumvenio, enire, eni,entum, a. 4 
(circum etvenio) to surround, cir- 
cumvent, defraud. 

circumventus, a, urn, part, of circum- 
venio. 

Ciris, is, f. 3. (fr. Keipw, to cut) a 
name of Scylla, daughter of Ni 
sus, king of Megara. It means 
a lark, into which she was chang 
ed. 

Cisalpinus, a, urn,, adj. (i. e. qui cis 
Alpes est) on this side of the Alps 
(with reference to Rome), Cisal 
pine. 

cista, ae,f. 1. a basket of osiers, a 
chest. 

citdtus, a, um, part, et adj. stirred 
up, hurried, swift. 

Cithaeron, onis, m. 3. a mountain of 
Boeotia. 

cito. tius, tissime, adv. quickly. 

citra, prep, cum ace. et adv. on this 
side. 

citus, a, um, adj. quickly. 

civicus, a, um, adj. (fr.civis) relat- 
ing to a citizen ; corona civica, a 
civic crown. 

civilis, e, adj. of a citizen, civil. 

clvis, is, c. 3. a citizen. 

civitas, dtis, f. 3. a city, a state, a 
constitution, the right of citizen- 
ship. 

cladeSj is, f. 3. overthrow, destruc- 
tion, disaster. 



clam, adv. secretly ; (pr. cum ace. et 

abl.) without the knowledge of. 
clamo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to cry 

out or aloud, to call on. 
clamor ■, oris, m. 3. a loud voice, cry, 
shout. 

clandestinus, a, um, adj. secret, hid- 
den. 
claritas, dtis,f. 3. brightness, fame. 

cldrus, a, um, adj. clear, loud, re- 
nowned. 
Claudius, i, m. 2. the name of an 
illustrious patrician family at 
Rome. 

claudo, dere, si, sum, a. 3. to shut, 
close. 

claudus, a, um, adj. lame, limping. 

clausus, a, um, part, of claudo 

clavus, i, m. 2. a nail. 

clemens, tis, adj. mild, merciful. 

dementia, ae,f. 1. mildness, mercy, 
clemency. 

Cleopatra, ae.f. 1. a queen of Egypt, 
daughter of Ptolemy Auletes. 

cloaca, ae, f. 1. a common sewer, 
sink. 

Cluentius, i, m. 2. a Roman citizen, 
of the family of the Cluentii. 

Clusium, i, n. 2. now Chiusi, a town 
of Etruria, on the banks of the 
Clanis. 

clypeus, i, m. 2. a shield. 

Cneius, i, m. 2. a praenomen com- 
mon among the Romans. 

coactus, a, um, part, of cogo. 

coccyx, ygis, m. 3. a cuckoo. 

Codes, itis, m. 3. Pub. Horatius, a 
Roman famed for his valour. 

coctilis, e, adj. dried, burnt ; lalercu- 
lus, brick. 

coctus, a, um, part, of coquo. 

coelum, i, n. 2. et in plural num. coe- 
li, drum, m. 2. heaven, the cli- 
mate. 

coena, ae,f. 1. supper. 

coepi,coepisse, def.pret. I begin, have 
begun, or taken in hand. 

coeptus, a, um, part, of coepi, begun. 

coerceo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. (con et ar- 
ced) to keep in, confine, restrain, 
check, control. 

cogitdtio, 6nis,f. 3. a thought, deli- 
beration. 

cogitdtum, i, n. 2. a thought. 

cogitfyare, dvi, dMm, a. 1. (for coa- 
gito)\o think. 



130 



DICTIONARY. 



cognitus, a, um, part, of cognosco,' comedendus, a, um, part, of comedo, 
known. comedo, cdere, edi, isum, a. 3. {con ei 

cognomen, inis, n. 3. a surname. edo) to eat up. 

cognosco, oscere, ovi, Uum, a.S. (con, comes, itis, c. 3. a companion. 
et nosco) to know, learn , deter- comissor, dri, dtus sum, d.l. to go 



mine judicially ; de causa, to de 
cide a cause. 

cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum, a.3.(con 
et ago) to lead together, collect, 
compel, constrain ; cogere agmen, 
to bring up the rear. 

cohaereo, rere, si, sum, n. 2. {con et 
haered) to hang together, be unit- 
ed to. 

cohibeo, ere, ui, Uum, a. 2. (con et 
kdbeo) to hold, hold in, restrain. 

cohors, tis, f. 3. a cohort, the tenth 
part of a legion. 

Colchis, idis,f. 3. now Mingrelia, a 
country of Asia, east of the Eux- 
ine sea. 

colldbor, hi, psus sum, d. 3. (con et 
labor) to fall down, give way. 

colldre, is, n. 3. a collar, a kind of 
band for the neck 

Cottatinus, i, m. 2. L. Tarquinius, 
a nephew of Tarquin the Proud, 
husband of Lucretia. 

collectus, a, um, part, of colligo. 

collega, ae, m. 1. a colleague. 

collegium, i, n. 2. a college, society 

colligo, igere, egi, ectum, a. 3. (con 
et lego) to gather together, col 
Ject. 

collis, is, m. a hill. 

collbcdtus, a, um, part, of colloco. 

colloco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (con et 
loco) to place, settle. 

colloquium,!, n. 2. conversation, con- 
ference. 

colloquor, qui, quutus vel cuius sum, 
d. 3. (con et loquor) to speak w 7 ith 
one, converse. 

collum, i, n. 2. the neck. 

cola, colere, colui, cultum, a. 3. to cul- 
tivate, look up to with respect, 
honour, inhabit. 

colonia, ae,f. 1. a colony. 

coldnus, i, m. 2. a colonist. 

color, oris, m. 3. a colour. 

columba, ae,f. 1. a dove, pigeon. 

columbdre, is, n. 3. a dove-cot. 

columna, ae,f. 1. a column. 

combiiro, urere, ussi, uslum, a. 3 (for 
comuro, con et uro) to burn, con- 
sume. 



to a feast, to go to. 

comitor, dri, dtus sum, d.\. to ac- 
company, follow. 

commembro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
(con et membro) to make mention 
of. 

commendo, are, dvi, dtum, a, 1. (can, 
et mando) to commit to one's 
charge, commend. 

commeo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (con et 
meo) to go, pass, go together. 

commercium, i, n. 2. commerce, traf- 
fic. 

commigro, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (con 
et migro) to migrate. 

comminuo, utre, ui, utum, a. 3. (con 
et minuo) to break in pieces, 
bruise, lessen. 

comminutus, a, um, part, of commi- 
nuo. 

commissus, a, um, part, of committo. 

committo, ittere, isi, issum, a. 3. {con 
et mitto) to join together, com- 
mit, consign; pugnam, to join 
battle ; crimen, to commit a 
crime. 

commbditas, dtis,f. 3. aptness, con- 
venience. 

commbdum, i, n. 2. profit, advan- 
tage. 

commbrior, mbri, mortuus sum, d. 3. 
(con et morior) to die along with. 

commbror, dri, dtus sum, d. I. (conet 
mbror) to abide, stay, tarry. 

commotus, a. um, part, of commbveo. 

commbveo, bvere, ovi, dtum, a. 2. 
(con et mbveo) to move together, 
move, stir ; bellum, to begin a 
war. 

communico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. 
communis) to share with one, im- 
part, communicate. 



communis, e, adj. common. 
nioedi 
medy 



comoedia, ae 



aai. c 



(xiompSia) a CO- 



compdratus, a,um,part. of compdro. 

compdro, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. {con 
et pdro) to compare, acquire, pro- 
cure. 

compello, pellere, puli, pulsum, a. 3. 
(con et pcllo) to drive together, 



DICTIONARY. 



131 



in fugam, 10 put concurro, cur-fere, curri el cucurri, 
cur sum, n. 3. [con et curro) to run 



together ; meet. 



drive, compel 

to flight. 
compenso, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (conet 

penso) to weigh one thing against concussus, a, um, part, of conditio. 

another, compensate. \concutio, tere, ssi, ssum, a. 3. (con, 

comperio, erlre, eri, ertum, a. 4. (com et auatio) to shake, agitate, dis- 

et pdrio.) to find out, discover, quiet. 

learn. \cmidendus, a, um, part, of con do. 

zomplector, cii, xus, sum. d. 3. (con et conditio, onis.f 3. a state, situation, 



plecto) to embrace, to take hold of; 
complecti arnore, to love. 



condition ; stipulation, terms of 



scmpdno,6nere,dsui,dsitum,a.'5.(con i conditus, a,, um, part, of condo. 
et pono) to put together, compose, condo, ere, idi, ttum, a. 3. (con et do) 



perform 
zompositus, a, um, part, of compono. 
zomprehendendMS, #, um.part. of com- 

prehendo, to be seized. 
comprehendo, dere, di, sum, a. 3. (con 
et prehendo) to lay hold of, com- 
prehend. 

zomprehensus, a, um, part, of com- 
prehendo. 

compulsus, a, um. part, of compello. 

condtus, a, um, part, of conor. 

concedo, dere, ssi, ssum, a. 3 (conet 
cedo) to yield, concede, allow. 

conceptus, a, um, part, of concipio. 

concessus, a, um, part, of concedo. 

concha, ae,f. 1. a shell-fish, a shell. 

conchylium, i, n. 2. a shell-fish. 

concilio, are, dvi. dtum, a. 1. to unite, 
join together, conciliate, gain 
over, reconcile ; conciliare sibi, to 
acquire for one's self. 

concinnus, a, um, adj. well-adjusted, 
elegant, agreeable. 

concio, onis.f. 3. an assembly,a meet- 
ing of the people. 

concipio, ipere, epi, eptum, a,. 3. (con 
et cdpio) to conceive, draw up. 

concito, are, dvi, dium,freq. a. I. (con 
et cito) to stir up, rouse to action, 
excite. 

conclto r, oris, m. 3. one who rouses 
or stirs up, an exciter. 

concoquo, quire, xi, ctum, a. 3. (con 
et cbquo) to boil, digest, concoct. 

Concordia, ae,'f. I. union in (corde) 
heart or mind, unanimity, con- 
cord. 

concredo, ere, idi, ttum, a. 3. (con et 
credo) to consign, confide, en- 
trust. 

concremo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (con el 
cremo) to burn with, consume by 
fire. 

m2 



to lay or treasure up, hide ; to 
lay together (as bricks in build- 
ing), construct, found. 

conduco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (con et 
duco) to hire, bargain for, 

confectus, a, um, part, of conficio. 

confer o,ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a. (con 
etfero) to carry or bring together, 
collect; se conferre, to betake 
one's self, go. 

conficio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. (con 
etfdcio) to do thoroughly, finish, 
complete ; do up, destroy ; senec- 
tute, to weaken, exhaust; plagis, 
to beat severely ; helium, to ter- 
minate a war. 

corifido, fidere, fisus sum, n. p. 3. 
to trust, put confidence in. 

confldtus, a, um, part, of conflo. 

conjligo, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (con et 
fligo) to dash one thing against 
another, contend, engage. 

conflo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (conetflo) 
to blow together, melt together, 
compose, unite. 

confluo, ere, xi, xum, n. 3. (con et 
fluo) to flow together, flock, 
crowd. 

confodi, odere, odi, ossum, a. 3. (can 
et fbdio) to dig, pierce, stab. 

confossus, a, um, part, of confodio. 

confugio, ugere, ugi, ugitum, n. 3. 
(conet fugio) to flee to, take refug^ 
with, have recourse to. 

congero, rere, ssi, stum, a. 3. (con et 
giro) to carry together, heap up, 
accumulate. 

congridior, edi, gressus sum, d. 3. 
(con et gredior) to go together, join 
battle, encounter. 

congregdtus, a, um, part, of congre- 

go. 
congrego, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (con 



132 



DICTIONARY, 



et grex) to collect together, as- ? 
semble. 

conjectus, a, um, part, of conjicio. 

conjicio, ictre, tci, ectum, a.' 3. {con 
etjacio) to throw together, conjec- 
ture. 

conjugium, i, n. 2. marriage, wed- 
lock. 

conjunctus, a, um, part, of conjungo. 

conjungo, gere. xi, ctum, a. 3. {con et 
jungo) to join together, unite. 

conjurdtus, a, um, part, of conjuro'. 

conjuro, are dvi, dtum, a. 1. {con et 
jitro) to swear together, league 
together, conspire. 

conjux or unx, ugis, c. 3. a hus- 
band, wife. Fr. jugo or jungo. 
to couple. 

conor , art, dtus, sum, d. 1. to strive, 
endeavour, attempt. 

conqueror, ri, stus sum, d. 3. {con et 
queror) to complain, bewail, la- 
ment. 

conscendo, dere, di, sum,, a. 3. {con 
et scando) to climb up, mount, as- 
cend. 

conscensus, a.um, part, of conscendo. 

consciev,tia,ae.f. 1. joint knowledge, 
conscience. 

conscisco. isclre, Ivi, Hum, a. 3. {con 
et scisco) to execute, put in execu- 
tion ; mortem sibi consciscere, to 
lay violent hands on one's self. 

conscius, a, um, adj. conscious, privy 
to. 

consecro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {con et 
sacro) to consecrate, dedicate. 

ccmsenesco, escere, ui, inc. 3. {con et 
senesco) to grow old. 

consentio, tire, si, sum, n. 4. {con et 
sentio) to be of the same opinion, 
agree, unite. 

consequor, qui, quutus vel cuius sum. 
d. 3. (con et sequor) to procure, 
obtain. 

consequutus or cutus, a, um : part, of 
consequor. 

consero, erere, erui, ertum, a. 3. {con 
et sero) to join. 

conservo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (con et 
servo) to preserve, protect. 

consideo, idere. edi, essum, n. 2. (con 
et sedeo) to sit together. 

consido, Idere. edi, essum, n. 3. {con 
et sldo) to sit down together, en- 
camp. 



consilium, i } n. 2. counsel, a plan, 
purpose, council ; eo consilio, ut, 
with the intention of, to the end 
that. 

consisto, sistere, stiti, n. 3. {con e\ 
sisto) to stand firmly, stand, con 
sist. 

consolor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. (con ei 
solor) to console, comfort, solace 

conspectus, a, um, part, of conspicio 

conspectus, iis, m. 4. a sight ; in con- 
spectu, in the sight. 

co7ispicdtus,a,um, part, of conspicor. 

conspicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. 3. {con 
et specio) to behold, observe. 

conspicor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to be- 
hold. 

cojispicuus, a, um, adj. conspicuous, 
illustrious. 

conistans, tis, adj. firm, steady. 

constxtuo, uere, ui, idum, a. 3. {con 
et stdtuo) to set up, appoint, es- 
tablish. • * 

constitutus, a, um,part. of constituo. 

consto, stare, stiti, stdtum, n. 1. to 
consist of; magno, to be dear; 
constat, imp. it is certain, evident, 
known. 

conslruo, ere, xi, ctum,, a. 3. (con et 
struo) to put together, construct, 
build, pile up. 

consuesco, escere, tvi, etum, n. 3. (con 
et suesco) to be accustomed or 
used to, to be in the habit of. 

consuetudoj inis,f. 3. custom, usage, 
habit. 

consul, ulis, m. 3. a consul. 

consuldris, e, adj. pertaining to the 
consul ; (vir), one who has held 
the consulship. 

consuldtus, its, m. 4. the consulship. 

consulo, ere, ui, turn, a. 3. to consult, 
deliberate. 

consulto, are, dvi, dtum, freq. 1. to 
ask advice, consult, deliberate. 

consiimo, umere, umsi et umpsi, um- 
turn et umptum, a. 3. {con et siivw) 
to destroy, consume, waste. 

consumtus, vel ptns, a, um, part, of 
consumo. 

contdgiosus, a, um, adj. contagious. 

contemnendus, a, um, part, of con- 
temno. 

contemno, nere, si vel psi, turn vel 
ptum, a. 3. (con et temno) to un- 
dervalue, contemn, despise. 



DICTIONARY. 



133 



contempldtus, a, um, part, of conlem- 
plor. 

contemplor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to 
view steadfastly, observe, con- 
template. 

contemtim et ptim, adv. contemptu- 
ously, scornfully. 

contemtus vel ptus, a, um, part, of 
contemno. 

contemtus vel ptus, s. m. 4. contempt, 
scorn. 

contendo, dire, di, sum or turn, a. et 
n. 3. to contend, engage, solicit, 
ask ; ad aliquem, to go to some 
one. 

contentio, 6nis,f. 3. a straining; ef- 
fort, exertion, contention. 

contentus, a, urn, adj. content, satis- 
fied. 

outer o,ter ere, trivi, trltum, a. 3. {con 
et tiro) to break or bruise small, 
wear out. 

continent, tis.part. et adj. adjoining, 
adjacent ; continued, successive ; 
temperate. 2./. 3. the continent, 
main land. 

contineo, inere, inui, entum, a. 2.(con 
et tlneo) to hold together, contain, 
comprehend. 

contingo, tinglre, tlgi, tactum, a. 3. 
{con et tingo) to touch ; contingit 
{imp.) mihi, it happens to me, I 
have the fortune. 

continuus, a, um, adj. continual, con- 
tinued, following in close succes- 
sion. 

contra, prep, cum ace. right opposite 
to, against; adv. on the other 
hand. 

contractus, a, um, part, of contraho. 

contradlco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {con- 
tra et dico) to speak against, con- 
tradict. 

contradlctus, a^ um, part, of contra- 
di-co. 

contraho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. {con 
et trdho) to draw together, collect, 
contract. 

contrcrius, a, um, adj. opposite, con- 
trary. 

contueor, eri, itus sum, d. 2. {con et 
tueor) to gaze upon, behold, sur- 
vey. 

contundo, tundlre, tudi, tusum, a. 3. 
(con et tundo) to break, strike, 
bruise, crush. 



contusus, a, um, part, of contundo. 

convalesco, escere, ui, n. 3. {con et 
valesco) to grow strong, return to 
a state of health, recover. 

convlnio, enlre, eni, entum, n. A.(con 
et vlnio) to come together, meet. 

converto, tere, ti, sum, a. 3. {con et 
verto) to turn, convert, change ; 
in usum suum converter e, to apply 
to his own use ; apply, to ; conver- 
. tere se in preces, to have recourse 
to entreaties : converti infugam, 
to fly. 

conversus, a, um, pa.rt. of converto. 

convicium, i, n. 2. loud noise, abuse, 
reproof. 

covlvium, i, n. 2. a banquet, enter- 
tainment. 

convoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {con et 
voco) to call together. 

convolvo, vlre, vi, utnm, a. 3. {con et 
vclvo) to roll together ; cpnvolvi, 
to roll one's self together. 

cooperio, ire, ui, turn, a. 4. (con et 
pdrio) to cover. 

copia, ae, f. 1. plenty, abundance, 
a swarm, multitude;*^, copiae, 
troops, forces. 

copiose, adv. plentifully, abundant- 
ly. 

coquo, quire, xi, ctum, a. 3. to boil, 
bake. « 

coquus, i, m. 2. a cook. 

cor, dis, n. 3. the heart. 

coram, prep, cum abl. in the presence 
of, before ; adv. face to face, open- 
ly- 

Corcyra, ae, f. 2. now Corfu, an isl- 
and in the Ionian sea, on the 
coast of Epirus. 

Corinthius, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Corinth, Corinthian. 

Corinthus, i.f. 2. an ancient city of 
Greece, now called Corito, on the. 
isthmus of Corinth. 

Coriolanus, i, m. 2. the surname of 
C. Marcius, from his victory over 
Corioli. 

Coribli, drum, m. pi. 2. a town of 
Latiurn, on the borders of the 
Volsci. 

corium, i, n. 2. the skin or hide of a 
beast. 

Cornelia, ae,f. 1. a Roman lady. 

Cornelius, i, m. 2. 'the name of an 
illustrious family at Rome. 



134 



DICTIONARY. 



cornix, icis,f. 3. a crow. 
cornu, u, n. 4. a horn. 
corona, ae,f. 1. a crown. 
corpus, oris, n. 3. a body 5 corpse. 
correptus, a, torn, part, of corripio. 
corrigo, igere, exi, ectum, a. 3. (con 



credo, dcre, didi,ditum,a. 3.to credit, 

believe, trust. 
credulus, a, um, adj. easy of belief, 
I credulous. 
'Cremera, ae, /. 1. a small river of 

Tuscany, falling into the Tiber. 



et rego) to make straight, make cremo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to burn, 

better. set on fire. 

corripio, ipere, ipui, eptum, a. 3.(con creo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to make, 

et rapid) to lay hold of hastily,! create, appoint, elect. 

seize. \cresco, escere, evi, etum, n. 3. to in- 

corrodo, dcre, si, sum, a. 3. {con et\ crease, grow. 



rodo) to gnaw. 

corrosus, a, um, part, of corrodo 

corrumpo, umpere, upi, upturn, a. 3. 
(con et rumpo) to waste, injure, 
corrupt, bribe. 

corruo, uere, ui, n. 3. (con et ruo) to 
fall together, go to ruin, decay. 

corruptus, a, um, part, of corrumpo 

Corsica, ae, f. 1. an island in the 
Mediterranean, north of Sardi- 
nia. 

coruscus, a, um, adj. glittering, shin- 
ing, bright. 

Corvinus, i, m. 2. a name given to 
M. Valerius. 

corvus, i, m. 2. a raven. 

Corycius, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Corycus, a town and promontory 
of Cilicia Campestris ; antrum 
Corycium,th.e Corycian cave near 
the town 

Cos. an abridgment for Consul and 
Consulem 

Coss. an abridgment for Consules 
and Consulibus. 

Cotta, ae, m. 1. the surname of a fa 
mily which belonged to the gens 
Aurelia. 

crambe, es,f. 1. a sort of cabbage or 
cole wort, 

crassus, a,, um, adj. thick, coarse. 

Crassus, i, m. 2. the surname of a 
family belonging to the gens Li- 
cinia. 

crdier, tris, m. 3. (/cparfy?) a bowl, 
goblet ; the basin, crater, or hol- 
low on the top of a volcano. 

Crates, is, m. 3. a philosopher of 
Thebes in Boeotia,disciple of Di- 
ogenes the Cynic. 

credtus, a, um, part, of creo. 

creber, bra, brum, adj. thick, close, 
frequent. 

crebro, adv. frequently. 



Creta, ae,f. 1. now Candia, one of 
the largest islands of the Mediter- 
ranean sea, at the south of all the 
Cyclades. 

Cretensis, e,adj. pertaining to Crete, 
Cretan. 

crimen, inis, n. 3. charge, accusa- 
tion, a crime. 

crinis, is, m. 3. the hair. 

Crixus, i, m. 3. a leader of gladia- 
tors. 

crocodllus, i, m. 2. a crocodile. 

crucidtus, a, um, part, of crucio. 



crucidPus, us, m. 



4. torment, tor- 



ture. 

crucio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to tor- 
tu re, afflict. Fr. the tortures (cru- 
cis) of the cross. 

crudelis, e,adj. savage, cruel. 

crudeliter, adv. cruelly. 

crudus, a, um, adj. raw, rough, 
rude. 

cruentus, a, um. adj. bloody. 

cruor, oris, m. 3. blood, gore. 

crus, uris, n. 3. the leg. 

crux, ucis,f. 3. a cross. 

cubilmn, i, n. 2. et cubitus, i, m. 2. 
the arm below the elbow, the el- 
bow. 

culex, ids, m. 3. a gnat. 

culpa, ae, f. 1. a fault, offence; 
blame. 

culpo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to blame. 

cultellus, i, m. 2. a knife. 

cultus, a, um, part, of colo. 

cum, prep, cumabl. with ; adv.wh.en 
cum. ..turn... both.. .and. In compo- 
sition cum increases the force ot 
the simple word. 

cunctdtio, 6nis,f. 3. delay, a linger- 
ing, hesitation. 

cuniculus, i, m. 2. a rabbit. 

cupiditas, dtis, /. 3. a desire eager- 
ness. 



DICTIONARY. 



135 



cupldo, $nis, f. 3. desire 
cupidus. a, um, adj. desirous 



Cyllene, es,f. 1. a mountain of Ar- 
cadia. 



cupio, ere Ivi, et ii, itum, a. 3. to cymba,, ae.f. 1. a boat. 



desire. 

cur, adv. why 7 for what reason 1 
cura, ae,f. 1. care, solicitude, anx- 
iety. 
Cures, ium, f. pi. 3. a town of the 



cymbdlum. i, n. 2. a cymbal, hollow 
musical instrument of brass. 

Cynicus, i, m. 2. a Cynic, one of the 
Cynici, a sect of philosophers 
founded bv Antisthenes. 



Sabines, of which Tatius w&s^Cynocephdlae, drum, f. pi. 1. emi- 
king. The inhabitants, called: nences in Thessaly. 
Quirites, were carried to Rome. \Cynocephdli, drum, m. pi. 2. a na- 
curia, ae, f. 1. a curia, one of the tion in India, who have the head 
thirty parts into which Romulus of a dog, according to some tra- 



divided the Roman people ; a 
place of meeting, the senate- 
house. 

Curiatii, drum, m. pi. 2. a family of 
Alba, Carried to Rome by Tullus 
Hostilius, and entered among the 
patricians. The three Curiatii, 
who engaged the Horatii, were 
of this family. 

euro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to take 
care of, attend to, be concerned 
about. 

curro, currere, cucurri, cur sum, n. 3. 
to run. 

currus, us, m. 3. a chariot. 

Cursor, oris, m. 3. L. Papirius, an 
illustrious citizen of Rome. 

cursus, us, m. 4. the act of running, 
running ; a course. 

curvus, a, um, adj. curved, crook- 
ed. 

custodia, ae, f. 1. the act of keep- 
ing, a guard, guard-house, pri- 
son. 

custodio, Ire, Ivi, Itum, a. 4. to 
guard. 

~ustos, odis, m. 3. a guard, keep- 
er. 

cutis, is,f. 3. the skin. 

cyaneus, a, um, adj. (waves') of a 
bright blue, azure. 

Cyclddes, um, f. pi. 3. a name given 
to certain islands of the Aegaean 
sea, that surround Delos, as withldamnosus, a, um, adj. hurtful, pre- 
a circle (xvKUg). judicial, injurious. 

Cyclopes, um, m. pi. 3. a race of Danans, i, ni. 2. a son of Belus and 



ditions ; probably a species of 

baboons. 
Cynocephalus, i, m. an Egyptian 

deity. 
Cynossema, dtis, n. 3. a promontory 

of the Thracian Chersonesus. 
Cynthus, i, m. 2. a mountain of 

Delos. 
Cyren-aeits, a, um, adj. pertaining to 

Cyrene. 
Cyrenaica, ae, f. 1. a country of 

Africa, east of the Syrtis Minor. 

It corresponds with the modern 

Barca. 
Cyrene, es, el Cyrenae, drum, f. I. 

the capital of Cyrenaica. 
Cyrencnsis, e, adj. pertaining to 

Cyrene. 
Cyrnus, i, m. 2. (Kvpvos) a name of 

Corsica. 
Cyrus, i, m. 2. a king of Persia. 
Cyzicus, i,f. 2. an island of the Pro- 

pontis ; a town upon the island. 



D. 



Daedalus, i, m. 2. an Athenian, the 
most ingenious artist of his age. 

damnandus, a, um, part, of damno. 

damndtus, a. um, part, of damno. 

damno, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to con- 
demn ; damnare capitis, to con- 
demn to death. 



men of gigantic stature, who in- 
habited the western parts of Si- 
cily. 
Cydnus, i, m. 2. a river of Cilicia 
Campestris, which falls into the 
sea a little below Tarsus. 



brother of Aegyptus, who esta- 
blished himself on the throne of 
Argos. He was the first of the 
race of the Betides. 

dandus, a, um, part, of do. 

Daniibius, i, m. 2. the Danube, the 



136 



DICTIONARY. 



largest river in Europe, except 

the Rha or Volga, 
daps, d,dpis,f. 3. a banquet, repast, 

meal. 
Dardania, ae, »/. 1. a district of 

Troas, in the north-western part 

of Asia Minor, extending from 

Abydos to the promontory of 

Rhoeteum. 
ddturus, a, um, part, of do. 
ddtus, a, um, part, of do. 
de,prep. c. abl. of, from, out of, touch- 
ing, concerning. 
dea, ae,f 1. a goddess. 
debelldtus, a, um, part, of debello. 
debello, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {de et 

hello) to finish a war, vanquish, 

subdue. 
debeo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. to owe, be 

in debt, be obliged. 
dtbilis, e, adj. feeble, infirm. 
debilito, are, dvi, dtum, a.l.to ener- 
vate, enfeeble. 
debltus, a, um, part, owing, due. 
decedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. (de et 

ctdo) to go away, withdraw, yield, 

depart this life, die. 
decemvir, i, m. 2. one of ten men 

appointed to execute jointly any 

public commission; thence called 

Decemviri, 
decemo, cernere, crevi, cretum, a. 3. 

(de et cerno) to judge, determine, 

decree, contend ; bellum alicui, to 

delegate to one the command of a 

war. 
decerpo, ere, si, turn, a. 3. {de et carpo) 

to pluck off, take away, lessen. 
decido, idere, idi, n. 3. (de et cado) 

to fall from or down, fall. 
decimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. the 

tenth. 
Decius, i, m. 2. a name among the 

Romans. 
decldro., are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (de et 

cldro) to declare, show clearly, 

manifest. 
decoctus, a, um, part, of decoquo. 
decoquo, quere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (d,e et 

coquo) to boil, boil away. 
decorus, a, um, adj. comely, beauti-j 

ful, decorous, decorated. 
decritus, a, um, fart, of decemo. 
decresco, crescere, crevi, cretum, n. 

3. {de et cresco) to decrease, wear 

away. 



decumbo, umbere, cubui, ubitum, n. 3. 

(de et cubo) to lie down. 
decurro, currlre, curri et cucum, 

cur sum, n. 3. (de et curro) to run 

down, flow down. 
deditio, onis.f. 3. a yielding up, sur- 
render. 
deditus, a, um, part, of dedo. 
dedo, dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. to give 

up, surrender. That is, {Do) I 

give (de) away from myself. 
deduco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (de et 

duco) to bring down, lead forth. 
deductus, a, um, part, of deduco. 
defaMgdtus, a, um, part, of defatlgo. 
olefatlgo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {de et 

fatigo) to weary out, fatigue. 
defectio, 6nis,f. 3:et defectus, us,m. 

4. a deficiency, want ; also, an 

eclipse (of the sun or moon). 
defendo, dere, di, sum, a. 3. {de et 

fendo, to hit) to hit off, ward off; 

protect, defend. 
defensus, a, um, pa,rt. of defendo. 
defer o, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a. {de 

etfero) to carry down or along, 

bring, bestow. 
deficio, icere, eci, ectum, a. et n. 3. 

{de etfacio) to decrease, fail, be 

wanting. 
defleo, ere, evi, etum, a. 2. {de etjleo) 

to bewail, lament, deplore. 
defluo, uere, uxi, u.vum, n. 3. {de et 

fiuo) to flow down. 
defodio, odere, odi, ossvm, a. 3. (de 

etfodio) to dig, bury. 
deformis, e, adj. deformed, ugly 
deformitas, atis.f. 3. deformity. 
defossus, a, um, part, of defodio. 
defunctus, a, um, part, of defungor, 

{vita) dead. 
defungor, gi, ctus sum, d. 3. (de et 

fungor) to perform, be freed 

from. 
dego, gere, gi, a. et n. 3. (for deago. 

i. e. vitam, aetatem, tempus,) to 

lead, pass, spend, dwell. 
degusto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {de et 

gusto) to taste. 
deinde, adv. after that, next in 

order. 
Deiotdrus, i, m. 2. first distinguished 

as tetrarch of Galatia, and after- 
wards made king of Armenia 

Minor by Pompey. 
dejectus, a, um, part, of dejicio. 



DICTIONARY. 



137 



dejicio, icere', eci, ectum. a. 3. (de et demonstratiirus, a, um, part, of de- 



jdcio) to throw down 

deldbor, bi, psus sum, d. 3. (de et 
labor) to fall or slide down. 

delapsus, a } um, part, of dclabor. 

deldlus, a, um, part, of defero. 

delecto, dre, dvi, alum, a. 1. {fr. de- 
licto, delectum,fr. lacio) to delight, 
please. 

delectus, a, um, part, of deligo. 

delendus, a. um, part, of deleo. 

deleo, cie, evi, etum, a.2. to blot out. 
efface, destroy. 

deletus. a, um, part, of deleo. 

dtliciae, drum,/. 1. delights, luxu- 
ries. 

delictum, i, n. 2. a fault. Fr. delin- 
quo, delictum, a failure in duty. 

deligo, igere, egi, ectum, a. 3. (de et 
lego) to choose out, select 

Delphicus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Delphi. 

Delphi, drum, m. pi. 2. now Castri, 
a town of Phocis, famous for a 
temple and oracle of Apollo. 

delphinus, i, m. 2. (AeXcpiv) a dol- 
phin. 

Delta, ae, f. 1. that part of Egypt 
near the Mediterranean, be- 
tween the Canopic and Pelusiac 
mouths of the Nile. It was so 
called from its resemblance to the 
form of the fourth letter of the 
Greek alphabet, A. 

deh'ibrum, i, n. 2. (fr. deluo, to 
cleanse, purify) an altar, temple, 
or sacred place. 

Delus vel-os, i,f. 2. an island of the 
Aegaean, situate in the centre of 
the Cyclades, the birth-place of 
Apollo and Diana. 

Demardlus, i, m. 2. a rich citizen of 
Corinth, father of Lucumo, after- 
wards Tarquinius Priscus. 

demergo, gire, si, sum, a. 3. {de et 
mergo) to plunge, sink, drown. 

demersus, a, um, part, of demergo. 

Demetrius, i, m. 2. a prince of Ma- 
cedonia. 

demxssus, a, um, part, of demitto. 

demitto. ittere, isi, issum, a. 3. (de et 
mitto) to throw or send down. 

Democritus, i, m. 2. a celebrated phi- 



monstro. 

demonstro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (de 
et monstro) to point out, show, de- 
monstrate. 

Demosthenes, is, m. 3. a celebrated 
orator of Athens, born B. C. 



381. 

demum, adv. at length, in fine, only, 
merely. 

deni, ae, a, distr. num. adj. pi. every 
ten. 

denique, adv. in fine, lastly. 

dens, lis, m. 3. a tooth. 

densus, a, um, adj. thick, close. 

Dentdtus, i, m. 2. Siccius, celebrat- 
ed for the large number of re- 
wards which he earned by his 
valour. 

denuntio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (de et 
nuntio) to denounce, declare.fore- 
warn. 

depascor, ci, tus sum, d. 3. (de etpas- 
cor) to feed upon, eat up. 

depingo, ngere, nxi, ctum, a. 3. (de et 
pingo) to paint, depict, .figure. 

deploro, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. (de et 
ploro) to deplore, lament, be- 
wail. 

depono, onere, osui, ositum, a. 3. {de 
etpono) to lay or put down. 

depopuldtus, a, um, part, of depopu- 
lor. 

depopulor, dvi, dtus sum, d. 1. (de et 
populor) to lay waste, ravage, de- 
populate. 

deprehendo, dere, si, sum, a. 3. (de 
et prehendo) to seize, catch, take 
unawares. 

deprehensus, a, um, part, of depre- 
hendo. 

depulso, are, dvi, dtum, freq. 1. {de 
etpulso) to drive down or away. 

descendo, dere, di, sum, n. 3. (de et 
scando,} to descend. 

descrlbo, here, psi, plum, a. 3. {de et 
scribo) to describe, arrange, dis- 
tribute. 

desero, rere, rui, rtum, a. 3. {de et 
sero) to abandon, forsake. 

desertum, i, n. 2. a desert. 

\desertus,a um, part, et. adj. forsaken, 
lonely, uninhabited, waste. 



losopher of Abdera, commonly desiderium, i. n. 2. a longing for, 
known under the appellation of| desire; grief for the want of, re- 
the laughing philosopher. J gret. 



133 



DICTIONARY, 



desino, sinere, sivi et sii, situm, a. et 
n. 3. (de et sind) to cease, leave 
off, give over, abandon. 

desperdtus, a, um, part, of despero. 

despero, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. (de et 
spero) to despair of. 

desponsdtus, a } um, part, of despon- 
so. 

desponso, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. freq. 
(fr. despondeo,) to promise in 
marriage, betroth. 

destino, are, avi, dtum, a. l.,to make 
fast, fix, assign, appoint, aim at. 

desum, esse, fui, futurus, irr. n. {de 
et sum) to be wanting, fail. 

deterior, adj. comp. deterrimus, sup. 
(no positive), {fr. deter o) worse. 

deterreo, ere, ui, Hum, a. 2. {de et 
terreo) to deter, frighten, discour- 
age. 

detestor, ari, dtus sum, d. 1. {de et 
testor) to detest. 

detractus, a, um, part, of detraho. 

detrdho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. (de et 
traho) to draw down or off, to 
take away. 

detrimentum, i, n. 2. damage, loss. 
Fr. detrltum, supine of detero. 

deus, i, m. etf. (Qsog) God, a deity, 
divinity. 

deveho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. (de et 
veho) to carry down, convey, 
transport. 

devexus, a, um, adj. inclining down- 
wards, sloping. 

devictus, a, urn,, part, of devinco. 

devinco, vincere, vici, victum, a. 3. 
(de et vinco) to conquer, van- 
quish. 

devblo, are, avi, dtum, n. 1. (de et 
vblo) to fly down, fly away. 

devbrandus, a, um, part, of devoro. 

devbrdtus, a, um, part, of devoro. 

devoro, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. (de et 
vbro) to devour, eat up. 

devotus, a, um, part, of devoveo. 

devoveo, overe, ovi, dtum, a. 2. (de et 
vbveo) to vow, doom, devote, offer 
up, immolate. 

dexter, tera, et tra,terum, ettrum, adj. 
right, on the right hand. 

dextra, ae,f. 1. the right hand. 

diadema, atis, n. 3. (SidSrjiia) a di- 
adem. 

Diagcras, ae, m. 1. an athlete of 



three sons crowned the same day 
at Olympia, and died through 
excess of joy. 

dialectics, i,f. 2. a dialect. 

Diana, ae,f 1. the sister of Apollo. 

dico, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. to assign, 
dedicate, consecrate. 

dico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to say, tell, 
speak. 

dictator, oris, m. 3. {fr. dicto) a chief 
magistrate elected on extraordi- 
nary occasions, and vested with 
absolute authority; a Dictator. 

dicto, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. {freq. of 
dico) to speak or dictate what an- 
other may write. 

dictum, i, n. 2. a word, saying, ex- 
pression. 

dictus, a, um, part, of dico. 

dies, ti, m. vel f in sing. m. in pi. 
5. a day. 

differ o, differre, distuli, dlldtum, irr. 
a. et n. to carry hither and thither, 
be different. 

difficile, adv. with difficulty. 

difficilis, e, adj. difficult. For dis- 
facilis; dis contradicts, as in dis~ 
similis. 

difficultas, atis, f 3. difficulty, trou- 
ble, a bad condition. 

digitus, i, m. 2. a finger, a finger's 
breadth. 

dignatus, a, um, part, of dignor. 

dignitas, atis, f. 3. dignity, rank, 
honour. 

dignor, ari, atus sum, <^. 1. to think 
(dignum) worthy; to think a 
thing worthy to do, deign to do. 

dignus, a, um, adj. worthy, deserv- 
ing of. 

dildnio, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. (di et 
lanio) to tear or rend in pieces, 
mangle. 

dlligens, tis, adj. (fr. dlligd) fond 
of, partial to a pursuit, diligent, 
attentive. 

dlligenter, adv. {ius,issime)di\igent- 
ly, attentively. 

dlllgo, iglre, exi, ectum, a. 3. to es- 
teem highly, love. For dilego t 
to choose one apart from oth- 
ers. 

dlmicdtio, 6nis,f. 3. a flight, encoun- 
ter, contest. 

dlmicdtus, a, um, part, of dlmico. 



Rhodes, 460 B. C. He saw his[dimlco, are, avi, (rarely ui,), dtum t 



DICTIONARY. 



139 



a. 1. (di et mico) to fight, encoun- 
ter, contend. 

dimissus, a, um, part, of dlmitto. 

dimittendus, a, um, part.' of dlmitto. 

dlmitto, ittere, Isi, issum, a. 3. {di et 
mitto) to let go, dismiss. 

Diogenes, i, m. 3. a celebrated Cy- 
nic philosopher of Sinope. 

Diomedes, is, m. 3. a king of Aetolia, 
one of the bravest of the Grecian 
chiefs in the Trojan war. 

diphthongus, i,f. 2. a diphthong. 

diremturus, a, um, part, of dirimo. 

dlreptus, a, um, part, of diripio. 

dirimo, tmere, emi, emtum vel emp- 
tum, a. 3. (dis et emo) to divide, 
separate, determine. 

diripio, ipere, ipui, eptum, a. 3. (di et 
rdpio) to plunder, spoil, pillage. 

diruo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. {di etrud) 
to overthrow, destroy. 

dims, a, um, adj. dreadful, dire, por- 
tentous. 

dlrutus, a, um, part, of diruo. 

discedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. (dis et 
cedo) to go away, depart. 

discendus, a, um, part, of disco. 

discerpo, pere, psi, ptum, a. 3. (dis et 
carpo) to tear in pieces, rend. 

discerptus, a, um, part, of discerpo. 

disciplina, ae,f. 1. instruction, dis- 
cipline. 

discipulus. i, m. 2. (fr. disco) a learn- 
er, pupil. 

disco, discere, didici, a. 3. to learn. 

discordia, ae,f. 1. discord, disagree- 
ment. 

discordo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to be 
at variance, disagree, differ. 

discrepo, are, dvi vel ui, n. 1. (dis et 
crepo) to differ in sound,vary, dis- 
agree. 

diserte, adv. clearly, expressly, elo- 
quently. 

disputdtio, 6nis,f. 3. a learned dis- 
cussion, discourse. 

disputo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to de- 
bate, argue. Said of persons who 
in discourse (puiant diver sa) are 
of opposite sentiments. 

dissemino, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. to] 
spread abroad. 

dissero, ere, ui, turn, a. 3. to say, de- 
bate, discuss. 

dissidium, i, n. 2. (fr. dissideo, to dis- 
agree with) disagreement. , 

PART I. N 



dissimilis, e, adj. (dis et swiilis) un- 
like, 'dissimilar. 

distinctus, a, um, part, of distinguo, 

distinguo, guere, xi, ctum, a. 3. 
(di et stinguo) to distinguish by 
marks, mark, adorn. 

disto, stdre, n. 1. (di etstd) to stand 
apart, be distant. 

distribuo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. (dis et 
tribuo) to divide, distribute. 

ditior, v. dives. 

ditissimus, v. dives. 

diu, adv. (diutius, diutissime.) for a 
long time. 

diurnus, a, um, adj. (fr. diu) diur- 
nal, daily. 

diutinus, a, um, adj. (fr. diu) last- 
ing. 

diuturnitas, dtis,f. 3. length of time, 
long duration. 

diuturnus, a, um, adj. (fr. diu) last- 
ing. 

divello, vellere, velli, (saepius quam 
vulsi), vulsum, a. 3. (di et vello) to 
pull asunder, disjoin, pull off. 

diversus, a, um, adj. different. 

dives, itis, (ditior for divitior, di- 
tissimus for divitissimus) rich, 
wealthy. 

divido, idere, isi, isum, a. 3. to di- 
vide. 

dlvinus, a, um, <2^'.relatingto(Z>zt , {) 
the Gods, divine. 

dlvisus, a, um, part, of divido. 

divitiae, drum, f. pi. 1. (fr. dives-* 
itis) riches. 

divulsus, a, um, part, of divello. 

do, dare, dedi, datum, a. 1. (fr. 66o), 
S&) to give ; dare viam, to give 
way ; dans, a giver ; poenasdare, 
to suffer punishment ; crimini, to 
accuse. 

doceo, ere, ui, turn,, a. 2. to teach. 

docilitas. dtis,f. 3. aptness to learn, 
docility. 

doctrina, ae, f. 1. instruction. The 
art of making (doclum) learned. 

doctus. a, um, part, of doceo. 

Dodona, ae, f. 1. a famous city of 
Epirus,. with a forest in the neigh- 
bourhood,situate near the sources 
of the Acheron. 

doleo, ere, ui, itum, n. 2. to grieve, 
sorrow, be in pain. ' 

dolor, oris, m. 3. (fr. doleo) grief, 
pain. 



140 



DICTIONARY. 



dolus, i, m. 2. (Ao'Xus) a device, art-' duodecim, card. num. adj. pt. ind. 

fill contrivance, wile. • twelve. 

dbmesticus, a,um,adj.&ipperta.imng\du6decimus, a, urn, ord. num. adj. 

to {ddmum) ,a house, domestic. | the twelfth. 
domicilium, i, n. 2. {fr. domus) a,<duodeviginti, card. num. adj. ind. 

house, place of abode. two from twenty, eighteen. 

domina, ae,f 1. a mistress {domus) diiritia, ae,f. 1. vel diirities, iti, f. 



of a house 
demindtio, 6nis,f 3. dominion, des 

potism, tyranny, 
ddminus, i, m. 2. a master (domus) 

of a house ; master, lord. 
domitus, a, um, part, of domo. 
domo, are, ui, Hum, a. 1. (fr. Safidco, 

<5) to subdue, vanquish, break or 

tame wild animals. 
domus, i et us, 2. et 4. (Afyo^) a 

house. 
dondtus, a, um, paH. of d&ao. 
donee, adv. while, until. 
dono, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. to give, 

bestow freely, present. 
donum, i, n. 2. a gift. 
Doricus, a, urn, adj. pertaining to 

the Dorians, Doric. 
dormio, ire, ivi, %tum, n. 4. to sleep. 
dorsum, i, n. 2. the back. 
dos, dotis, f 3, (Aa>i) a niarriage- 

portion, dowry. 
draco, onis, m. 3. {Aoatcwv) a dragon. 
Druidae, drum, m. pi. 1. the Druids, 

priests of Britain and Gaul. A 

Celtic word. 
diibitdtio, onis, f. 3. a doubtin? , 

. doubt, hesitation. 
dilbito, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (dubius) 

to be in doubt, hesitate. 
dubium. i, n. 2. doubt ; sine et pro- 
cut dubio, without doubt, beyond 

a doubt, doubtless. 
diicendus, a, um, part, of duco. 
ducenti, ae, a, card. num. adj.pl. two 

hundred. 
dicco, cere*, xi, ctum, a. 1. to lead, 

cany, draw; uxorem, to marry; 

exequias, to discharge the last 

duties to any one. 
ductus, a, um, part, of duco. 
Duillius, i, m. 2. C. Nepos, a Roman 

consul, the first who obtained a 

victory over the naval power of 

Carthage, B. C. 260. 
dulcis, e. adj. sweet. 
dum, adv. as long as, whilst, until. 
duo, ae, o, card. num. adj. pi. (Avo) 

two. 



5. (durus) hardness. 

durus, a, um, adj. hard, harsh, se- 
vere. 

dux, ducis, c. 3. {fr. duco, duxi) a 
leader, guide, general. 

Dionysius, i, m. 2. the 1st, or the 
elder, a tyrant of Syracuse. The 
2nd, surnamed the younger, was 
son of the 1st, and succeeded his 
father as tyrant of Sicily. 



E. 



e, ex, prep. c. abl. (c|) from, out of, 

among. 
ebibo, ibere, ibi, ibitum, a. 3. (eet bibo) 

to drink up. 
tbrieias, dtis,f. 3. (fr. ebriics, drunk) 

drunkenness. 
ebur, oris, n. 3. ivory. 
edico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (e et died) 

to speak out, declare publicly, 

announce. 
editus, a, um, part, of edo. 
edo,- dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. (e et db) 

to give out, publish, proclaim; 

spectaculum, to give an exhibi- 
tion ; stragem, to make a slaugh- 
ter, to overthrow. 
edo, edere, vel esse, edi, esum, irr. a. 

(Uoy) to eat. 
eduedtus, a, um, part, of educo. 
educo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1 (fr. duco) 

to bring up, educate. 
duco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (e et duco) 

to lead forth. 
efficio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. (e et 

fdcio) to bring to pass, accomplish, 

make. 
effigies, iei,f 5. an image. 

1o, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (e etflo) to 

breathe out ; animam, to breathe 

one's last, die. 
effugio, ugere, ugi, ugltum, a. etn. 3. 

(e etfugio) to fly from, fly away, 

escape. 
effundendus, a, um, part, of effrni- 

do. 
effundo,f under e, fudi,fusum, a. 3. 



DICTIONARY. 



141 



(e et /undo) to pour out, spill, 

waste. 
effusus, a, um, part, of effundo. 
egeo, ere, ui, n. 2. to be in want of. 

want. 
Egeria, ae, f. a nymph of Aricia 

in Italy, who was courted by 

Numa, and according to Ovid be- 
came his wife.. 
egero, rlre, ssi, stum, a. 3. (e et giro) 

to carry out, cast out. 
egestus, a, um part, of egero. 
ego, mei, pro. I. 
egrldior, di, ssus sum, d. 3. (e et 

grddior) to walk out, go forth. 
egregie, adv. in a distinguished 

manner. 
egregius, a, um, adj. eminent, sur- 
passing ; one chosen (e grege) out 

of the flock. 
egressus, a, um, part, of egredior. 
clabor, hi, psus sum, d.o. (e et labor) 

to slide away, escape, disappear. 
elapsus, a, um, part, of eldbor. 
Elephantis, idis, f. 3. an island and 

city of the Nile in Egypt. 
ellphantus, i. m. 2. et elephas, antis, 

m. 3. an elephant. - 
Eleusinii, drum, m. pi. 2. the inha- 
* bitants of Eleusis. 
Eleusis et -in, Inis, f. 3. a town of 

Attica, celebrated for the festivals 

of Ceres. 
elido, dire, si., sum, a. 3. (e etlaedo) 

to dash in pieces, crush. 
eligo, iglre, egi, ectum, a. 3. (e et 

lego) to pick out, select. 
elbquens, tis, adj. -ntior, -ntisstmus, 

eloquent. 
eloquentia, ae, f. 1. eloquence. 
eloquor, qui, quutus vel cutus sum, 

d. 3. (e et loquor) to speak out or 

plainly, say. 
eluceo, cere, xi, n. 2. {e et luceo) to 

shine forth. 
imergo, gere, si, sum, n. 3. (e et 

mergo) to come out, rise up, 

emerge. 
Imineo, ere, ui, n. 2. {e et mdneo) to 

rise above, be conspicuous, be 

eminent. 
Imitto, ittere, Isi, issum, a. 3. {e et 

mitto) to send forth; in mare 

emitti, to empty into the sea. 
Imo, emere, emi, emtumvel emptum, 



a. 3. to take ; as in demo, adimo, 
buy, purchase. 

emorior, mori, mortuus sum, d. 3. to 
die. 

emtus vel emptus, a, um, part, of emo. 

enascor, nasci, ndtus sum, d. 3. {e et 
nascor) to spring from, grow up, 
be born of. 

endtus, a, um, part, of enascor. 

enlco, are, ui, turn, vel dvi, dtum, a, 
\.{eet nlco) to kill, slay. 

enervo, are, dvi, dtum, a.l.to weak- 
en, enervate. 

enim, adv. for, indeed. 

Enna, ae,f. 1. a town of Sicily, situ- 
ate on an eminence in the middle 
of the island. 

Ennius, i, m. 2. an ancient poet, 
born at Rudiae in Calabria, flou- 
rished towards the close of the 
first Punic war, 

enuntio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (e et 
nuntio) to pronounce, publish, de- 
clare. 

eo, Ire, Ivi, itum, irr. n. (I'w) to go. 

eo, adv. thither, so far. 

Eous, i, m. 2. Lucifer, the morning 
star. 

Eous, a, um, adj. ('Hobs fr. 'Hw? 
the morning) of the morning, 
eastern. 

Epaminondas, ae, m. 1. a famous 
* Theban, descended from the an- 
cient kings of Boeotia. 

Ephlsus, i, m. 2. a city of Ionia, 
famous for a temple of Diana, 
one of the seven wonders of the 
world. 

Ephialtes, is, m. 3. a giant, son ot 
Neptune and brother of* Otus. 
They were called Aloides, from 
their reputed father Aloeus. 

Epimenides, is, m. 3. an epic poet of 
Crete, contemporary with Solon. 

Eplrus, i,f. 2. a country of Greece, 
to the west of The'ssaly, lying 
along the Hadriatic. 

epistola, ae, f. 1. (eTrto-roX/?) an epis- 
tle, a letter. 

epitome, es,f. 1. (eTfro/^) an abridg- 
ment, abstract. 

Ipulae, drum,/. 1. (for edipulae,fr t 
edo) food, a feast, banquet. 

epidor, dri, dtus. sum, d. 1. to feast, 
banquet. 



142 



DICTIONARY, 



eques, itis, m. 3. a horseman, 
knight. 

equidem, conj. indeed, truly, for nay 
part. 

equitdtus, us, m. 4. cavalry. 

equito, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to ride. 

equus, i, m. 2. a horse. 

erectus, a, um, adj. et part. (fr. eri- 
go) raised up, upright, erect. 

ereptus, a, um, part, of eripio. 

erga, prep. c. ace. over against, to- 
wards. 

ergo, conj. on account of, there- 
fore. 

irigo, igere, exi, ectum, a. 3. (e et 
rego) to set upright. 

erindceus, i, m. 2. a hedge-hog. 

eripio, ipere, tpui, eptum, a. 3. (e et 
rapid) to take away by force. 

erro, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to wander, 
stray, err. 

erodo, dere, si, sum, a. 3. (e et ro- 
do) to gnaw off, eat into, con- 
sume. 

erudio, Ire, ivi, et ii, itum, a. 4. to 
instruct, inform. E rudi doctum 
facio. 

eruditio, onis, f. 3. a teaching, in- 
struction, learning. 

erudltus, a, um, part, of erudio. 

esurio, Ire, ivi, Itum, n. 4. (fr. esu- 
rus, fr. edo) to desire to "eat, be 
hungry. 

et, conj. and, also, even; et...et, 
both.. .and. 

etiam, conj. also; with the comp. 
even. For etjam, and now, now 
further. 

Etruria, ae,f. 1. a celebrated coun- 
try of Italy, lying to the west of 
the Tiber.' 

Etrusci, drum, m. pi. 2. the inhabit- 
ants of Etruria. 

Etruscus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Etruria. 

Euboea, ae, f. 1. now Negroponte, 
an island of the Aegaean, on the 
eastern coast of Greece, separat- 
ed from the main land by the 
Euripus. 

Eumenes, is, m. 3. a Greek officer 
in the army of Alexander ; the 
2d, a king of Pergamus, celebrat- 
ed for his love of learning. 

Euphrates, is, m. 3. a large river of 
Asia, which rises in a part of the 



most northern chain of Taurus, 
joins the Tigris, and with it emp- 
ties into the Sinus Persicus. 

Euripides, is, m. 3. a celebrated 
tragic poet, born at Salamis the 
day on which Xerxes was defeat- 
ed by the Greeks. 

Euripus, i, m. 2. a narrow strait di- 
vidingEuboea from the main land 
of Greece. 

Europa, ae, f. 1. a daughter of 
Agenor,king of Phoenicia, whom 
Jupiter, under the form of a bull, 
carried to Crete ; one of the 
three main divisions of the an- 
cient world, supposed to have 
taken its name from the daugh- 
ter of Agenor. 

Eurotas, ae, m. 1. a river of Laco- 
nia, flowing by Sparta. It is 
now called Vasilipotamo, a cor- 
ruption of Basilipotamos (king of 
rivers), a name given it by way 
of eminence. 

Euxlnus, i, m. 2. (fr. 'Evfrivog, hos- 
pitable) the Euxine, an inland 
sea, north of Asia Minor, no w the 
Black Sea. 

evddo, dere, si, sum, n. 3. (e et vddo) 
to go out, escape. ^ 

eversus, a, um, part, of everto. 

everto, tere, ti, sum, a.3.(e et vertd) 

► to overturn, overthrow, destroy. 

evoedtus, a, um, part, of evoco. 

evoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (eetvoco) 
to call out. invite, summon. 

evolo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (e et volo) 
to fly out or away. 

evomo, ere, ui, itum, a. 3. (e et vomo) 
to vomit forth, cast out. 

ex, prep. c. abl. (e|) from ; v. e. 

exactus, a, um, part, of exigo. 

exaequo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ex et 
aequo) to make equal or even, to 
equal. 

exdnimo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ex et 
animo) to deprive of life, kill. 

exardesco, desctre, si, n. inc. 3. to 
grow hot, be on fire, burn. 

exasperdtus, a, um, part, of exaspe- 
ro. 

exaspero, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
provoke, exasperate. That is, to 
make (asperum) sharp in tem- 
per. 

excedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. (ex et 



DICTIONARY. 



143 



ccdo) to go forth, depart ; go be- 
yond, exceed. 

excello, ere, ui, n. 3. {ex et cello, to 
urge forward) to be high, excel, 
surpass. 

excelsus, a, um, adj. (fr. celsum, sup. 
of cello) high. 

excidium. in. 2. (fr. excido) destruc- 
tion, ruin, an overthrow. 

excido, ere, i, n. 3. (ex et cddo) to 
fall out. 

excido, dere, di, sum, a. 3. (ex et 
caedo) to cut or hew out, hew 
down. 

excipio, ipere, epi, eptum, a. 3. (ex et 
cdpio) to receive, take up, sus- 
tain. 

excisus, a, um, part, of excido. 

excitandus, a, um, part, of excito. 

excito, are, avi t dtum, a. 1. (ex et 
cito) to call out, stir up, awaken, 
cause. 

excldmo, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. (ex et 
clamo) to cry out, exclaim. 

excludo, dere, si, sum, a. 3. (ex et 
claudo) to shut out, exclude, 
hatch. 

excaeco vel -coeco, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. 
(ex et caeco) to make blind. 

excolo, colere, colui, cultum, a. 3. (ex 
et colo) to cultivate, improve, ex 
ercise. 

excrucio, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. (ex et 
crucio) to torture greatly, excru- 
ciate. 

pxcubiae, drum,/, pi. 1. (fr. excubo 
tojie out) watches (properly, by 
night ;) the sentry, guard. 

excusdtio, onis, f. 3. an excusing, 
excuse, defence. 

excdo, edere et esse, edi, esum, irr. 
a. (ex et edo) f o eat up. 

exemplum, i, n. 2. an example. 

exequiae, V. exsequiae. 

exercco, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. (ex et ar- 
ceo, vel fr. Qspyiu) to exercise, 
practise ; odium, to hate ; agros. 
to till a field. 

exercilus, its, m. 4. an army. Fr. 
part, of exercco, as being trained 
and exercised. 

exhaurio, rire, si, stum, a. 4. (ex et 
haurio) to draw out, exhaust. 

exigo, igcre, tgi, actum, a. 1. (exet 
ago) to lead or thrust out, ba- 
nish. 

n 2 



exiguus, a, um, adj. slender, small. 

exilis, e, adj. slight, small, feeble. 

exilium, i, n. 2. (for exulium,fr. exul, 
an exile) banishment. 

eximie, adv. remarkably, excellent- 
ly- 

eximius, a, um, adj. (fr. eximo, to 
choose out) choice, excellent, re- 
markable. 

existimdtio,6nis,f. 3. opinion, credit, 
honour. 

existimo, are, avi, dtum, a. 2. (ex et 
aestimo) to think, esteem, judge. 

exitium, i, n. 2. (fr. sup. of exeo) 
ruin, destruction. 

exitus, us, m. 4. a going out, event, 
issue. 

exoptdtus, a, um, adj. greatly wished 
or longed for. 

exordtus, a, um, part, of exoro. 

exorior, oreris, oriri, ortus sum, d. 3. 
.;t 4. (ex et orior) to rise, arise, 
spring up. 

exomo, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. (ex et 
orno) to adorn, embellish. 

exoro, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. (ex et 
oro) to pray earnestly, gain by en- 
treaty. 

exortus, a, um, part, of exorior. 

expecto vel -specto, are, avi, dtum, a. 
1. (ex et specto) to look for, wait 
for. 

expedio, Ire, Ivi, Itum, a. 4. to disen- 
tangle, rid, prepare, equip. That 
is, to take one's (pedem) foot (ex) 
out of confinement. 

expeditio, 6nis,f 3. (fr. expedio) a 
military expedition. 

expello, pellere, pilli, pulsnm, a. 3. 
(ex et pello) to drive out, ba- 
nish. 

expers, lis, adj. for expars, being 
without any part in a concern, 
without, destitute. 

expetendus, a, um, part, of expeto. 

expeto, ere, ivi, et U t itum, a. 3. (ex et 
peto) to seek out, long for. 

expio, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. to expi- 
ate, atone for. 

expleo, ere, evi, etum, a. 2. (ex etpleo) 
to fill up. 

explico, are, avi, dtum, et ui, itum, 
a. 1. (ex etplico) to unfold, devel- 
ope, explain. 

explordtor, oris, m. 3. (fr. exploro a 
spy, scout. 



144 



DICTIONARY. 



expolio, ire, ivi, Hum, a. 4. to polish] 

well, finish, adorn. 
expono, onere, osui, ostium, a. 3. (ex faba, ae, f 1. a bean. 



et pono) to set forth, explain. 

exprbbo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to up- 
braid, reproach. 

expugnatus, a, um, part, of expug- 
no. 

expugno, are , dvi, dtum, a. 1. (exet 
pugno) to take by storm or as- 
sault, conquer. 

expulsus, a, um, part, of expello. 

cxsequiae, drum, f. 1. pi. funeral 
solemnities; properly, a following 
to the grave, fr. sequor. 

exsequor, qui, quietus, vel cuius sum, 
d. 3. (ex et sequor) to follow, pur- 
sue, prosecute. 

exsilio, Ire. ui et ii, ultum, n. 4. (ex 
et salio) to spring forth. 

exspecto, V. expecto. 

exspiro vel -plro, are, dvi, dtum, a 
1. (ex et spiro) to breathe out, 
expire. 

exstinctus, vel -tinctus, a, urn, part. 
of exstinguo. 

exstinguo vel-tinguo, guere, xi, ctum 
a. 3. (ex et stinguo) to put out, 
extinguish, kill ; extingui morbo, 
to die a natural death. 

exstructus vel -tructus, a, um, part. 
of exstruo. 

exstruo vel -truo, ere, xi, ctum, a. 3. 
(ex et struo) to build up. 

exsurgo, gere, rexi, rectum, n. 3. (ex 
et surgo) to rise, rise up. 

exter vel extents, a, um, adj. -terior, 
-timus, of another country, fo- 
reign. 

exterhus, a, um, adj. outward, ex- 
ternal. 

exto vel -sto, are, Ui, atum, n. 1. (ex 
et sto) to appear or be above, re 
main, exist. 

extorqueo, quere, si, turn, a. 2. (ex et 

torqueo) to wrest from, extort. 
extra, prep. c. ace. without, beyond. 
extractus, a, um, part, of extraho. 
extraho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. (ex et 

traho) to draw out, extract. 
extremus, a, um, adj. sup. of exterus, 
the utmost, last ; extrema senec- 
tus, extreme old agf» 



fdber, ri, m. 2. (for fdciber,fr. facto) 
a workman, artificer. 

Fabius, i, m. 2. the name of a no- 
ble and powerful family at Rome, 
who derived their name from 
faba, a bean, because some of 
their ancestors cultivated it. 

fabrica, ae,f. 1. (fr. fdber) a shop, 
the art of framing or forging. 

Fabricius, i, m. 2. Caius Luscinus, 
a Roman general, distinguished 
by his consummate knowledge 
of military affairs, and his incor- 
ruptible fidelity. 

fabrico. are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. fd- 
ber) to make, frame, forge, con- 
struct. 

fdbula, ae, f. 1 . (fr. for, faris) a re- 
port, tale, fable, play. 

fdbulosus, a, um, adj. fabulous. 

fdciendus, a, um, part, offacio. 

fades, iei, f 5. (fr. fdcio, as species 
fr. specio) the make, appearance, 
countenance. 

facile, ius, lime J adv. easily. 

fdcznus, oris, n. 3. {fr. fdcio) 9 
deed. 

fdcio, faclre, feci, factum, a. 3. to 
make, do, value ; pluris, to value 
higher ; fac, imper. take care. 

factum, i, n. 2. a deed, action. 

facturus, a, um, part, of facio. 

f actus, a, um, part. offo. 

faex, faecis, f. 3. lees, dregs. 

Falerii, orum, m. pi. 2. now Falari, 
a town of Etruria, of which the 
inhabitants were called Falisci. 

Falemus, i, m. 2. a fertile plain of 
Campania, with a mountain, fa- 
mous for its wine. 

Falemus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Falernus, Falernian. 

Falisci, drum, m. pi. 2. the inhabit- 
ants of Falerii. 

fallo, fallere, fefelli, fahnm, a. 3. tc 
deceive, escape the notice of. 

falsus, a, um, adj. deceitful, faith- 
less, false. 

fama, ae, f. 1. (<pnnn) report, rumour, 
fame. 



DICTIONARY. 



145 



famelicus, a, um, adj. hungry. 

jdmes, is,f. 3. hunger. 

fdmilia, ae, f 1. (for famulia fr. 
famulus) the slaves belonging to 
"a master, a family. 

fdmilidris, e, adj. belonging to the 
same (familia) family, intimate, 
familiar. 

fdmilidritas, dtis, f 3. friendship, 
intimacy, confidence. 

fdmUidriter, adv. familiarly, as if 
he were one of the same family. 

fdmula,ae,f. 1. a female slave,maid 
servant. 

fas. n. ind. divine law, justice, 
right ; nonfas est, it is not allow- 
ed. 

fastis, is, m. 3. a bundle of wood, 
twigs, &c. the fasces carried be- 
fore the Roman magistrates were 
generally of birch. 

fdtdlis, e, adj. (fr.fatum) destined 
by fate, fatal. 

fdteor, fdteri, fassus sum, d. 2. to 
own, confess. 

fdtidicus, a, um, adj. foretelling fu- 
ture events, prophetic. 

fdtigdtus, a, um, part, of fatigo. 

fdtigo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to weary 
fatigue. 

fdtiscor. fotisci, fessus sum, d. 3. to 
be exhausted, wearied. 

fdtum, i. n. 2. a prophecy; fate, 

destiny ; fato fungi, to die. 
Faustulus, i, m. 2. the shepherd 
who preserved Romulus and Re- 
mus. 

faux, cis, f 3. the throat, a pas- 
sage, defile; Caudinae Furculae 
vel Fauces, a defile near Caudi 
or Caudium, where a Roman ar- 
my was obliged to surrender to 
the Samnites snd pass under the 
yoke. 

fdveo, f avers, fdvi. f avium, n. 2. to 
favour. 

favor, oris. m. 3. favour. 

febris, is.fi 3. a fever. 

fecundus, a, um, adj. fruitful, fertile. 

ftlicitas, dtis, f. 3. happiness, good 
fortune. 

felicifcr, adv. happily, fortunately. 

fielis, is, f. 3. a cat. 

fielix, ids. adj. happy, felicitous. 

femina, ae, f. 1. a female, woman. 



femineus, a, urn, adj. of a woman, 
womanly. 

fera, ae,f 1. a wild beast. 

fierax, dcis, adj. (fir.fiero) fruitful. 

fere, adv. about, nearly, almost. 

ferinus, a, um, adj. (fera,) of wild 
beasts. 

fiero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a. (tytpu) 
to bear, carry, relate ; ferunt, 
they say ; fertur ', it is said. 

fierox, dcis, adj. (fir. fera) fierce, 
wild, bold. 

ferreus, a, um, adj. iron, cruel, hard- 
hearted. 

ferrum, i, n. 2. iron. 

fertilise, adj. ( fr.ftro) fertile, fruit- 
ful. 

fertilitas, dtis,f 3. fertility,fruitful- 
ness. 

ferula, ae,f. 1. a reed, rod, staff. 

fierus, a, um, adj. (fir. fera) savage, 
wild. 

fierveo, vere, vi et bui, n. 2. to boil, 
seethe, foam, be hot, glow. 

fessus, a, um, part, ot'fatiscor. 

festino, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to has- 
ten, be in a hurry. 

festum, i, n. 2. a feast. 

festus, a, um, adj. festive, jovial, 
merry. 

fictilis, e, adj. {fr. fetus, part, of fin- 
go) made of earth or clay. 

ficus, i et v.s, f 2. et 4. a "fig-tree, 

%•. 

p delis, e, adj. faithful, fr.fi des. 

fides, ei, f. 5. credit, faith, integri- 
ty ; infidpm, in confirmation ; in 
fidem accipere, to give an assu- 
rance of protection, to accept a 
capitulation. 

fidus, a, um, adj. faithful. 

figo, gere, xi, xum, a. 3. to fix, fast- 
en. 

filia. ae,f 1. a daughter. 

filius, i, m. 2. a ron. 

findo, findere, fidi,fissum, a. 3. to 
cleave, cut, split. 

fi n <so, fin gere. finxi, fictum, a. 3. to 
form, frame; devise, feign. 

fihiio, ire, ivi, Hum, a. 4. to end, 
conclude, finish. 

finis, is, m. et f. the end or conclu- 
sion, a limit, boundary. 

finilus, a, um, part, offinio. 

finitimus, a, um J adj. neighbouring 



146 



DICTIONARY 



fio, fieri, factus sum, irr. n. to be 
made or done, happen, become. 

fvrmdtus, a, um, part, ofjirmo. 

Jirmiter, adv. firmly, steadfastly. 

firvio, are, avi, atum, a. 1. to' make 
firm, establish. 

firmus, a, urn, adj. firm, steady, 
sure, 

fissus, a, um, part, oifindo. 
fiagello, are, avi, atum, a. 1. (fr. 
fiagellum, a whip) to whip, 
scourge. 

fidgitiosus, a, um, adj. infamous, 
flagitious, wicked. 

flagibium, i, n. 2. a shameful crime, 
reproach. 

fiagro, are, avi, atum, n. 1. to burn, 
be on fire. 

t Flaminius, i, m. 2. the name of se- 
veral distinguished Romans. 

flamma, ae,f. 1. a flame, 

Jlecto. ctere, xi, xum, a. 3. to bend, 
twist, turn. 

jieo, fiere, fltvi, fletum, a. 2. to shed 
tears, weep. 

fletus, its, m. 4. weeping. 
Flevo, onis, m. 3. a lake formed by 
the Rhine, which, having'been in 
progress of time much increased 
by the sea, assumed the name of 
Zuyder Zee or Southern Sea. 

flexus, a, um, part, of Jlecto. 

floreo, ere, ui, n. 2. (flos) to flourish, 
bloom. 

flos, oris, m. 3. a flower, a blossom. 

fiuctus, its, m. 4. (fr. fluo) a wave. 

fiiimen, inis, (fr.fluo) n. 3. a stream, 
river. 

fluo, ere, xi, xum, n. 3. to flow. 

fiuvius, i, m. 2. (fr.fluo) a river. 

fodio, fodere, fodi, fossum, a. 3. to 
dig. 

foecunditas, dtis,f. 3. fruitfulness. 

foecundus, a, um. adj. fruitful. 

foedus, eris, n. 3, a league. 

folium, i, n. 2. a leaf. 

fons, tis, m. 3. a fountain. 

forem, def. I shall be ; fore, to be 
about to be. 

foris, adv. without doors, abroad. 

forma, ae,f. 1. a figure, form, beau- 
ty. 

formica, ae,f 1. an ant. 
formiddbilis, e, adj. to be feared, 
formidable. 



fonnuio, inis,f 3. fear. 

formidolosus, a, um, adj. fearful. 

formosltas, dtis,f. 3. beauty. 

formosus, a, um, adj. beautiful, 
handsome. 

fors, tis,f. 3. chance. 

fortasse, adv. perhaps. 

forte, adv. (the all. of fors, used ad- 
verbially) by chance, accidental- 
ly 

fortis, e, adj. (-ior, -issimus) brave, 
valiant. 

fortiter, (-ius, -isslme) bravely, vali- 
antly. 

fortitudo,nis,f 3. bravery, fortitude. 

fortuna, ae,f. 1. (fr.fors) fortune, 
chance, luck, destiny. 

forum, i, n. 2. a market-place, a 
public place in Rome, where as- 
semblies of the people were 
held, and justice was administer- 
ed. 

fossa, ae, f 1. (fr. fossum, sup. of 
fodio) a ditch. 

fovea, ae,f. 1. a pit. 

fbveo, fovere, fdvi, fotum, a. 2. to 
keep warm, cherish. 

fractus, a, um, part, of frango. 

frdgilis, e, adj. (fr. frango) easily 
broken, frail, perishable. 

frdgilitas, dtis, f. 3. brittleness, 
frailty. 

fragmentum, i, n. 2. a fragment. 

frango, f r anger e, fregi.fr actum, a,. 
3. to break, break in pieces, break 
down, weaken. 

frdter, iris, m. 3. a brother. 

fraudulentus, a, um, adj. (fr.fraus) 
fraudulent. 

fraus, dis,f.3. fraud, deceit. 

frequens, tis, adj. frequent,constant, 
numerous. 

fretum, i, n. 2. a strait, a sea. 

frlco, are, ui, turn, a. 1. to rub, 
chafe. 

frlgeo, gere, xi, n. 2. to be cold. 

frigidus, a, um, adj. (fr. frlgeo) 
cold. 

frlgus, oris. n. 3. (fr. frlgeo) cold. 

frons, dis, f. 3. the leaf of a tree, 
a branch with leaves, a green 
bough. 

fructuosus, a, um, adj. fruitful, pro- 
fitable. 

fructus, us, m. 4. fruit. 



DICTIONARY. 



147 



frugalitas, dtis, f 3. temperance, Gaditdnus, a, um, adj. of Gades; 

frugality. i f return Gaditanum, the straits of 

frumentum, i, n. 2. corn, grain. Gibraltar. 

fruor, i, itus et ctus sum, d. 3. to Galatia, ae, f 1. called also Gallo- 

enjo'y . j graecia, a country of Asia Minor, 

frustra, adv. to no purpose, in vain.' south of Paphlagonia. 
frustrdtus, a, urn, part, of frustr or. Gallia, ae,f. 1. Gaul, an extensive 
frustr or, art, dtus sum, d. 1. to de-; and populous country of Europe. 

ceive, disappoint, frustrate. j Gallicus, a, urn, adj. pertaining to 
frutex, ids, m. 3. a shrub. Gaul. 

frux, gis, f. 3. (frux rarely found) gallina, a,e,f. 1. a hen. 

the fruit or produce of the earth, gallindceus, i, m. 2. a cock. 

com. ^gallus, i, m. 2. a cock. 



fuga, ae,f. 1. {<pvyf,) flight. 

fugdtus, a, um, part, of fugo. 

fugio, ugere, ugi, ugitum, n. 3. to 
fly, run away, escape. 

fugo, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. to put to 
flight, rout. 

fulgeo, gere, si, n. 2. to shine, glitter. 

fuligo, inis, f. 3. soot. 

Julio, onis, m. 3. a fuller. 

fulmen, inis, n. 3. lightning, thun- 
der. Fr.fulgeo,fulgimen.fulmen' 

fundle, is, n. 3. a torch. 

funditus, adv. (fr. fundus) from 
the very bottom, utterly. 

f undo, fund tre, fudi, fiisum, a. 3. to 
pour out ; lacrimas, to shed tears ; 
hostes, to rout the enemy. 

fundus, i, m. 2- the bottom of any 
thing, ground ; a field, farm. 

funestus, a, um, adj. {fr. funus) 
deadly, fatal, inauspicious. 

funis, is, m. 3. a rope, cord. 

funus, eris, n. 3. a funeral. 

fur, furis, c. 3. Cpap) a thief. 

furcula, ae, f (a dimin. of j "urea, 
a fork) a little fork; Furculae 
Caudinae, v. faux. 

furiosus, a, um, adj. furious, mad. 

Furius, i, m. 2. the name of a fami- 
ly at Rome, which Camillus first 
raised to distinction. 

furtum, i, n. 2. {fr. fur) theft. 

fusus, a, um, part, of fundo. 

futurus, a, um, part, of sum. 



G. 



Gades, ium,f. et m. pi. 3. now C#- 
d^thenameofaflourishingcom- 
mercial city of Spain, situate on 
an island of the same name, at 
the mouth of the Baetis. 



Gallus, i, m. 2. a Gaul. 
Ganges, is, m. 3. a famous river of 
India. 

Garumna, ae,f 1. a river of Gaul, 
which falls into the Sinus Can- 
tabricus, now the Bay of Biscay. 
It is now called the Garonne. 

gaudeo, gaudere, gavlsus sum, n.p. 
2. to rejoice, be glad. 

gaudium, i, n. 2. joy, gladness. 

gavisus, a, um, part, of gaudeo. 

gelidus, a, um, adj. cold as {gelu) 
ice. 

gelu, n. et m. ind. ice, frost. 

geminus, a, um, adj. double ; gemini 
fratres, twins. 

gemmdtus, a, um, part, of gemmo, 
set with precious stones. 

gemmo, are, dvi, dtum, m. 1. to bud, 
shine like precious stones. 

gener, i, m. 2. a son-in-law. 

genero, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. to beget, 
produce. 

generositas, dtis, f 3. nobleness of 
mind, -generosity, magnanimity. 

generosus, a, um, adj. born of a no- 
ble {generis) race, noble-heart- 
ed. 

genitrix, icis,f 3. a mother. 

genitus, a, um, part, of gigno. 

gens, tis, f 3. a clan among the Ro- 
mans, nation, tribe. 

genus, tris, n. 3. {Vivos) a family, 
race, kind. 

geometria, ae,f. 1. geometry. 

Germania, ae, f 1. an extensive 
country of Europe at the east of 
Gaul._ 

Germanicus, a, um, adj. pertaining 
to Germany, German. 

Germdnus, i, m. 2. an inhabitant of 
Germany. 



148 



DICTIONARY. 



germdnus, a, um, adj. german ; f ra- 
ter, a full brother. 

gero, rere, ssi, stum, a. 3. to bear, 
carry, do ; res, to do actions ; odi- 
um, to entertain hatred ; onus, to 
bear a burden. 

Geryon, onis, m. 3. et Geryones, ae, 
m. 1. a celebrated monster who 
lived in the island Erythia, near 
Gades. 

gesto, arc, dvi, dtum, a. 1. freq. of 
gero, to bear, carry. 

gestus, a, urn, part, of gero ; res ges 
tae, exploits. 

Getae, drum, m. ph 1. a tribe of 
Scythians remarkable for their 
strength and fierceness. 

gigas, antis, m. 3. (Fiyag) a giant. 

gigno, gignere, genui, genitum,a. 3. 
to beget, produce. 

glaber, bra, brum, adj. smooth, bald. 

glades, ei, f. 5. ice. 

gladiator, 6ris,m. 3. (fr.glddius) a 
sword-player, gladiator. 

glddidtorius, a, um, adj. pertaining 
to a gladiator. 

glddius, i, m. 2. a sword. 

glans, dis,f. 3. an acorn. 

glisco, ere, n. 3. to grow, increase. 

gloria, ae,f. 1. glory. 

glorior, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to boast. 

Gorgias, ae, m. 1. a celebrated ora- 
tor and sophist, born at Leontium 
in Sicily, whence he was surnam- 
ed Leontinus. 

gracilis, e, adj. slender, lean, light. 

Gracchus, i, m. 2. the name of seve- 
ral distinguished Romans. 

grddior, gradi, gressus sum, d. 3. to 
go, walk. 

gradus, us, m. 4. a step. 

Graecia, ae,f. 1. Greece. 

Graecus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Greece. 

grandis, e, adj. big, large. 

-Granlcus, i, m. 2. a river of Bithy- 
nia, famous for the victory of 
Alexander over Darius, B. C. 
334. 

grassor, dri, dtus sum, d.l.to go on, 
advance, rage against. 

grates, f. pi. 3. thanks ; agere, to 
give. 

gratia, ae, f. 1. thanks, gratitude, 
grace ; gratiam reddere, referre, 
to give thanks; agere, to thank; 



\ habere, to owe thanks; in gratiam, 
in favour of. 

gratuldtus, a, um, part, of gratulor* 

grdtulor, dri, dtus sum, d.l.io con- 
gratulate, 

grdtus, a, um, adj. grateful, agreea- 
ble, pleasing. 

gravis, e, adj. heavy, weighty, se- 
vere ; grave coelum, an oppressive 
climate. 

grdvitas, dtis,f. 3. heaviness, gravi- 
ty. 

grdviter, adv. heavily. 

grdvo, are, dvi, dtum,a. 1. to burden, 
load. 

gregdtim, adv. in herds. 

gressus, us, m. 4. a step. 

gre-x, gis, c. 3. a herd, flock. 

grus, uis, m. etf. 3. a crane. 

guberndtor, oris, m. 3. a pilot, go- 
vernor. 

Gyarus, i, f. 2. a small island of the 
Archipelago. 

Gyges, is, m. 3. a minister of Can- 
daules, king of Lydia, who mur- 
dered his master, and usurped the 
throne about 718 B. C. 

Gymnosophista, ae, m. 1. one of a 
class of Indian philosophers, the 
same with the Brachmani, whe 
were called gymnosophists,or na- 
ked philosophers, by the Greeks, 
from their going naked. 



H. 



habeo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. to have, 
hold, consider, 

habito, are, dvi, dtum, a. \. freq.fr. 
habeo, to inhabit. 

habiturus, a, um, part, of habeo 

habitus, a, um, part, of habeo . 

habitus, us, m. 4. condition, dress, 
manner. 

hactenus, adv. thus far, hitherto. 

Hadrianus, i, m. 2. the 15th em- 
peror of Rome, successor to Tra- 
jan. 

Haemus, i, m. 2. a chain of moun- 
tains forming the northern boun- 
dary of Thrace, and separating 
it from Moesia. 

halcyon, 6nis,f. 3. the halcyon. 

Halicarnassus, i, f. 2. now Bodron, 
a famous maritime city of Caria, 
in Asia Minor. 



DICTIONARY 



149 



Hamilcar, arts. m. 3. a Carthagini-j Asia, Africa, and the islands of 
an general. the Mediterranean. 

Hannibal, dlis, m. 3. a Carthaginian ] herba, ae.f. 1. an herb ; grass, herb- 
general, the inveterate enemy of age. 



Rome. 

Hanno, onis, m. 3. a Carthaginian 
general. 



herbidus, a, urn, adj. full of herbs, 

grassy. 
Hercules, is, m. 3. a celebrated hero, 



Harmonia, ae, f 1. a daughter ofi son of Jupiter and Alcmena 



Mars and Venus, who married 
Cadmus. 
Harpyiae, drum,/, pi. 1. three wing 
ed monsters, who had the face of 



Hercynia, ae,f. 1. a very extensive 

forest of Germany. 
Herennius, i, m. 3. a general of the 
Samnites. 

a woman, the body of a vulture, ] heres vel haeres, edis, c. 3. an heir, 
and had their, feet and fingers Mri, adv. yesterday. 



armed with sharp claws. 

haruspex, ids. m. 3. a soothsayer. 

Hasdrubal, dlis, m. 3. a Carthagi- 
nian general. 

hasta, ae,f. 1. a spear. 

hand. adv. not. 

haurio, rlre, si, stum et sum, seldom 
rivi et rii, ritum, a. 4. to draw, 
drink off. 

haustus, a, um, part, of kauri). 

haustus. iis, m. 4. a draught. 

hebes, etis, adj. blunt, dull. 

hebesco, ere, n. inc. 3. to grow blunt, 
dim. or languid. 

Hebrus, i, m. 2. now Marisa, the 
largest river of Thrace. It emp 



Hero, us, f. 3. a beautiful priestess of 
Venus at Sestos, greatly beloved 
by Leander, a youth of Abydos. 
Hesperus, i, m. 2. a son of Japetus, 
brother to Atlas. He came to 
Italy,and the country received the 
name Hesperia from him, accord- 
ing to some accounts. 
heu, int. alas ! 
hiatus, us, m. 4. a gaping ; opening, 

aperture. 
Hibemicus. a, um, adj. Irish; mare, 

the Irish Sea. 
hibcrnus, a, urn, adj. wintry ; hiber- 

num tempus, the winter. 
hie, adv. here. 
\hic. haec, hoc, pro. this. 
Hecuba, at, f 1. the second wife oi\Hiempsal. dlis, m. 3. a brother of 
Priam, king of 'Proy. Adherbal, put to death by'Ju- 

hCdcra, ac,f. 1. ivy. gurtha. 

Hegesias, ae, m. 1. a philosopher othicms vel hyems, emis. f. 3. winter. 
Cyrene. Hiero, onis, m. 3. a king of Sicily. 



ties into the Aegaean. 



Helena, ae, f. 1. the most beautiful 
woman of her age. daughter of 
Jupiter and Leda. 

Helicon, onis, m. 3. a famous moun- 
tain in Boeotia, near the gulf of 
Corinth, sacred to the Muses 
and Apollo. 

hellebnrus. t, m. 2. hellebore. 

Hellespontvs, i, m. 2. now the Dar- 
danelles, a narrow strait between 
Asia and Europe, near the Pro- 
pontis. 

Helvetia, ae,f. 1. now Switzerland. 
a country of Gaul. 

Hclvetii, arum, m. pi. 2. now the 
Swiss, the inhabitants of Helve- 
tia, 



Hierosolyma, ae.f. 1. et a, drum, n. 
pi. 2. Jerusalem. 

hinc, adv. hence, from this place. 

hinnio, Ire, ivi, Hum, n. 4. to neigh. 

hinnxtus, us, m. 4. a neighing. 

hinnuleus, i, m. 2. a young hind or 
fawn. 

hio, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to gape, 
yawn, open. 

Hipparchus, i, m. 2. a son of Pisis- 
tratus. who succeeded his father 
as tyrant of Athens. 

Illppolijtus, i, m. 2. a son of The- 
seus and Hippolyte. 

HipponiLfics, is, m.'3. a son of Ma- 
careus, who married Atalanta 
with the assistance of Venus. 



Herdclea, ae,f. 1. a name given to hippopotamus, i, m. 2. the hippopo- 
more than 40 towns in Europe,! tamus or river-horse. 



150 



DICTIONARY. 



Hispania, ae, f. 1. now Spain, an 
extensive country, forming a 
kind of peninsula, in the S. W. 
of Europe. 

Hispdnus, a, um, adj. Spanish: m. 
2. a native of Hispania. 

hodie, adv. (for hoc die) to-day. 

hoedus, i, m. 2. a kid. 

Homerus, i, m. 2. a Greek poet, the 
most celebrated and. ancient of 
all the profane writers. 

homo, inis, c. 3. a man. 

hbnestas, dtis, f. 3. dignity, honour, 
virtue. 

hbnestus, a, um, adj. honourable. 

honor, et -os, oris, m. 3. honour, a 
post of honour, office. 

honorifice, (centius, centissime) ho- 
nourably. 

bora, ae,f. 1. C&pa) an hour. 

Hordtius, i, m. 2. the name of se- 
veral Romans; Horatii, three 
brave Romans, born at the same 
birth, who fought against the 
Curiatii. 

horreo, ere, ui, n. 2. to be rough. 

horridus, a, um, adj. (fr. horreo) 
rough, hideous, frightful. 

Hortensius, i, m. 2. the name of se 
veral Romans. * 

hortdtus, us, m,. 4. {Jr. hortor) an ex- 
hortation. 

hortor, dri, dtus sum, d.X.Xo excite 
encourage, exhort. 

hortus, i, m. 2. a garden. 

hospes, iiis, c. 3. a stranger, guest. 

hospitium, i, n. 2. the act of receiv- 
ing (hospites) strangers, hospi- 
tality ; hospitio accipere, to enter- 
tain. 

hostia, ae, f. 1. a victim, animal 
sacrificed. 

hostilis, e, adj. (fr. hostis) of an ene- 
my, hostile. 

Hosiilius, i, m. 2. Tullus, the third 
king of Rome, succeeded Numa 

hostis, is, c. 3. an enemy. 

hue, adv. hither; huc.illuc, now 
here. ..now there. 

hujusmodi, adj. iud. (hie et modus) 
of this kind or sort, such. 

humdnitas, dtis, f 3. (humdnus) hu 
man nature, humanity. 

humdnus, a, urn, adj. pertaining to 
man, human. Fr. homo, or allied 
to it. 



humerus, i, m. 2. the shoulder. 

humidus, a, um, adj. moist. Fr. hu- 
mor. 

humilis, e, adj. low (humi) on the 
ground, low; humili loco natum 
esse, to be of humble origin. 

humor, oris, m. 3. moisture, 

humus, i, fJ2. the ground ; humi, on 
the ground. 

hyaena, ae,f. I. the hyaena, *Yaiva. 

hydrus, i, m. 2. ('YSpos) a water- 
serpent. 

hymnus, i, m. 2. ("Yfxvos) a song. 

Hyperbbreus, a, um, adj. QY-nepfiopeos) 
northern, wintry. 

hystrix, Ids, f. 3. ("Yo-rpi£) a porcu- 
pine. 



I. 



Iberus, i, m. 2. now the Ebro, one 
of the largest rivers of Spain, 
which empties into the Mediter- 
ranean. 

ibi, adv. there. 

ibidem, adv. in the same place. 

Ibis, idis, f. 3. ("I/?<?) the ibis ; an 
Egyptian bird like a stork, which 
devours serpents. 

Icarus, I, m. 2. the son of Daeda- 
lus. 

Icarius, a, um, adj. of Icarus; 
mare, a part of the Aegaean sea 
near the islands Myconos and 
Gyaros. 

Ichneumon, onis, m. 3. ('Ixvevfxwv) 
the ichneumon or Egyptian rat. 

Ichnusa, ae, f. 1. a name given to 
the island of Sardinia, from its 
resembling a human footstep 

lco, Icere, let, tctum, a. 3. to hit, 
strike ; icere foedus, to make, ra- 

„ tif y- 

ictus, a, um, part, of ico. 

ictus, us, m. 4. (fr. lco, ictum) a 
stroke, blow. 

Idem, eddem, idem, pro. the same. 

idoneus, a, um, adj. fit, proper, suit- 
able. 

igitur, conj. therefore. 

igndrus, a, um, adj. (fr. in, not, et 
gndrus, knowing) ignorant. 

igndvus, a, um, adj. (in, not, et gncL* 
vus, industrious) idle, inactive, 
cowardly. 



DICTIONARY. 



151 



ignis, is, m. 3. fire. 

ignobilis, e, adj. (in, not, et nobilis) 
unknown, mean, ignoble. 

ignoro, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. (fr.ig- 
ndrus) to be ignorant of, not to 
know. 

ignotus, a, um, adj. {in et notus) 
not known, unknown. 

Ilium, i, n. 2. a name of Troy, de- 
rived from lius, one of its kings. 

Hiatus, a, um, part, of infero. 

ille, a, ud, pro. he, she, that. 

illecebrae, drum, f. 1. (fr. illicio) 
enticements, allurements. 

illico, adv. (illoco, in hoc loco) in 
that place, on the spot, instantly, 

illuc, adv. to that place, thither ; 
huc.illuc, now here. ..now there. 

illustris, e, adj. {fr. illuceo) clear, 
bright, illustrious, far-famed. 

illustro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (in et 
lustro) to illuminate, illustrate, 
make renowned. 

Jllyria, ae, f.l.et IUyricum, i, n. 2. 
a country bordering on the Adri- 
atic Sea. opposite Italy. 

imago, inis, f. 3. an image, figure, 
likeness. 

imbecillis, e, adj. weak, feeble. That 
is, resting (in bacillum) on a 
stick. 

viiiiber, bris, m-. 3. (fr. o^pos) a 
shower. 

imitdtio, onis, f. 3. (fr. imitor) imi- 
tation. 

imitor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to imi- 
tate. 

immdnis, e, adj. horrible, cruel, 
monstrous. 

immemor, oris, adj. (in, not, et me- 
mo?') forgetful, regardless. 

immensus, a, um, adj. (in, not, et 
melior, mensus) immeasurable, im- 
mense, boundless. 

immeritus, a, um, part, (in, not, et 
meritus) undeserved, undeserv- 
ing. 

imminco, ere, ui, n. 2. (in et mineo) 
to hang over,threaten, be at hand. 

immissus, a, um, part, of immitto. 

immitto, ittere, Isi, issum, a. 3. (in et 
mitto) to send or let in, to send to, 
to throw at. 

immobilis, e, adj. (in, not, et mdbilis) 
immoveable. 



immblo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to sa- 
crifice, immolate. That is, to 
sprinkle (molam) a salted cake 
(in) upon a victim. 

immor talis, e, adj. (in et mortdlis) 
immortal. 

immotus, a, um, part, (in et motus) 
unmoved. 

immutdtus, a, um, part, of immuto ; 
nihil immutdtus, unchanged. 

immuto, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. (in et 
miito) to alter greatly, change. 

impdtiens, tis, adj. (in et potior, pd- 
tiens) that cannot or will not 
bear, impatient ; frigoris, unable 
to withstand the cold; morae, im- 
patient of delay. 

impedio, ire, Ivi, itum, a. 4. to hin- 
der, check, prevent. Fr. in et 
pedes. That is, to throw any 
thing against the feet of another, 
and hinder his progress. 

impeditus, a, um, part, of impedio. 

impendeo, dere, di, n. 2. (in et pen- 
deo) to hang over, impend, threa- 
ten. 

impenetrabilis, e, adj. (in etpenetrd- 
bilis) impenetrable. 

impense. adv. (fr. impendo, to lay 
out money upon) at great cost 
of labour and pains, extraordina- 
rily. . 

imperdtor, oris, m. 3. (fr. impero, 
imptrdtum) a commander-in- 
chief of an army, general. 

imperito, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (freq. 
fr. impero) to command, govern. 

imperitus, a, um, adj. (in, not, et 
peritus) unskilful, ignorant, inex- 
perienced. 

imperium, i, n. 2. (fr. impero) com- 
mand, authority, government. 

impero, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. 
pdro) to command, rule over, go- 
vern. 

impertio, Ire, ivi, itum, a. 4. to im- 
part, share. That is, to give 
(partem) a part. 

impeiro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (in et 
pdtro, to effect) to accomplish, ac- 
complish the object of a request, 
obtain by request. 

impetus, us. m. 4. (fr. impeto, to as- 
sail) an assault or fury withwhich 
we assault any one, violence; 



PART I. 



152 



DICTIONARY. 




impeium facere in aliquem, to 
make an attack upon one. 

impius, a, um, adj. (in et pius) im- 
pious, wicked. 

impleo, ere, evi, elum, a. 2. (pleo fr. 
ttXeco) to fill, fulfil, accomplish. 

implicitus, a, um, part, of implico. 

implico, are, ui et dvi, itum et dtum, 
a. 1. (in et plied) to entangle, in- 
volve; implicdri morbo, to be seiz- 
ed with. 

imploro, are, dvi, dtwm, a. 1. {fr. 
ploro) to call upon with weeping, 
beseech. 

impono, onere, bsui, ositum, a. 3. (in 
et pono) to lay upon, impose. 

importunus, a, urn, adj. importunate, 
outrageous, outrageous* in de- 
mands, tyrannical, cruel. 

impbsitus, a, um, part, of impono. 

imprbbdtus, a, um, part, of imprbbo. 

imprbbo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (in et 
prbbo) to disapprove of. 

impriidens, tis, adj. (in et prudens) 
imprudent, inconsiderate. 

inipugndtiirus, a, um, part, of im- 
pugno. 

impugno, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (in et 
pugno) to attack. 

impiine, adv. without punishment, 
with impunity. 

imus, a, um, adj. {fr. infimus, sup. 
oiinferus) the lowest. 

in, (prep. c. ace. et abl.) in, into, 
against, at, about, amongst, for; 
in dies, from day to day ; in eo 
esse, to be on the point of. 

mdnis, e, adj. empty, void, vain. 

inaresco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. to be- 
come dry. 

inctdo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. (in et 
cedo) to go against or towards, 
go, come. 

incendium, i, n. 2. (fr. incendo) a 
fire, conflagration. 

incendo, dere, di, sum, a. 3. {fr. can- 
do) to set fire to, burn. 

incensus, a, um, part, of incendo. 

incertus, a, um, adj. (in et certus) 
uncertain. 

inchoo, are, dvi >« dtum, a. 1. to be- 
gin. 

incido, cidere, cidi, edsum, n. 3. (in 
et eddo) to fall into or upon, hap- 
pen ; in aliquem, to fall in with 
one. 



incipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum, a. 3. 
(in et capid) to begin. 

incitdtus, a, um, part, of incito. 

incito, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (in et 
citd) to rouse, excite, stimulate. 

includo, dere, si, sum, a. 3. (in et 
claudo) to shut in or up, include. 

inclusus, a, um, part, of includo. 

inclytus, a, um, adj. (fr. k\vto<;) re- 
nowned, illustrious. 

incbla, ae, c. 1. (fr. incbld) an inha- 
bitant. 

incblo, cblere, cblui, cultum, a. 3. (in 
et cblo) to inhabit, abide or dwell 
in. 

incblumis, c, adj. (in et cblumis) safe, 
sound, unpunished. 

incompertus, a, um, part, (in, not, 
et compertus) not discovered, un- 
known. 

inconsiderate, adv. inconsiderately. 

incredibilis, e, adj. (in et credibilis) 
incredible. 

incredibiliter, adv. incredibly. 

incrementum, i, n. 2. an increase. 
Fr. incresco, increvi, whence in- 
crevimentum, incrementum. 

increpo, are, ui, itum, a. 1. (fr. crepo, 
to make a noise) to make a noise 
at, upbraid, reprove. 

incruentus, a, um, adj. (in et cruen- 
tus) not bloody, bloodless. 

inculte, adv. rudely, uncouthly, in- 
elegantly. 

incultus, a, um, adj. et part, (in et 
cultus) uninhabited,uncultivated, 
desert. 

incumbo, cumbere, cubui, cubitum, n. 
3. (in et cubo) to lean, lie, or re- 
cline upon, to attend or apply to ; 
gladio vel in gladium, to fall 
upon one's sword, slay one's self. 

incur sio, onis, f. 3. (fr. incurro, in- 
cur sum) a running upon, incur- 
sion, attack. 

incus, udis, f 3. an anvil on which 
smiths (incudunt) forge iron. 

inddgo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. 
indu, within, et ago) to trace out 
as hunters do, investigate. 

inde, adv. from that place, thence. 

index, ids, m. et f. (fr. indico) one 
who shows or discovers, a sign, 
mark, index. 

India, ae,f. 1. an extensive country 
of Asia, which took its name 



DICTIONARY. 



153 



from the Indus, its western boun-infigo, gere, xi, xum. a. 3. (in el 
dary. | figo) to fix, fasten in. 

indico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (dico) infimus, a, wm, adj. lowest. For 
to show, discover, disclose. inferrimus,fr. inferus. 

indico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (in el di- ■ infinities, a, um, adj. (in et finlius) 



co) to declare, proclaim. 

indictus, a, urn, part, of indico. 

Indicus, a, um, adj. Indian. 

indigena.ae.c. 1. a native of a place. 
For indugcna, fr. indu, in, and 
geno for gigno. 

indoles, is,f. 3. natural disposition. 

inducn, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (in et 
diico) to lead in, induce, per- 
suade. 

induclus, a,, um, part, of induce 

induo, uere.ui, utum, a. 3. (fr. ivcvu) 
to put on, clothe. 



without bounds, infinite ; infini- 
tum argenti, an immense quanti- 
ty of silver. 

infirmus, a, urn, adj. (in et firmus) 
weak, infirm. 

inflammo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (flam- 
mo) to set on fire, inflame, ex- 
cite. 

infldtus, a. um, part, of inflo. 

infligo, gere, xi. ctum, a. 3. (in et 
fligo) to inflict, strike. 

inflo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {in etflo) 
to blow into or upon, puff up. 



Indus, i, m. 2. a celebrated river of \infrendeo, ere, ui,n. 2. (inetfrendeo) 



India, falling, after a course of 
1300 miles, into the Indian Ocean. 
It forms the western boundary of 
India. 

induslria, ae.f. 1. industry. 

indutus, a, um. part, of induo. 

inedia. ae,f. 1. (fr. in, not. and edo, 
to eat) want of food, hunger. 

ineo, Ire, Ivi et ii, itum, irr. a. et n. 
to go into, enter -,foedus, to form 
a league. 

iv.£rm.is, e, adj. (fr. in, not, and 
anna) without arms, defence- 
less. 

inexplicdbilis, e, adj. (in et explicd- 
bilis) inexplicable, intricate. 

infdmis, e, adj. (fr.fama) infamous, 
disgraceful. 

infans, tis, c. 3. an infant. Fr.for, 
fans. One who cannot speak. 

inferi. drum, m. 2. the infernal re- 
gions ; the infernal gods; the 
shades. 

inferior, us, adj. comp. of inferus. 

infer o, inferre, intuli, illdtum, irr. 
a. (in etfero) to bring into, bring 



to gnash with the teeth. 

infringo, in gere, egi, actum, a. 3. 
(in etfrango) to break in pieces, 

inf undo, f under e, fiidi, fusum, a. 3. 
(in etfundo) to pour into. 

ingenium, i, n. 2. {fr. ingeno, in- 
genui) natural disposition or ca- 
pacity, genius, character. 

ingeno, same as ingigno, gignere, 
genui, genilum, a. 3. (in et gigno) 
to engender, produce. 

ingens, tis, adj. great, large. 

ingenuus, a, um, adj. (fr. ingeno) 
native, freeborn, liberal, candid. 

ingredior, edi, essus sum, d. 3. (in 
et grddior) to walk into, go in, 
enter. 

ingressus, a, um, part, of ingredior. 

ingruo,uerc, ui, n. 3. to fall violent- 
ly on, assail. 

inhacreo, rere, si, sum, n. 2. (in et 
hacreo) to cling to, adhere to ; 
cogitationibus, to be lost in 
thought. 



nhio, are, dvi, dtum, a. el n. 1. (in 
et hio) to gape for, covet, 
against; bellnm alicui, to wage inimlcus, a, um. adj. (in et amicus) 
war against. unfriendly, hostile. 

inferus, a. um. (inferior, infimus inique. adv. (in et acque) unequally, 



vel imus) which is below. 

infesto, arc, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to an- 
noy, molest, injure. Infestus sum 
in. 

infestus. «, um, adj. (in, not, et fes- 
tus) hostile 



unjustly. 
inlquvs, a, um, adj. {in et aequus) 

unequal, unjust. 
initium, i. n. 2. (fr. ineo, initum) a 

beginning. 
initurus, a, um, part, of ineo. 



infidus, a. um, adj. (in, not, eifidus) injlcio. icere, tci, eclum, a. 3. (in el 
unfaithful, faithless. jdcio) to cast into, throw upon. 



154 



DICTIONARY. 



xnjucundus, a, urn, adj. (in et jucun-Unsidiae, drum, f. pi. (fr. insideo) 
dus) unpleasant, harsh. an ambush, lying in wait, treach- 

injuria, ae,J 1. injury, wrong. Fr. ery ; per insidias, treacherously. 
jus, juris. Quod non jure fit. insidior,dri, dtus sum. d. 1 . (insidias 

innascor, nasci, ndtus sum, d. 3. (in facio) to lie in wait, plot against. 
et nascor) to grow in. [insigne, is, n. 3. (Jr. sig?ium) a sign 

innalo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (in et\ or mark of distinction, ensign. 
ndto) to swim into, float upon. 

inndtus, a, um, part, of innascor, 
inbred, innate. 

innllor, ti, sus vel xussum, d. 3. {in 
et nitor) to lean or rest upon, de- 
pend upon. 

innbcens, tis, adj. innocent, guilt- 
less. 

innocentia, ae,J. 1. innocence. 

innotesco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. (notus 
fio) to become noted or known. 

iilnoxius, a, um, adj. {in et noxius) 
inoffensive, harmless. 

innumerdbilis, e, adj. (in et numera- 
bilis) innumerable. 

innumerus, a, um, adj. countless, in- 
numerable. 

inbpia, ae,J. 1. (inops) want. 

inops, bpis, adj. poor, needy. Qui 
est sine ope. 

Inopus, i, m. 2. a river of Delos, 
which the inhabitants supposed 
to be the Nile, coming from 
Egypt under the sea. Near its 
banks Apollo and Diana were 
bom. 

in vel im- prlmis, adv. especially. 

inquam, is, it, def I say; 

inqutndtiirus, a, um, part, of inqui- 
no. 

inquino, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to de- 
file, contaminate, stain. 

inqulro, rere, sivi, situm, a. 3. (in et 
quaerd) to seek for, inquire, in- 
vestigate. 

insdnia, ae,J. 1. (insdnus) madness, 

; folly. 

insolnio, ire, ivi, Itum, n. 4. {insdnus 
sum) to be mad. 

inscribo, here, psi, ptum, a. 3. (in et 
scribo) to write upon, inscribe. 

inscriptus, a, um, part, of inscribo. 

tnseclum, i, n. 2. (inseco, insectum) 
an insect. 

insiquens, tis, part, of insequor. 

insequor, qui, quutus vel cuius sum. 
d. 3. (in et sequor) to follow. 

insideo, idere, edi, essum, n. 2. (in 
et sedeo) to sit or rest upon. 



insignis, e, adj. distinguished by 
some (signum) mark or sign, dis- 
tinguished. 

insimulo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (in et 
simulo) to pretend a charge 
against, to accuse. 

insisto, sistere, stiti, stdtum, n. 3. 
(in et sisto) to stand upon, insist. 

insolabiliter, adv. inconsolably. 

insblens, tis, adj. insolent, arrogant. 

insblenter, adv. (Jr. insblens) arro- 
gantly. 

insolitus, a, um, part, et adj. unac- 
customed, unusual. 

inspecto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (freq. 
of inspicio) to look into, observe, 
behold. 

insperdtus, a, um, part, et adj. not 
hoped for, unexpected. 

instdturus, a, um, part, of insto. 

instituo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. (in et 
stdtuo) to appoint, institute. 

institutum, i, n. 2. (Jr. instituo) a 
practice, institution. 

institutus, a, um, part, of ihstituo. 

insto, stare, stiti, stdtum, n. 1 . (in et 
sto) to stand near, urge, request 
earnestly. 

instrumentum, i, n. 2. (fr. instruo) 
an instrument. 

instruo, ere,xi, ctum, a. 3. (in el struo) 
to furnish, provide, fit out, in- 
struct ; epulas, to prepare a meal. 

Insubres, um, m. pi. 3. the inhabit- 
ants of Insubria, a country near 
the Po, supposed to be of Gallic 
origin. 

insuesco, escere, evi, etum, n. inc. 3. 
to become accustomed. 

insula, ae.f. 1. an island. 

insuper, adv. moreover. 

integer, gra, grum, adj. (grior, ger- 
rimus) whole, entire, uncorrupt- 
ed, unhurt. 

intego, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (in et 
tego) to cover. 

integritas. dtis, f. 3. (fr. integer) 
integrity. 

inteliectus, a; um, part, of intelligo. 



DICTIONARY 



155 



tntclligo, igere, exi, ectum, a. 3. (in- interns, ft, vm, adj. {fr. inter) which 
ter et lego) to understand, per-i is within. 



ceive, discern, know. 

inter, prep. c. ace. between, among. 

inter cipio, ipere, epi, eptum, a. 3. 
(inter et capio) to take by surprise, 
intercept. 

interdico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {inter 
et dico) to forbid, prohibit. 

inter dictus. a, urn, part, oi interdico. 

interdiu, oAv. by day. 

interdum, adv. now and then, some- 
times. 

interea, adv. {inter ea negotia) in the 
meanwhile. 

interemtus vet -emptus, a, um, part. 
of interimo. 

inter eo, ire, ivi et ii, itum, irr. n. 
(inter et eo) to go to ruin, perish. 

interest, imp. (inter et sum) it con- 
cerns, or is the interest of; mea, 
it concerns me. 

inter ferior , oris, m. 3. (Jr. intcrficio, 
interfectum) a murderer. 

intcrficio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. (in- 
ter etfdcio) to kill, murder. 

interim, adv. in the meanw T hile. 

interimo, rmere, emi, emtum or emp- 
tum, a. 3. (inter etemo) to take in 
the midst, take away, kill. 

inter jectus, a, um, part, of inter jicio. 

inter jicio, icere 7 , eci, ectum, a. 3. (in- 
ter et jdcio) to throw between or 
among. 

interior, us. adj. (comp. of interns) 
more within, inner, interior. 

internecio, on is, f. 3. a massacre, 
carnage, destruction. 

inter nodium, i, n. 2. the space be- 
tween two knots or joints. 

internus, a, um, adj. (fr. inter) in- 
ner, internal ; Mare Internum, 
Mediterranean sea. 



intervallum, i, n. 2. the space (inter 

vallos) between the stakes of the 

rampart of a camp, any interval. 
intervenio, venire, veni.ventum. n. 4. 

(inter et venio) to come between. 
intexo, ere. ui, turn. a. 3. {in et texo) 

to interweave. 
intimus, a, um. adj. (for interrimus 

Jr. interns) innermost, very inti- 
mate. 
intra, prep. c. ace. within ; adv. in- 

w T ard. 
intrlpidus, a, um, adj. (in, not, et 

trepidus) fearless, intrepid. 
intro. are. dvi, dtum,a. 1. (intro eo) 

to go into, enter. 
introdAico, cere, xi, ctum, a,. 3. (intro 

et duco) to lead in, introduce. 
introuus, iis, m. 4. (fr. introeo, in- 

troitum) a going in, entrance. 
intueor, eri, itus sum. d. 2. (in et 

tucor) to look steadfastiv at, be- 
,. hold. 

intus, adv. (hros) within. 
inn sit at us, a, um. adj. (in etusitdtus) 

unusual, uncommon. 
inutilis, e, adj. (in et utilis) useless, 

unserviceable. 
invddo, dere. si, sum, a,. 3. (in et 

rddo) to enter, fall upon, attack. 
invenio, venire, veni, ventum, a,. 4. 

(in et venio) to come upon, light 

upon, find, invent. 
inventrix, Ids. f. 3. (fr. invenio) 

an inventres^. 
inventus, a, um, part, of invenio. 
investlgo, are, dvi. dtum, a. 1. to 

trace or find out by (vestigiis) the 

prints of the feet, to investigate, 

discover. 
invicem, adv. alternately, mutually. 



interpres, etis, m. 3. an interpreter, invictus, a, um, part, (in et victus) 



Fr. inter and partes, or inter and 
prctium- 

interregnum, i, n. 2. (inter et reg- 
num) an interreign, the space of 
time in which a throne is vacant 



unconquered. 
invidco. videre, vldi, visum, a. 2. (in 
et video) to envy. That is, keep 
one's eye fixed on an object with 
sentiments of secret jealousy, 
between the death of one king invidia, ae, f. 1. envy, hatred, spite, 
and the accession of another. \invisus, a, um, adj. odious, hateful. 
interrogatus,a,um,part.o[interrogo. invitdtus, a, um, part, of invito. 
interrogo, are, dvi, dtum, ft. 1. invito, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to ask, 

intersum, esse, fui, futurus, irr. n.\ invite. 

(inter et sum) to be in the midst, invius, a, um, adj. (fr. via) impas- 
be present at. I sable. 



156 



DICTIONARY. 



invoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (in eft Italia, ae % f. 1. Italy, a celebrated 

voco) to call upon, invoke. country of Europe. 

limes, um, Wo. pi. 3. the inhabitants! It aliens, a, um, ) ,. t. ,. 



Ionian. 



of Ionia. 

Ionia, ae, /. 1. a country of Asia 
Minor, on the coast of the Ae- 
gaean. 

Ionicus, a, um, > , • 

Ibnius, a, um, J •'* 

Iphicrdies, is, m. 3. a celebrated ge- 
neral of Athens, who rose from 
the lowest station to the highest 
offices in the state. 

Iphigenia, ae, f. 1. a daughter of 
Agamemnon and Ciytemnestra. 

ipse, a, urn, pro. he himself, she 
herself, itself; he, she, it; etipse, 
he also. 

Ira, ae,f. 1. anger, passion, resent- 
ment. 

Irascor, irasci, d. 3. (fr. ira) to be 
angry or enraged. 

irdtus, a, um, adj. (fr. ira) angry, 
enraged. 

irretio, ire,ivi, Hum, a. 4. (fr. rete) 
to ensnare, entangle. 

irrideo, dere, si, sum, a. 2. (in et 
rldeo) to laugh at, scoff. 

wrigdtus, a, um, part, of irrigo. 

irrigo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (in et 
rigo) to water, bedew, irrigate. 

irrlto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to pro- 
voke, enrage, irritate. 

irruo, uere, ui, n. 2. (in et ruo) to 
rush in or on furiously, attack. 

is, ea, id, pro. this, he, she, it. 

Isocrdles, is, m. 3. a celebrated 
Athenian orator, son of Theodo- 
rus. 

Issicus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Issus. 

Issus, i, f 2. now Aisse, a town of 
Cilicia, on the confines of Syria. 

iste, a, ud, pro. this, that, he, she, it. 

Ister, tri, m. 2. a large river of Eu- 
rope, falling into the Euxine sea. 
called also Danubius. 

Isthmicus,a,um, adj. Isthmian ; ludi, 
sacred games among the Greeks, 
which received their name from 
the isthmus of Corinth, where 
they were observed. 

Isthmus, i, m. 2. ('Io-0//<5?) an isth- 
mus, neck of land separating two 
seas. 

Ua, adv. so, thus. 



Italus, a, um, 

itdnue, adv. therefore. That is, 
and so. 

iter, itineris, n. 3. (fr. eo, itum) a 
journey, way, march. 

ittrum, adv. once more, again. 

Ithaca, ae,f. 1. a mountainous and 
rocky island, with a city of the 
same name, situate north-east of 
Cephallenia. It w r as famous for 
being a part of the kingdom of 
Ulysses. 

itidem, adv. in like manner, like- 
wise. 

iturus, a, um, part, of eo. 



J. 



jaceo, ere, ui, itum, n. 2. to lie. 

jdcio, jdcere, jeci, jactum^ a. 3. to 
throw, cast, hurl. 

jacto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. [freq.fr. 
jacio,) to throw to and fro, toss. 

jactus, a, um, part, of jacio. 

jdculor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to throw 
(jaculum) a javelin, hurl. 

jam, adv. now, presently, already. 

jamdudum, adv. long ago. 

Janiculum, i, n. 2. -now Montorio, 
one of the seven hills at Rome, 
on the opposite shore of the 
Tiber. Ancus Martius joined 
it to the city by the bridge Subli- 
cins. 

Japetus, i, m. 2. a son of Coelus or 
Titan and Terra. 

Jason, cnis, m. 3. a celebrated hero, 
son of Aeson. He was leader 
of the Argonauts. 

jejunus, a, um, adj. fasting, hungry. 

jbcor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to speak 
in jest, joke. 

juba, ae,f. 1. a mane. 

jubeo, jub e, jussi, jussum, a. 2. to 
order, bid, command. 

jucundus, a, um, adj. (fr. juvo) de- 
lightful, sweet. 

Judaea, ae,f. 1. a province of Pa- 
lestine, forming the southern di- 
vision. 

Judaeus, a, um, adj. pertaining: to 
Judaea ; Judaeus, i, m. 2. a Jew. 

judex, ids, c. 3. (jus et dico) a judge. 



DICTIONARY. 



157 



pidicdtus, a, um, part. ofjudico. 
judicium, i, n. 2. judgment; a sen 

tence, decision. 
judico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (judex) 

to judge, determine, think. 



jugerum, i, 



2. an acre of land. 



jugum, i, n. 2. a yoke ; the summit 
of a mountain. Fr. gvyor. Or 
fir. jugo, jungo. 

Jugurtha, ae, m. 1. a son of Masta- 
nabal, the brother of Micipsa. 

Julius, i, m. 2. the name of a fami- 
ly of Alba, brought to Rome by 
Romulus, where they soon rose 
to the highest honours of the 
state. 

junctus, a, um,*part. of jungo. 

jungo, gere, xi. ctum, a. 3. to join ; 
jungere cur rum, to put the horses 
to the chariot. 

junior, us, adj. comp. (for juvenior 
fr.juvenis) younger. 

Junius, i, m< 2. the name of a fami- 
ly at Rome. 

Juno, onis.f 3. the wife of Jupiter. 

Jupiter, Jdvis, m. 3. the son of Sa- 
turn and Ops, and king of the 
gods. 

jurgiosus, a, um } adj. (fr. jurgium) 
quarrelsome. 

jurgium, i, n. 2. a quarrel. 

juro, arc, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. jus, 
juris) to swear. 

jus, juris., n. 3. law, right, justice; 
jus civitatis, citizenship ; jure, 
justly, reasonably. Fr. jussifr 
jubeo. That which is ordained 
by laws human or divine. 

jussus, a, um, part, of jubeo. 

jussus, its, m. 4. (fr. jubeo, jussum) 
a command. 

justitia, ae,f. 1. (f Justus) justice. 

Justus, a, um, adj.(fr. jus) just, 
right, upright. 

juvenca, ae,f. 1. a heifer. 

juvcnis, is, adj. (comp junior, for 
juvenior) young, youthful ; subst. 
c. 3. a youth, young man or wo- 
man. Fr. juro. One who has 
arrived at that time of life which 
admits of his being of use to his 
country, to his familv, and to him 

# self. 

juventus, ulis, f. 3. (fr. juvenis) 
youth. 



jnvo, juvdre, juvi, julum, a. 1. to 

succour, help, assist. 
juxta, 7?re2?.c.<zcc.immediatelyupon, 

hard by, near; adv. nearly alike, 

equally. 



L. 



labor et -os, oris, m. 3. toil, labour. 

labor, bi, psus sum, d. 3. to fall, 
glide, flow. 

Idboriosus, a, um, adj. (fr. labor) 
toilsome, laborious. 

labor o, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (labor) 
to labour, be oppressed with, suf- 
fer with ; morbo, to be sick ; fame, 
to be hungry. 

labijrintkus, i, m. 2. (AafivptvOos) a 
labyrinth. 

lac, tis, n. 3. milk. 

Ldce.dacmdnius, a, um, adj. Lace- 
dapmonian. 

Lacedaemon. onis,f. 3. a noble city 
of the Peloponnesus, the capital 
of Laconia, called also Sparta. 

lacerdtus. a, um, part, of lacero. 

lacero, are. dvi dtum. a.\.(fr lacer t 
torn) to tear in pieces, maim. 

lacessitus, a, um,part. of lacesso. 

lacesso, ere, ivi, Hum, a. 3. to rouse, 
provoke, irritate. 

Laconicus, a,um, adj. Spartan, La- 
conic. 

lacrjjma, ae, f. 1. a tear. 

locus, us, m. 4. a lake. 

lac do, dire, si, sum, a. 3. to hurt, 
harm. 

laetdlus, a, um. part, of laetor. 

lactitia, ae, f. 1. (fr. laetus) joy. 

laetor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to be glad, 
rejoice. 

laetus, a, um, adj. glad, joyful, pros- 
perous, flourishing, fruitful, plen- 
tiful. 

Laevinvs, ?', m. 2. P. Valerius, a 
Roman consul, sent against Pyr- 
rhusj Lacrini a familybelonging 
to the gens Valeria. 

laevor, oris, m. 3 smoothness. 

Lagus, i, m.. 2. a Macedonian of 
menn extraction, who adopted 
Ptolemy (thence called Lagus or 
Lagides), the first Macedonia^ 
king of Egypt. 

Idna, ae,f I. wool. 



i"58 



DICTIONARY. 



Idndtus, a. vm, adj. having or bear 

ing wool, woolly. 
Idnidtus, a, um, part, of lanio. 
Idnio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to tear, to 

cut in pieces. 
lapicidina, ae. f. 1. (fr. lapiclda, 

fr. lapis et caedo) a quarry ; mar- 

maris, a marble-pit, quarry of 

marble. 
lapideus, a, um, adj. (fr. lapis) stony. 
lapis, idis. m. 3. a stone. 
lapsus, a, um, part, of labor. 
Idqueus, i, m. 2. a noose, halter 

snare. 
largior, %ri, itus sum, d. 4. to grant 

(large) largely, lavish, give, grant 
largitio, onis. f. 3. (fr. largior) a 

giving freely, grant, gift. 
largus, a, um, adj. large, extensive, 

copious. 
late. adv. widely, far and wide. 
Xdtehra, ae,f. 1. (fr. lateo) a hiding 

place. 
Idtco, ere, ui, n. 2. to lurk, lie hid, 

escape the observation of. 
later, eris, m. 3. a brick or tile. 
later cuius, i, m. 2. a small brick or 



tile. 

Latinus. a, urn, adj. pertaining to 
Latium, Latin. 

Latinus, i, m. 2. a son of Faunus 
and Marica, king of the Abori- 
gines in Italy, who from him 
were called Latini. 

latitudo, Inis, f. 3. (fr. latus) 
breadth. 

Ldtona, ae,f. 1. the mother of Apol- 
lo and Diana. 

latrandus. a, um, part, of latro. 

latro, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. to break, 
bark at. 

latro, onis, m. 3. a robber. 

latrocinium, i, n. 2. robbery. 

Idturus, a, um, part, offero. 

latus, a,, um, adj. broad, wide. 

Idtu, eris, n. 3. a side. 

lauddtus, a, um, part, of laudo. 

laudo, are, dvi, dtum,a. 1. (fr. laus, 
laudis) to praise. 

laus, dis,f 3. praise. 

Xante, adv. sumptuously, magnifi- 
cently. 

\dvo, lavdre, lav dvi et saepiusldvi, 
lavdtum, lautum et lotum, a. I. et 
3. to wash, rinse, bathe. 



Ueama, ae f I. (Afa^a) a lioness. , 

Leander, dri, m. 2. a youth of Aby- 
dos. 

lebes, etis, m. 3. (Aefiris) a kettle. 

lectus, a, um, part, of lego. 

Leda, ae, f. 1. the wife of Tynda- 
rus. king of Sparta, was mother 
of Pollux and Helena, and also 
of Castor and Clytemnestra. 

legdtio, onis , f. 3. (legatus) an em- 
bassy. 

legatus, i, m. 2. (fr. lego) an am- 
bassador, lieutenant. 

legio, onis, f. 3, a legion, body of 
soldiers consisting of ten co- 
horts. 

legislator, oris, m. 3! (lex etfero, la- 
tum) a lawgiver, legislator. 

lego, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to send or 
depute as an ambassador, or as a 
deputy or lieutenant. 

lego, legere, legi, ledum, a. 3. (Al- 
yw) to gather, choose, read, read 
aloud. 

Lemdnus, i, m. 2. a lake in the coun- 
try of the Allobroges, now called 
the lake of Geneva. 

lente, adv. slowly, remissly. 

leo, onis, m. 3. (Aewv) a lion. 

Leonidas, ae, m. 1. a king of Spar- 
ta, celebrated for his bravery and 
patriotism. He led the 300 Spar- 
tans who fell at Thermopylae. 

Leontinus, i, m. 2. pertaining to 
Leontium. 

Leontium, i, n. 2. a town of Sicily. 

Lepidus, i, m. 2. M. Aemilius, a Ro- 
man celebrated as being one of 
the triumvirs, with Octavianus 
and Antony. 

lepus, oris, m. 3. a hare. 

letdlis, e, adj, (fr. letum. } death) 
mortal, deadly, fatal. 

levis, e, adj. light. 

levis et laevis, e, adj. (fr. IsTos) 
smooth, polished. 

levitas, dtis, f. 3. (fr. levis) light- 
ness. 

levo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. levis) 
to lighten, relieve, alleviate. 

lex, legis,f. 3. a law, condition. 

libenter, adv. (fr. libens, willing) 
willingly, cheerfully. 

liber, era, erum, adj. free. 

liber, bri, m. 2. (fr. Xcrro?, bark) 



DICTIONARY. 



159 



the inward bark or rind of a tree. 
a book. 

liber dliter, adv. in a manner befit- 
ting a (liberum virum) freeman or 
gentleman, liberally. 

liberdcus, a, um, part, of liber o. 

liber e, adv. freely. 

liberi, drum, m.pl. 2. children, (free- 
born, not slaves). 

liber o, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. to free, 
set at liberty. Liberum facio. 

libertas, dtis. f 3. (Jr. liber) liber- 
ty- 

Libya, ae, f. 1. properly that part 
of Africa which borders on the 
Mediterranean, adjoining Egypt. 
The poets have extended the 
name to all Africa. 

licet, ebat, licuit, vel licitum est, imp. 
it is just or right, it is lawful or 
allowed. 

Licinius, i, m. 2. the name of an il- 
lustrious family at Rome. 

licet, conj. although. 

lienosus, a, um, adj. (lien, enis, 
spleen) splenetic, affected with 
spleen. 

ligneus, a, um, adj. (fr. lignum) of 
wood, wooden. • 

lignum, i, n. 2. wood. 

ligo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to bind. 

Liguria, ae, f la country in the 
west of Italy, along the Ligusti- 
cus Sinus or Gulf of Genoa. 

Ligus, uris, m. 3. an inhabitant of 
Liguria, a Ligurian. 

Ligusticus, a, um, adj. pertaining 
to Liguria ; Sinus vel Mare, now 
the Gulf of Genoa. 

Lilybaeum, i. n. 2. a promontory of 
Sicily, looking towards Africa, 
with a town of the same name in 
its vicinity. 

limpidus, a, um, adj. clear, limpid. 

limus, i, m. 2. mud, slime, clay. 

lingua, ae, f. 1. (fr. lingo, to lick) 
the tongue; speech, language. 

linum, i, n. (Aivov) flax, linen. 

liquifdcio, facer e, feci, facinm, a. 3. 
( liquere facio) to melt, dissolve. 

liquidus, a,, um. adj. (fr. liquor) li- 

„ quid, pure, clear. 

lis, litis, f. 3. strife, dispute. 

litter a, ae,f 1. a letter, litterisman- 
dare t to commit to writing; lit- 



terae, drum, pi. a letter, epistle; 
also, letters or learning, the arts, 
the sciences. 

litterdrius, a, um, adj. (fr. littera) 
relating to letters, literary. 

litus vel littus, oris, n. 3. (fr. Wo-dj, 
\i-Tdq, smooth) a shore, a bank. 

loco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to place, 
deiposite ;virgoducenda locatur, a 
girl is bestowed or given in mar- 
riage. Fr. locus. That is, in 
loco pono. 

locus, i, m. 2. loci et Idea, drum, pi. 
m. et n. a place. 

Ibcusta, ae,f. 1. a locust. 

longe, adv. (fr. longus) a long way 
off, far, wide. 

longinquus, a, um. adj. (fr. longus) 
being a long way off, distant. 

longitudo, inis, f. 3. (fr. longus) 
length. 

longus, a, um, adj. long. 

Icquutiirus vel -cuturus, a, um, part. 
of loquor. 

loquiitus vel cutus, a, um, part, of 
loquor. 

loquor, qui, quietus vel cutus sum, <L 
3. (fr. >.6yog, a word) to speak. 

lorica, ae,f. 1. a breast-plate, coat 
of mail. Fr.ldrum. As ancient- 
ly made of leather or leathern 
thongs. 

lorum, i, n. 2. a thong, whip, 
scourge. 

lubens vel libens, tis, part, of lubet, 
willing. 

lubentervellibenter, (ius, issime)adv. 
willingly. 

lubet vel libet, ebat, uit vel itum est i 
impers. 2. it pleases, it is agree- 
able. 

lubido vel libido, inis, f. 3. (fr. libet) 
desire, inclination, lust. 

lubricus, a, um, adj. (for labricusfr. 
labor) slippery. 

luceo, cere, xi, n. 2. (fr. lux, lucis) 
to shine. 

Lucius, i, m. a praenomen among 
the Romans. 

Lucrttia, ae,f. 1. a celebrated Ro- 
man lady, daughter of Lucretius, 
and wife of Tarquinius Collati- 
nus. 

Lucretius, i, m. 2. Sp. TVicipitinus t 
father of Lucretia. 



160 



DICTIONARY. 



luetics, us, 77i. 4. {fr. lugeo, luctum)\Lydia, ae ) f 1. a country of Asia 

mourning. Minor, south of Mysia. 

LucuUus^.m.Q. Lucius Licinius. &'Ly 'Sander, d?'i, m. 2. a celebrated 



Roman, celebrated for his fond 
ness of luxury, and for his mili- 
tary talents. 

lucus, i, m. 2. a grove. 

ludo, dere, si, sum, a. 3. to play. 

liidus, i, m. 2. play, a game ; litte- 
rarius, a school ; gladiatorius, a 
school for gladiators ; ludimagis- 
ter, a school-master. 

lugeo, gere, xi. ctum, n. 2. {fr. Xt>£&>, 
to sob) lo lament, bewail. 

lumen, inis, n. 3. (for lucimen fr 
luceo) the light, a light, an eye. 

lima, ae, f 1. (for lucina fr. luceo) 
the moon. 

lupa, ae,f. 1. a she-wolf. 

lupus, i, m. 3. {fr. \vko$) a wolf. 

luscinia, ae,f. 1. a nightingale. 

Lusitdnia, ae, /. 1. a part of ancient 
Hispania, on the Atlantic coast 
answering nearly to the modern 
kingdom of Portugal. 

lustro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to expi- 
ate, purify, muster, review. 

lustrum, i, n. 2. the lair or den of niacui osus, a, um, adj. spotted, stain- 
wild beasts. eel. 

lusus, its, m. 4. {fr. ludo, lusum) madeo, ere, ui, n. 2. (McuJdw) to be 
play, sport, a game. wet or moist. 

Lutaiius, i, m. 2. C. Catulus, a Ro- \Maenades, um, f pi. 3. {'MaivdSeg) 
man naval commander, famous priestesses of Bacchus, 
fbr his victory over the Carthagi- 7kfoe6^5, idis, f 3. Palus, a large 
r.ian. fleet, off the Aegates insu- lake or part of the sea, at the 
lae. north of the Euxine, now called 

Isutctia, ae, f 1. now Paris, a town the sea of Azoph or Zaback. 
of Belgic Gaul, on an island mmagis, adv. more rather, 
the Sequana or Seine, which re- mdgister, tri, m. 2. a master, teach- 
ceived its name, as some suppose,! er; magister equitum, a general 
from the quantity of {lutum) clay [ of horse, or the dictator's lieute- 
nant. 
magistra, ae, f. 1. a mistress, in- 



general of Sparta. 
Lajsimachus, i, m. 3. king of Thrace, 
one of the captains of Alexander 
the Great. 



M. 



Mdcedo, onis, m. 3. a Macedonian. 

Macedonia, ae,f. 1. now Roumelia, 
a country of Europe, lying to the 
west of Thrace, and north and 
north-east of Thessaly. 

Mdcedonicus, a, um, adj. Macedo- 
nian. 

mdcies, iei, f. 5. {fr. maceo, to be 
lean) leanness, 

Macrobii, drum, m. pi. 2. {fr. fiaxpog, 
long, and (Hog, life) a people of 
Aethiopia, celebrated for their 
longevity. 

mactdtus, a, wri, part, of macto. 

macto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to sacri- 
fice, immolate, sla) r . 

macula, ae,f 1. a spot, stain. 



in its neighbourhood. 
lutum, i, n. 2. clay, mire, dirt. 
lux, lucis, f. 3. {fr. \mr], dawn, or, structress. 



levKog, bright) light 



magistrdtus, its, m. 3. {fr. magister) 

luxuria, ae,f 1. luxury. a magistracy, magistrate. 

Lycia, ae, f. 1. a country of Asia Magnesia, ae, f 1. the name of two 

'Minor, in the south. | cities in Lydia, of which one was 

Lycius, a, um, adj. pertaining to situate in the south near the 

Lycia, Lycian. I Maeander, and the other in the 

Lyc6medes,is,m 3.akingof Scyros, northern part, near the junction 

an island in the Aegaean sea, a of the Hermus and Hyllus. 

son of Apollo and Parthenope. magnifice,adv.-ccntius r cenlissime, 
Lycurgus, i, m. 2. a celebrated law- magnificently. 

giver of Sparta, son of king Eu- magnificentia, ae, f. 1. magnifi- 

nomus. i cence. 



DICTIONARY, 



161 



magnificus, a, um, adj. >ce?itior, 

-centissimus, magnificent. 
magnxtudo, inis, f 3. (Jr. ma gnus) 

greatness, magnitude. 
magnopere, adv. i. e. magno opere, 

with much toil, greatly, very 

much. 



dia. in the Peloponnesus, near 
the borders of Argolis. 

mdnubiae, drum,f pi. 1. spoils ta- 
ken (inanu) by the hand in war 
or elsewhere, booty. 

matiumissus, a, um, part, of manu- 
mitto. 



magnus, a, um, adj. {camp, major, manumitto, mittere, mist, missum, a. 

sup. maximus) great. 3. (inarms et mitto) to set at Uber- 

majores, um, m. pi. 3. forefathers, ty, free. 

ancestors. manus, its, f. 4. a hand, the trunk 

male, adv. (comp. pejus, sup. pessi- of an elephant. 

me) badly. mdpdle, is, n. 3. a hut (of a rustic 

mdledico, cere, xi, ctum, a- 3. {male Numidian). An African word. 

et dico) to speak ill of, rail at, re- Marcellus, i, m. 2. the cognomen of 

vile. an illustrious Roman family. 

mdledicus, a, um, adj. -centior, cen~ Martins, i, m. 2. the name of a Ro- 

tissimus, slanderous, reproachful,; man family. 

abusive. ! Marcus, i, m. 2 a praenomen among 

mdleficus, a, um, adj. -centior, -cen-^ the R.omans. 

tissimus, (jr. malefacio) hurtful, mare, is, n. 3. the sea. 

mischievous, wicked. mo/rgdrita, ae, f. 1. (fr. ^aoyapiTm) 

mdlo, malle,malui, irr. n. (Jr. magis a pearl. 

androZo)foberQorewilling,wish,;ilfana7i^?ii. drum, m. pl> 2. a peo- 



rather, prefer. 

malum, i, n. 2. (fr. pnkov, Dor- pa'Sop) 
an apple. 

malum, i, n. 2. evil, misfortune, ca- 
lamity. 

mains, a, um, adj k (pejor, pessimus) 
bad, wicked ; mali. bad men. 

Mancinus, i, m. 2. a Roman general, 
who was defeated by the Nuinan- 
tines, B. C 138. 

mando. are, dvi, alum, a. 1. to com- 
mit to one's charge, enjoin, or- 
der. 

mando, dire, di, sum, a. 3. to chew, 
eat. 

mane, n. ind. the morning ; adv. in 
the morning. 

mdneo, ere, si, sum. n. 2. to remain. 

manes, ium, m. pi the ghosts of 
the dead, the shades. Also, the 
abode of the shades. 

Manlius, i. m. 2. a name among the 
Romans. 

mdno. are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to flow. 

moMSuefdcio, facer e, feci, factum, a 
3. (mansuetum facio) to make 
tame. 

mansuef actus, a, um, part, of man- 
suefio 

mansntfio. fieri, foetus sum, irr. to 
be made tame. 

Maniinea, ae, f 1. a town of Area 



pie of Bithynia. to the east of the 
river Sangarius. 

mdrlnus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
(mare) the sea, marine ; aquila 
marina, the saker. 

mdritimus, a, um, adj. (fr. mare) of 
the sea, maritime ; regio, a coun- 
try bordering on the sea; mari- 
timae copiae, na/val forces. 

mar litis, i, m. 2. (fr. mas) a hus- 
band. 

Marius. i, m. 2. C. a native of Ar- 
pinum. who, from a peasant, be- 
came one of the most powerful 
and cruel tyrants that Rome ever 
beheld during her consular go- 
vernment. 

marmor. oris, m. 3. (fr. udp^apov) 
marble. 

Mars, tis, m. 3. the god of war, son 
of Jupiter and Juno. 

Marsi, drum, m. pi. 2. a people set- 
tled near the lake Fucinus in 
Italy. 

Marsyas, ae, m. 1. a celebrated mu- 
sician of Celaenae in Phrygia. 

masculus, a. um, adj. (fr. mas) male, 
manly. 

mas, m,dris, m. 3. the male of any 
creature. 

massa. ac,f 1. a lump, mass. 

Massicus, a, um, adj. of Masszcus, 



162 



DICTIONARY. 



a mountain of Campania, near 
Sinuessa, famous for its wine. 

Massilia, ae,f 1. a maritime town 
of Gallia Narbonensis, now Mar- 
seilles. 

mater, iris, f. 3. (/^rrjp, Dor. [idrrjp) 
a mother. 

mdttria, ae, f 1. matter, stuff, ma- 
terial, timber. 

mdtrimd?dum, i, ». 2. (fr. mater, 
mdtris) marriage, matrimony. 

mdtrona, ae, f. 1. (fr. mater) a mar- 
ried woman, matron. 

Malrona, ae,f. 1. a river of Gaul, 
now the Marne. 

mdiurcsco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. (md- 
turns fid) to ripen, grow ripe. 

mdturus, a, um^adj. ripe, mature. 

mdtutinus, a. urn., adj. belonging to 
the morning, early. Fr. Matuta, 
the goddess of morning. 

Mauritania , ae, f. 1. a country in 
the west of Africa, on the Medi- 
terranean, now the empire of 
Fez and Morocco. 

Mausolus, i, m. 2. a king of Caria. 

maxilla, ae, f. 1. the jaw-bone, 
jaw. 

maxime, adv. (corny, magis) most of 
all, especially. 

maximus, a, um, adj. ( sup. of mag- 
nus) greatest. 

Maximus, i, m. 2. the cognomen of 
several Romans. 

mecum, (i. e. cum me) with me. 

medeor, eri. (with a dat.) d. 2. to 
cure, heal. 

medicdlus, a, um, part, of medico 

medicina, ae,f. 1. (fr.medicus) me- 
dicine. 

medJco, are, ami, dtum, a. 1. (fr. me- 
deor) to heal, cure ; corpus, to 
embalm. 

medicus, i, m. 2. {fr. medico) a phy- 
sician. 

mediocris, e, adj. (fr. medius) mid 
dling, moderate. 

Mediomatrici, drum, m. pi. 2. a peo 
pie of Gallia Belgica, on the Mo 
sella or Moselle. 

meditdtus, a, um, part, of meditor. 

meditor, dri, dtus sum, a. 1. to give 
' attention to, meditate, practise. 

medius. a, um, adj. middle ; medium, 
the middle ; in 'medium agmen 
into the midst of the band; per 



medios ignes, through the midst 
of the fire. 

Medusa, ae, f. 1. (MeSowd) one of 
the three Gorgons. 

Me gar a, ae, f. 1. et Megdra drum, 
n. pi. 2. the capital of Megaris. 

Megdrenses, ium, m. pi. 3. the inha- 
bitants of Megara. 

Megaris, idis, f. 3. a small country 
of Achaia. 

Megasthenes, is, m. 3. a Greek his- 
torian in the age of Seleucus Ni- 
canor. 

mehercule, adv. by Hercules, in very 
truth. 

met, mellis, n. 3. (fr. ^eXi) honey. 

Meledgcr, et -grus, gri, m. 2. a ce- 
lebrated hero, son of Oeneus, 
king of Aetolia. 

melior, us, adj. (comp. of bonus) bet- 
ter. 

membrdna, ae, f. 1. a thin skin, 
parchment. 

membrum, i, n. 2. a member, limb. 

memini, def pret. I remember. 

mtmor, oris, adj. mindful. 

memordbilis, e, adj. memorable. 

memoria, ae, f. 1. memory. The 
power by which (memores sumus) 
we remember. • 

mtmor o, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. 
memor) to mention,relate,remem- 
ber. 

Memphis, is et idos, f 3. a famous 
city of Egypt, on the left side of 
the Nile, about 15 miles above 
the apex of the Delta. 

menddcium, i, n. 2. (fr. mendax,) a 
lie, falsehood. 

mendax, dcis, adj. (for mentax fr. 
mentior) lying, false. 

Meneldus, i, m. 2. a king of Sparta, 
brother to Agamemnon, and hus- 
band of Helen. 

Mentnius, i, m. 2. Agrippa, a cele- 
brated Roman. 

mens, tis,f. 3. the mind. 

mensis, is, m. 3. a month. 

mentio. 6nis,f. 3. mention, a making 
mention of. 

mentior, Iri, Itus sum, d. 4. to lie, 
speak falsely. 

meredtor, oris, m. 3. (fr. mercor) a 
merchant. 

meredtura, ae, f 1. (fr. mercator). 
the trade of a merchant. 



DICTIONARY. 



163 



mercdtus, us, m. 4. (Jr. mercor) a Midas, ae, m. 1. a king of Phrygia, 

buying and selling, market, fair 
merces, edis,f 3. hire, wages, price, 



profit. 

mercor, art, dtus sum, d. 1. to trade. 

Mercurius, i, m. 3. the son of Jupi- 
ter andMaia, daughter of Atlas. 
He was the messenger of the 
gods, and of Jupiter in particular. 
His name is derived fr. merx, be- 
cause he was the god of mer- 
chandise among the Latins. 

mereo, ere, ui, Hum, n. 2. > . _. 

mereor, ere, ilus sum, d. 2. ) 



mergo, gere, si, sum, a. 3. to put un- 
der water, dip, immerse. 

merldidnus, a, u?n, adj. {fr. merl- 
dies) of mid-day, taking place at 
noon, southern. 

merldies, iei, m. 5. (for medidies, 
medius dies) mid-day, noon. 

merito,adv. deservedly, with reason. 

meritum, i, n. 2. (fr. mereo, meritum) 
desert, merit. 

merula, ae,f. 1. a blackbird. 

merx, cis, f. 3. merchandise. 

messis, is, f. 3. {fr. meto, messum) 
harvest. 

meta, ae, f. La goal, bound, limit. 

Metagonium, i, n. 2. a promontory 
on the coast of Mauritania in 
Africa. 

metallum, t, n. 2. (fieraWov) metal 
a vein of metal, mine. 

Metcllus, i, m. 2. the cognomen of 
a Roman family belonging to the 
gens Caccilia. 

mcthodus, i, f. 2. (jicdodos) a me- 
thod. 

mitior, tlri, nsus sum, d. 4. to mea- 
sure. 

Metius, i, m. 2. Fhiffetucs, a dictator 
of Alba, in the reign of Tullus 
Hostilius. 

mtto, tire, ssui, ssam, a. 3. to mow, 
reap. 

metuo, ucre, ui, a. 3. (fr. meius) to 
fear, be afraid. 

metus, us, m. 4. fear. 

meus, a, um, adj. my, mine. 

Micipsa, ae, nt. 1. a king of Numi 
dia, son of Massinissa. 

mxco, are, ui, n. 1. to move quickly, 
sparkle. 



famous for his wealth and his 
avarice. 

migro, are, dvi, d2um,n. 1. to change 
one's habitation, remove, wan- 
der. 

miles, itis, c. 3. a soldier. 

Milesius, a, um, adj. of Miletus, 
Milesian. 

Miletus, i, f. 2. a celebrated town 
of Asia Minor, the capital of all 
Ionia. 

militia, ae,f. 1. the service (mllitis) 
of a soldier, warfare. 

mllito, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to per- 
form the duties (mllitis) of a sol- 
dier, serve in war. 

mille, card. num. n. 3. (ind. in sing.) 
millia, um, pi. a thousand; duo 
millia, two thousand; mille, adj. 
ind. 

millidrium, i, n. 2. a mile-stone, a 
mile. 

milvius, i, m. 2. a kite. 

rninae, drum, f. pi. 1. threats. 

minime, adv. (fr. pdrum) least of 
all, at least, at all events. 

minimus, a, um, adj. (pos. parvus, 
comp. minor) the least. 

minister, tri, m. 2. a servant. 

ministerium, i, n. 2. (fr. minister) 
service. 

minium, i, n. 2. red lead. 

minor, dri. dtus sum, d. 1. to threat- 
en. 

minor, oris, adj. comp. of parvus^ 
less. 

Minos, ois, m. 3. a king of Crete, 

minuo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. to les- 
sen, diminish. 

minus, adv. comp. ofparum, less. 

mlrdbilis, e, adj. (fr. mlror) won- 
derful. 

mlrdculum, i, n. 2. (fr. mlror) a 
miracle. 

mlrdtus, a, um, part, of mlror. 

mire, adv. (fr. minis) wonderfully. 

mlror, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to wonder, 
be astonished at, admire. 

mlrus, a, um, adj. wonderful. 

misceo, scere, scui, stum et xtum, a. 
2. to mix. 

miser, era, trum, adj. miserable, 
wretched. 

miserdtus, a, um, part, of miser or. 



PART 1 



164 



DICTIONARY. 



miser eo ■, ere, ui, Hum, n. 2 ; misereor, 
ereri, ertus sum, d. 2. to pity. 

miser et, eruit, ertum est, impers. it 
pitieth. 

misericordia, ae. f. 1. compassion, 

miser or, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to pity. 
That is, to be (miser) wretched 
on account of another. 

mistus el mixtus, a, um, pojrt. of 
misreo. 

MUhriddtes, is, m. 3. the name of 
several kings of Pontus, of whom 
the VII. surnamed Eupator, and 
The Great, was most distinguish- 
ed. 

MitkridsCiticus, a, um, adj. pertain- 
ing to Mithridates. 

mltis, e, adj. soft, gentle, meek. 

mitto, mittere, mist, missum, a. 3. to 
send, throw, produce. 

mbdcrdtio, bnis, f. 3. moderation, 
discretion. 

modicus, a, um, adj. (fr. modus) 
moderate. 

mbdius, i, m. 2. a bushel. 

modo, adv. even now, now, only ; 
conj. (equivalent to dummbdo) 
provided that. 

modus, i, m. 2. a measure, limit ; 
method ; way, manner : nullo mo- 
do, by no means. 

moenia, um, n. pi. 3. the walls of a 
city. 

Moenus, i, tn. 2. now Mayne,^ a river 
of Germany, which fails into the 
Rhine near Mentz. 

moereo, et maereo, ere, n. 2. to grieve, 
mourn. 

Moeris, is, m. 3. a lake in Egypt. 

mbldris, e, adj. {fr. mblo, to grind) 
of a mill ; dens, a jaw-tooth, 
grinder. 

moles, is, f 3. a mass, heap, bur- 
den. 



mbnumenlum, et mbnimentum, z, n, 
2. (fr. moneo) a monument, me- 
morial. 

mons, tis, m. 3. a mountain. 

monstro, are, dvi, dtum } a. 1. to 
point out, show. 

mora, ae,f. 1. delay, hinderance. 

morbus, i, m. 2. a disease ; conta- 
giosa, an infectious disease ; 
morbo exstingui, to die a natural 
death. 

mordax, dcis, adj. (fr. mordeo) bi- 
ting, given to bite. 

mordeo, mordere, mbmordi, morsum, 
a. 2. to bite. 

mbrigerus, a, um, adj. (mbrem ge- 
rens) obedient, compliant, obse- 
quious. 

mbrior, mbri et mbrlri, mortuus sum } 
d. 3. et 4. to die. 

mbror, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. (fr. mo- 
ra) to delay ; nihil moror i I care 
not. 

mbrbsus, a, um, adj. difficult to 
please, peevish, morose. 

mors, tis,f. 3. death. 

morsus, us, m. 4. (fr. mordeo, mor~ 
sum) a bite. 

mortdlis, e, adj. (fr. mors) mortal. 

mos, mbris, m. 3. a manner, cus- 
tom ; mores, manners, character, 
morals. 

Mossyni, brum, m. pi. 2. a people 
of Asia. 

mbtus, us, m. 4. (fr. moveo, mbtum) 
a motion ; terrae, an earthquake. 

mbveo, mbvere, mbvi, mbtum, a. 2. 
to move. 

mox, adv. by and by, presently, 
soon. 

Mucins, i, m. 2. C. Scaevola, a Ro- 
man, famous for his courage and 
intrepidity. 

muliebris, e, adj. (fr. mulier) femi- 
nine, womanly. 
mblesius, a, rim, adj. (fr.' moles, orlmulier, eris,f. 3. a woman. 

fjLoXos, toil) troublesome, oppres- \multitudo, inis, f. 3. (fr. multus) a 
sive. multitude. 

Tiiollio, Ire, Ivi, ltum : a A. to soften, \multo et mulcto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 

mitigate. 1. to fine, punish. 

mollis, e, adj. soft. vmulto, ) adv. much, by far, consi- 

mollitus, a, um, part, of mollio. \multum,\ derably. 
Molossi, brum, m. pi. 2. a people of multus, a, um, adj. much, many; wmZ- 

Epirus. turn auri, -much gold. 

moneo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. to put in Mummius, i, m. 2. L. a Roman con- 
mind, advise, admonish. i sui, who destroyed Corinth, and 



DICTIONARY. 



165 



was surnamed Ackaicus from his 
victories. 

mundus, i, m. 2. the world. 

muntendus, a, um, part, of munio. 

munio, ire, ivi, Hum, a. 4. (fr. moe- 
nia) to fortify, defend ; viam mu- 
nire, to prepare a way. 

mnnitus, a, um, part, of munio. 

munus, iris, n. 3. a gift ; an office, 
duty. 

murdlis, e, adj. {fr. murus) pertain- 
ing to a wall; corona, a mural 
crown. 

murus, i, m. 2. a wall. 

mus, muris, m. 3. (fxvg) a mouse. 

musa, ae,f. 1. (jjlovco) a muse ; hence, 
a song. 

m,usca, ae, f \ . a fly. 

musculus, i, m. 2. (fr. mus) a little 
mouse. 

musica, ae.) r i r *\ 

musice, es, \ / l b"™*) music - 

musicus, a, um, adj. (hovcikos) skill- 
ed in music. 

muto, are, clvi, dtum, a. 1. to change, 
exchange.. 

miitus, a, um, adj. dumb, 

Mygdonia, ae.f 1. a small province 
of Macedonia near Thrace. 

Myndus, i, f 2. a maritime town 
of Caria, north-west of Halicar- 
nassus. 

Myrmecides, is, m. 3. an artist of 
Miletus. 

Mysia, ae, f. 1. a country in the 
north-western angle of Asia Mi- 
nor. 



N. 



Nobis, idis, m. 3. a celebrated t) 
rant of Lacedaemon. 

nae, adv. certainly, verily. 

nactus, a, um, part, of nanciscor ; 
occasionem, at a favourable oppor- 
tunity 

nam, conj. for, but ; ( it is often em- 
phatically subjoined to interroga- 
tives a«, quaenam, quidnam). 

no/ficiscor, nancisci, noxtus sum, d. 
3. to light on, get, obtain ; occasio- 



visions of ancient Gaul, of which 
Narbo was the capital. 

ndres, ium, ibus, f pi. 3. the nos- 
trils. 

narro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to make 
mention of, relate, say. 

nascor, nasci, ndtus sum, d. 3. to be 
born. 

Ndslca, ae, m. 1. the surname of P. 
Cornelius Scipio,whomthesenate 
delegated, as being the most re- 
markable of their body for purity 
of manners, to conduct the statue 
of Cybele to Rome. 

ndsus, i, m. 2. the nose. 

ndtdlis, e, adj. pertaining to one's 
(natum) birth; dies natalis, a 
birth-day. 

ndto, are, dvi, dtum, (freq. fr. no, 
natum) to swim. 

natu, abl. sing. m. 4. (the other 
cases wanting) by birth ; natu 
minor, the younger ; natiC mini- 
mus, the youngest; natu major, 
the elder ; natu maximus, the 
oldest. 

ndtura, ae,f.\. nature. 

ndturdlis, e, adj. natural. 

natus, a, 'um, part, of nascor ; sexa- 
ginta annos natus, sixty years old. 

ndtus, i, m. 2. a son. 

naufrdgium, i, n. 2. (for navifragi- 
um,fr. navis and ) rang o) a ship- 
wreck. 

nauta, ae, m. 1. (vavrm) a sailor. 

ndvdlis, e, adj. belonging to (naves) 
ships, naval ; navale proelium, a 
sea-fight. 

ndvigdbilis, e, (fr. ndvigo) naviga- 
ble. 

ndvigdtio, onis.f 3. navigation. 

ndvigium, i, n. 2. a boat, ship, in 
which one (ndvigat) sails. 

ndvigo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (navem 
ago) to steer or row a ship, navi- 
gate^ 

ndvis, is,f 3. (vavg) a ship. 

ne, conj. not, that not, lest, that not ; 
ne...quidem. not. ..even. 

ne, an enclitic, asks a question, and 
is always subjoined to another 
word, as nosne, satisne, nonne, 
scisne. 



nem. to find an opportunity. 
Narbontnsis, e, adj. pertaining to 

Narbo, now Narbonne, a town ofncc, conj. v. neque. 

Gaul; Gallia, one of the four di-necdtus, a, um, part, oincco 



166 



DICTIONARY. 



necessarins, a, um, adj. necessary ; 

m. 2. a friend. 
necessitas, dtis, f. 3. (fr. necesse) 

necessity, fate. 
neco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (vew, obs.) 

to kill. 
nefas, n. ind. what is not lawful 

injustice, crime. 
negdtus, a, um, part, of nego. 
neglectus, a, um, part, of negligo. 
negligo, igere, exi, ectum, a. 3. (for 

necligo, fr. nee and lego) to dis- 
regard, neglect. 
nego, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ne et ago) 

to refuse, say no, deny. 
negotium, i, n. 2. business, thing; 

facili negotio. with little trouble. 
nemo, inis, c. 2. (neet homo) no one; 

nemo non, every one ; nemo mor- 

talium, no man. 
nemus, oris, n. 3. a forest, grove. 
nepos, otis, m. 3. a grandson. 
Neptuilus, i, m. 2. (in Greek Tloaei- 

daiv) son of Saturn, and brother of 

Jupiter, was the god of the sea. 
nequdquam, adv. by no means. 
neque, conj. and not j neque... neque, 

neither.. .nor. 
nequeo, Ire, Ivi, Uum, irr. n. (ne et 
* queo) I cannot, not to be able. 
nequis, qua, quod et quid, pro. lest 

any one, that no one. 
Nereis, idis, f. 3. a Nereid ; Nerei- 
des, nymphs of the sea, daughters 

of Nereus and Doris. 
nescio, Ire, Ivi, Uum, n. 4. (ne etscio) 

to be ignorant of. 
Nestus vel Nessus, i, m. 2. now 

Nesto, a small river of Thrace. 
neuter, tra, trum, adj. (ne uter) nei- 
ther of the two, neither. 
Nicomedes, is, m. 3. the name of 

several kings of Bithynia. 
nldifico, are, dvi, dtum, a. (nidus 

etfacio) to build a nest. 
nidus, i, m. 2. a nest. 
niger, gra, grum, adj. black. 
nihil, n. ind. nothing ; nihil habeo 

quod, I have no reason ; nonnihil, 

something. 
nihilominus, adv. nevertheless. 
Nilus, i, m. 2. a famous river of 
^Egypt. 

JxTf.]™ i adv. too much. 
nxm%um t ) 



nxmius, a, um, adj. (fr. nimis) too 
much, too great, excessive. 

Niobe, es,f. 1. a daughter of Tanta- 
lus, king of Lydia, and wife of 
Amphion, king of Thebes. 

nisi, conj. if not, unless. 

Nisus, i, m. 2. a king of Megaris, 
father of Scylla. 

nitidus, a, um, adj. (fr. niteo) shi- 
ning, bright. 

Nitocris, idis,f 3. a famous queen 
of Babylon. 

nitor, oris, m. 3. (fr. niteo) bright- 
ness, splendour. 

nltor, niti, nlsus et nixus sum, d. 3. * 
to strive. 

nix, nivis,f. 3. snow. 

no, ndre, ndvi, ndtum, n. 1. (vecd, v&) 
to swim. 

nobilis, e, adj. (fr. nosed) known, 
famous, noble. 

nobilitas, dtis, f. 3. (fr. nobilis) dis- 
tinction ; distinction of birth, no- 
bility, greatness of soul. 

nobilitdtus, a, um, part: of nobilito. 

nobilito, are, dvi, dlum } a. 1. to make 
(noHlem). illustrious, ennoble. 

nbceo, ere, ui, Uum, a. 2. to hurt, in- 
jure. 

noctu, abl. by night, in the night 
time. 

nocturnus, a, um, adj. nightly. 

nodus, i, m. 2. a knot. 

Nola, ae, f 1. an ancient town of 
Campania. 

nolo, nolle, nolui, irr. n. to be un- 
willing, 

Nomades, um, m. pi. 3. a name given 
to those pastoral nations who 
had no fixed habitation ; it was 
particularly given by the Greeks 
to the Numidians, a people of Af- 
rica, styled by the Romans Nu- 
midae. 

nomen, inis, n. 3. (for novimen, fr. 
novi) a name. 

non, adv. not ; non nihil, something. 

nonagesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
the ninetieth. 

nonne, adv. (instead of num non) 
not ? (as a question.) 

nonnihil, n. ind. something. 

nonnisi, adv. only. 

nonmdlus, a, um, adj. some. 

nonus, a, um, ord. num, adj. ninth. 



DICTIONARY. 



167 



nosco, noscere, novi, notum, a. 3. to 
know. 

master , tra, trum, pro. (Jr. nos) our. 

nota, ae, /.La mark ; corpus notis 
distinguere, to tattoo one's self. 

noto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1 . (fr. nota) 
to mark, remark. 

notus, a, um, part, of nosco. 

novem, ind. card. num. adj. nine. 

novus, a, um, adj. new. 

nox, noctis, f. 3. {w%, wktos) night ; 
de node, by night. 

nozius, a, um, adj. {fr. noxa, hurt) 
hurtful, injurious. 

niibes, is,f 3. {Jr. nubo) a cloud. 

nubo, niibere, nupsi et nuptus sum, 
nuptuvi, a. et n. p. 3. to cover, 
marry, be married, (properly ap- 
plied only to the woman, who 
covered her head with a veil 



nunquam, adv. {ne unquam) never; 
nunquam non, always. 

nuntio et nuncio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 
1. to announce, declare, relate. 

nuptiae, di-um, J pi. 1. {fr. nubo, 
nuptuvi) the marriage rite, nup- 
tials. 

nusquam, adv. {ne usquam) no- 
where. 

nutriendus, a, um, part, of nutrio. 

nutrio, ire, Ivi, Hum, a. 4. to non Ir- 
ish, nurture. 

nutrttus, a, um, part, of nutrio, 

nutrix, ids, f. 3. {fr. nutrio) a 
nurse. 

nympha, ae,f. 1. a nymph. 



O. 



O, int. CO) O ! oh ! 



when presented to her husband!^, pr. c. ace. for, on account of. 



at the marriage rite.) 
niiddtus. a, um, part, oinudo. 
nudo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to make 

naked, uncover, expose. 
nudus, a, um, adj. naked, bare. 



obdormisco, iscere, Ivi, n. inc. 3. {ob 
et dormisco) to fall asleep, sleep. 

obduco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {ob et 
duco) to draw over. 

obductus, a, um, part, of obduco. 



nullus, a, um, gen. ius, dat. i, adj. obedio, ire, Ivi, Uum, n. 4. {ob et au- 



{ne et nullus) no one, not any 
none. 

num, adv. whether or no 7 whe- 
ther. 

Numa,jie, m. 1. Pompilius, a na- 
tive of Cures, a village of the 
Sabines, and the successor of 
Romulus. 

Numantia, ae,J 1. a town of Spain 
near the sources of the river Du- 
rius. 

Numantlni, arum, m. pi. 2. the m-lofrjicio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. {ob et 
habitants of Numantia. jdcio) to cast against, object 

nnmen, mis, n. 3. a deity, god. against, object. 

numero, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {fr. obUgo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {ob et 
niimerus) to count, number. enu-| ligo) to bind about, bind, oblige, 
merate. \obllque,adv. (fr.obliquus) oblio^aely, 

numerus, i. m. 2. a number. indirectly. 

Numhlac, drum, m. pi. 1. (Nopals) obliquus, a, um,adj. oblique, crook- 
the Numidians. ed, indirect. 

Numulia,aeJ. 1. a country of Aivi- oblitus, a, um, part, of obliviscor. 



dio) to give ear to, obey. 

obeo, Ire, Ivi et ii, Uum, irr. n. {ob 
et eo) to go to, go through, trans- 
act, perform ; to meet death, die. 

oberro, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. {ob et 
erro) to wander up and down, 
stray about. 

obesus, a, um, adj. fat, plump. 

objdceo, ere, ui, n. 2. (ob etjdceo) to 
lie in the way or before. 

objectus, a, um, part, of objicio. 



ca, which now forms the king- 
dom of Algiers. 

Numitor, oris. m. 3. a son of Procas, 
king of Alba, and grandfather of 
Romulus and Remus. 

nunc. adv. now. 

nuncupo, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. (no 
men el cayio) to name, call. 

P 2 



obliviscor, Ivisci, Itus sum, d. 3. to 

forget. 
obnoxius, a, um, adj. liable, subject, 

obnoxious. 
obruo, uere, ui, iltum, a. 3. {ob et 

ruo) to overwhelm, cover over, 

bury. 
obriitus. a, um, part, of obruo. 



168 



DICTIONARY. 






obscurdturus, a, um, part, of obscu- 

ro. 
obscuro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 

darken, obscure. 
obscurus, a, um, adj. dark, obscure. 
obsecro, are, dvi, dtum, a.. I. to pray 

earnestly, supplicate, conjure. 
obsequor, sequi, sequutus vel secutus 

sum, d. 3. (ob et sequor) to follow 

in the way of, comply with, serve, 

obey. 
observdtus, a, um, part, of observo. 
observo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ob et 

servo) to watch, observe, attend 

to. 
obses, tdis, c. 3. a hostage. 
obsessus, a, um, part, of obsideo. 
obsideo, sidere, sedi, sessum, a. 2. 

(ob et sedeo) to sit in front of, be- 
set, besiege. 
obsidio, 6ms, f. 3. a siege. 
obsidiondlis, e, adj. pertaining to a 

siege ; corona, a crown given to 

him who had raised a siege. 
obstetrix, zcis,f. 3. a midwife. 
obtestdtus, a, um, part, of obtestor. 
obtestor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. (ob et 

testor) to call solemnly to witness 

conjure, supplicate. 
obtineo, mere, inui, entum. a. 2. (ob 

et teneo) to hold, procure, obtain ; 

obtinet sententia, the opinion pre- 
vails. 
obviam, adv. (ob viam) in the way; 

fio, I meet ; ire, to go to meet. 
occdsio, onis, f 3. (fr. occido, occd- 

sum) an opportunity. 
occdsus, its, m. 4. (fr. occido, occd- 

sum) the setting of the heavenly 

bodies, sunset, evening. 
occidens, Us, (scil. sol) the west. 

evening. Where the sun (occidit) 

falls or sets. 
occldendus, a, um, part, of occido. 
occidentdlis, e, adj. pertaining to (oc- 
cidens) the west, western. 
occido, cidere, cldi, cdsum, n. 3. (ob 

et cddo) to fall, set. 
occido, cidere, cldi, clsum, a. 3. (ob 

et caedo) to slay, kill. 
occlsurus, a, um, part, of occido. 
occlsus, a, um, part, of occido. 
occoecdtus, a, um, part, of occoeco. 
occoeco et -caeco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 

1. (ob et coeco) to blind, dazzle. 
occulto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (freq. 



fr. occulo, occultum) to hid^e, con- 
ceal ; occultari, to hide one's 
self. 

occupo, dre t dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ob et 
cdpio) to seize, occupy. 

occurro, currere, curri et cucurri, 
citrsum, n. 3. (ob et curro) to run 
up to, meet. 

Ocednus, i, m. 2. ('Qnsavos) the 
ocean or main sea; a powerful 
deity of the sea, son of Coelus 
and Terra. 

Octavidnus, i, m. 2. or Octavius 
Caesar, the nephew of Caesar 
the dictator. After the battle of 
Actinm,the senate bestowed upon 
him the title of Augustus. 

octdvus, a, um, ord. num. adj. (fr. 
octo) eighth. 

octingenti,ae.a, card. num. adj. eight 
hundred. 

octo, card. num. adj. ind. (6ktco) 
eight. 

octoginta, card. num. adj. ind. eigh- 
ty. 

oculus, i, m. 2. an eye. 

odi, odisse, def. pret. to hate, abhor. 

odium, i, n. 2. (fr. odi) hatred. 

odor, oris, m. 3. a smell; odores, 
perfumes. 

odoror, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. (fr. odor, 
odoris) to smell. 

Oeneus, ei et eos, m. 2. et 3. a king 
of Calydon in Aetolia, and father 
of Meleager. 

Oenomaus, i, m. 2. the name of one 
of the gladiators, who excited the 
war of the slaves. 

Oeta, ae, m. 1. now Banina, a cele- 
brated mountain betweenThessa- 
ly and Phocis. 

offero, offerre, obtuli, obldtum, irr. 
a. (ob etfero) to bring before, of- 
fer. 

officlna, ae,f. 1. a workshop. 

officio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. (ob et 
fdcio) to do against, hinder, in- 
jure. 

officium, i, n. 2. a duty, kindness, 
service, act of courtesy. For offa- 
cium. What w*e do (ob) in ser- 
vice to another. 

olea, ae,f 1. (eXaXa) an olive-tree. 

oleum, i, n. 2. (e\aiov) oil. 

olim, adv. in time past, formerly, 
some time, at one time. 



DICTIONARY. 



169 



olor, oris, m. 3. a swan. 

olus, eris, n. 3. (fr. bleo, to grow) 
herbs. 

Olympia, ae,f. 1. a town of Elis in 
Peloponnesus. 

Olympicus, a, um, adj. Olympic. 

Olympus, i, m. 2. a famous moun- 
tain on the coast of Thessaly, 
north of the mouth of the Pe- 
neus. 

omen, inis, n. 3. an augury, omen. 

omnis, e, adj. all, every ; omnes, all ; 
omnia, all things. 

onus, Iris, n. 3. a burden, load. 

onustus, a, um, adj. (fr. onus) laden, 
filled with. 

opera, ae, f. 1. (fr. opus) work, la- 
bour, pains ; dare operam alicui, 
to attend to, give one's self up to 
a thing. 

operor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1 . (fr. opus) 
to work. 

opes, um, f. pi. 3. means, resources, 
wealth ; in sing, {ops, nom. and 
• opi, dat. not used, opts, gen. opem, 
ace. ope, abl.) aid, assistance. 

oplmus, a, um, adj. fat, fruitful. 

opinio, onis, f 3. opinion ; praeter 
opinionem, contrary to expecta 
tion. 

oportet, ere, nit, impers. it is expe- 
dient or fit, it behooves, it ought, 
it must needs be. 

oppidum, i, n. 2. a walled town, 
town. 

vppono, onere, osui, bsitum, a. 3. (ob 
et pono) to place against, oppose. 

opportunus, a, um, adj. seasonable, 
convenient, favourable. 

oppbsitns,- a, um, part, of oppono, 
placed against, opposite 



opto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to wish, 

choose. 

opulentus, a, um, adj. {fr. opes) rich, 
opulent. 

opus, eris, n. 3. a work, labour. 

ora, ae,f. 1. a border, coast, shore. 

ordculum, i, n. 2. {fr. oro) the re- 
sponse of an inspired priest or 
priestess of a temple, an oracle. 

or alio, onis, f. 3. {fr. oro) a speech, 
discourse. 

orator, oris, m. 3. {fr. oro, ordtum) 
a speaker, orator, ambassador. 

orbdtus, a, um, part, of orbo. 

orbis, is, m. 3. a circle, orb ; in orbem 
jacere, to tie round in a circle ; 
orbis tcrrarum, the world. 

orbo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to -deprive 
or bereave of. 

Orcus, i, vi. 2. the god of the infer- 
nal regions, Pluto ; the infernal 
regions, the abode of the dead. 

ordino, are, dvi, dtum, a.lAo place 
{ordine) in order, arrange. 

ordo f inis, m. 3. order, method, ar- 
rangement. 

Oriens, Us, m. 3. the east. The p? 
where the sun {oritur) rises. 

brientdlis, e, adj. pertaining to ( O 
ens) the east, eastern. 

brlgo, inis, f. 3. {fr. brior) begi 
ning, origin ; originem ducere, 
derive one's origin. 

orior, eris, itur, oriri, ortus sum, d. 
3. to rise, spring, begin. 

orndwxntum, i, n. 2. {fr. orno) an 
ornament. 

orndtus, a, um, part, of orno. 

orndtus, us, m. 3. {fr. orno, orndtum) 
ornament, dress. 

orno, are, dvi, dtum, a.l.to adorn. 



opprimo, imere, essi, essum, a. 3. (ob oro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to utter; to 

et premo) to oppress, overpower, utter a request, beg, pray. 

overcome. Orodes, is, m. 3. a prince of Parthia. 

oppugndtus, a, um, part, of oppugno. Orpheus, ei et eos, m. 2. et 3. a great 

oppugno, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {ob et poet and musician, son of Oeager 



pugno) to fight against, attack, 

assault. 
ops. V. opes, 
optime, adv. (sup. of bene) very well, 

best. 
optimus. a, um, adj. (sup. of bonus)\ tenance. 

best. Fr. opto. That is, most os, ossis, n. 3. a bone. 

desirable. \Ossa, ae, f 1. a lofty mountain of 

optio, 6?iis,f. 3. liberty {optandi) ofj Thessaly, separated from Olym- 

choosing, choice, option. pus by the vale of Tempe. 



and the muse Calliope. 
ortus, a, um, part, of orior. 
ortus, us, m. 4. {fr. orior) a rising, 

springing up. 
os, oris, n. 3. the mouth, face, coun- 



170 



DICTIONARY. 



ostendo, dere, di, sum et Htm, a. 3. 

(obs for ob, et Undo) to stretch or 

hold before another, show. 
Ostia,ae,f a town built at the mouth 

of the Tiber by Ancus Martius, 

the 4th king of Rome. 
ostium, i, n.2. (fr. os) the entrance 

or mouth of a river. 
ostreum, i, n. 2. ioarpeov) an oyster. 
otium, i, n. 2. ease, leisure. 
Otos et Otus, i, m,. 2. — v. Ephialtes. 
bvis, is,f. 3. (Sis) a sheep. 
ovum, i, n. 2. (gW) an egg. 



P. stands for Publius. 

pabulum, i, n. 2. (fr. pasco) fodder. 

pdciscor, pdcisci, pactus sum, d. 3. 
to make a bargain or agreement ; 
to settle, ratify, a treaty. 

Pactolus, i, m. 2. a river of Lydia, 
famous for its golden sands. 

pactum, i, n. 2. an agreement, co- 
venant; quo pact o, in what man- 
ner. 

pactus, a, um, part, of paciscor. 

Pddus, i, m. 2. now the Po, the 
largest river of Italy. It rises in 
the Alps, and empties into the 
Hadriatic or Gulf of Venice by 
seven mouths. 

pacne, adv. almost, nearly. 

pacta, ae, f. 1. chaff. 

palma, ae,f 1. {jraXaur)) the palm of 
the hand ; a palm-tree. 

palpebra, ae, f. 1. the eyelid; pal- 
pebrae, the eyelashes. 

palus, udis,f 3. a marsh, lake, pool. 

pdlustris, e, adj. {fr. palus) marshy. 

Pan, dnis et dnos, ace. Pana, m. 3. 
(Tlav) the god of shepherds. 

pando, pandere, pandi, pansum et 
possum, a. 3. to throw open, 
spread out, extend. 

pango, pangere, panxi, panctum, 
item pegi el pepigi, pactum, a. 3. 
to drive in, fix, make firm ; pan 
gere foedus, to ratify, conclude a 
treaty. 

Panionium, i, n.2. (fr. -nav, all, et 
'l&vioi) a place on mount Myca- 
le, consecrated by religious festi- 
vals, so called as being common 
to all Ionia. 



pdnis, is, m. 3. bread. • 

panther a, ae, f. 1. (rrapdrip) a panther 

pdpdver, eris, n. 3. the poppy. 

Papirius, i, m. 2. the name of a Ro- 
man family. 

pdpyrum, i, n. 2. et papyrus, i, m. 
etf 2. (rrenrvpos) an Egyptian plant 
of which paper was made, papy- 
rus. 

pdrdtus, a, um, part, of par o, ready. 

Po.rcae, drum, f. pi. 1. the fates, 
three in number, Clotho, Lache- 
sis, and Atropos. 

par co, par cere, piper ci etparsi, par- 
citum et parsum, a. 3. to spare. 

pardus, i, m. 2. (IldpSos) a panther. 

parens, entis, c. 3. (jr. pdrid) a pa- 
rent, father or mother ; creaior, 
author, inventor, founder; pdren- 
tes, progenitors, ancestors. 

pdreo, ere, ui, Hum, n. 2. to obey. 
Properly, to be at hand, appear ; 
also, to be at hand to attend to 
another's orders, to obey. Fr. 

rcapio}, (whence napeim). 

paries, ietis, m. 3. a wall. 

pdrio, parere, peperi, pdritum et 
partum, a. 3. to bear or bring 
forth ; to cause, produce, obtain ; 
ovum, to lay an egg. 

Paris, idis, m. 3. a son of Priam, 
king of Troy, and Hecuba. 

pariter, adv. (fr. par) in like man- 
ner, alike, equally. 

Parnassus, i, m. 2. a mountain of 
Phocis, remarkable for its two 
summits, of which one was sa- 
cred to Apollo and the muses, 
the other to Bacchus. 

pdro, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. to prepare, 
procure, acquire. 

Paropamlsus. i, m. 2. a ridge of 
mountains in India, a continua- 
tion of the great Tauric range. 
This ridge separated the Indian 
province Paropamisus from Bac- 
tria. 

pars, tis, f 3. a part, division ; a 
party, faction ; magnam partem^ 
for the most part. 

parsimonia,ae,f 1. (fr.parco,par- 
sium) frugality, parsimony. 

Parthia, ae,f 1. a celebrated coun- 
try of Asia. 

Parthus, i, m. 2. a Parthian. 



DICTIONARY. 



171 



parhcula, ae,f. 1,( fr.pars) a small I pdtrius, a, um, adj. belonging to 
part, particle. (patrem) a father or ( patres)one's 

partiendus, a, um, part, of partior. I fathers. 

partim, adv. (fr. pars) partly. pdtrocinium, i, n. 2. (fr. patris) 

partior, iri, Uus sum, d. 1. (fr. pars,\ protection, patronage. 
partis) to part, share, distribute, pair onus, i, m. 2. (fr. pater) a pro- 

partus, a, um, part, of pdrio, acquir-j rector, patron. 

ed. Ipdtruelis, is, c. 3. the son or daugh- 



partus, us, m. 4. {fr. pdrio, partum) 

a birth. 
pdrum. adv. little, too little. 



ter (patrui) of an uncle on the 
father's side, a cousin by the fa- 
ther's side. 



parvulus, a, um, adj. {fr. parvus) pauci, ae, a, adj. few. 

very small, very little. pauldtim, adv. by little and little, 

parvus, a, um, adj. small ; minor, by degrees. 

comp. less ; minimus, a, urn, sup. paulo et paullo, adv. by a little, 
least. somewhat ; paulo post, a little 



pascendus, a, um, part, of pasco. 

pasco, pascere, pdvi, pastum, a. 3. to 
feed. 

passer, Iris, m. 3. a sparrow. 

passim, adv. here and there, every 
way. 

passus, a, urn-, part, of patior, having 
suffered ; also, a part, of pando, 
spread out. Uxa passa, a dried 
grape, raisin. As having suffer 



after. 

paululum, adv. a little. * 

Paulus, et Paullus, i, m. 2. a sur- 
name in the gens Aemilia. 

pauper, is, adj. poor. 

pdveo, pdvtre, pdvi, a. & n. 2. to 
% fear, dread, be afraid. 

pavidus, a, um, adj. {fr. pdveo) fear- 
ful. 

pdvo, onis, m. 3. a peacock. 



ed the heat of the sun, when \&id\pax, pdcis,f 3. peace 



out to dry. Or as being stretched 
out in the sun. 

passus, us, m. 4. a pace ; mille pas- 
suum, a mile. 

pastor, oris, m. (fr. pasco, pastum) 
a herdsman, shepherd. 

pdtefdcio, facer e, feci, factum, a. 3. 
to lay open, open, detect. 

pdtefio, fieri, f actus sum, irr. pass. 
to be thrown open, be detected. 

pdteo, ere, ui, n. 2. to lie open, be 
manifest ; to stretch, extend. 

pater, tris, m. 3. (Trarrjo) a father ; 
paterfamilias, pair is-familias, the 
father or master of a family. 

pdternus ) a, um, adj. {fr. pater) pa- 
ternal. 

p aliens, tis, part, and ar lj{fr. patior) 
enduring, bearing ; able to bear, 
patient. 

pdtientia, ae,f. 1. {fr. p aliens, pdti- 
entis) patience. 

patio, , pdti, passus sum, d. 3. to suf- 
fer, endure, support ; permit, al- 
low. 

pdtria, ae,f. 1. (i. e. terra) one's na- 
tive country. Fr. patrius. 

pdtrimonium, i, n. 2. property left 
(a patre) by a father, patrimony. 



pecco, arc, dvi, dtum, n. &> a. 1. to 
do wrong or amiss, err, sin. 

pecto, pectere, pexi, pexum, a. 3. to 
comb, dress the hair ; card. 

pectus, oris, n. 3. the breast. 

pecimia, ae,f 1. money. 

pecus, udis, c. 3. a sheep, beast, ani- 
mal. 

pecus, oris, n. 3. cattle. 

pedes, itis, m. 3. (fr. pes, pedis) a 
foot-soldier. 

peldgus, i, n. 2. {-!ri\ayo{) the sea. 

Pcleus, i, m. 2. a king of Thessaly, 
son of Aeacus. He married The- 
tis, one of the Nereids, by whom 
he had Achilles. 

Pelias, ae, m. 1. a king of Iolchos 
in Thessaly, son of Neptune by 
Tyro, the daughter of Salmone- 
us. 

Peligni, orum, m. pi. 2. a people of 
Italy, who dwelt near the Sabines 
and xMarsi. 

Pelion, i, n. 2. a mountain of Thes- 
saly, on the coast of the Aegaean, 
situate to the south of Ossa. 

pellicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. 3. (per 
et lacio) to draw, allure, entice. 

pellis, is, f. 3. the skin, hide. 



172 



DICTIONARY. 



pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum, a. 3. amdre, to love violently, even to 

to drive, drive away, banish. desperation. 

pellucidus, a, um, adj. (per et liici- perditus, a, um, part, of per do. 

dus, jr. luceo) clear, transparent, perdix, Ids, f 3. fapSi{) a part- 
Peloponnesus, i, f. 2. now the Mo- ridge. 

?-ea,di celebrated pen insula,whieh ^mfo, dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. (fr. 

comprehends the most southern! per et do) to ruin, destroy, lose. 

parts of Greece. Fr. Tle\oT:6vvr)-\perduco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (per et 

<rog (IL'Aottos vrjcros), the island of diico) to bring through, lead to. 

Pelops, who settled there. per ductus, a, urn, part, of per duco. 

Pelusmm, i, n. 2. now Tineh, a. peregrindtio,6?iis,f.3.(fr.peregri- 

town of Egypt, situate at the en- nor) a travelling through foreign 

trance of one of the mouths of 

the Nile, called from it Pelusian. 
pendeo, pendere, pependi, pensum, n. 

2. to hang. 
pene, adv. v. paene. 
penes, pr. c. ace. in the power of, in 

the possession of, with. 
penetrate, is, n. 3. the recess or in- 
nermost part of any place, as of 

a temple, palace, &c 
penetro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to go 

within or into, pierce or pene- 
trate. For penitro jr. penitus. 

Eo penitus: 
Peneus, i, m. 2. now Salempria, a 

river of Thessaly, rising on 

mount Pindus, and falling into 

the Thermaicus Sinus, after a 

wandering course between mount 

Ossa and Olympus. 
peninsula, ae, f. 1. (fr. pene & in- 
sula) a peninsula. Almost an 

island. 
penna, ae,f. 1. a feather, quill. 
pensilis, e, adj. (fr. pendeo, pensum) 

hanging, pendent. 
penuria, ae,f 1. want, need. 



per, prep. c. ace. through, 



through 



the medium of, by. 

per a, ae,f. 1. (wfya) a wallet. 

perdgro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to wan- 
der over, traverse. Per agros cir- 
cumeo. 

percontor et percunctor, dri, dtus 
sum, d. 1. (fr. per & contor) to 



countries, travel. 
peregrlnor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. (fr. 

peregrlnus) to go or live abroad. 
peregrlnus, a, um, adj. (fr. peregre, 

abroad) coming from abroad, fo- 
reign, strange. 
perennis, e, adj. perpetual, durable, 

perennial. For per annis. Durans 

per annos. 
pereo, ire, ii, raro Ivi, irr. n. (per et 

eo) to perish, die. 
perfidia, ae, f. 1. (fr. perfzdus) 

perfidy. 
perfidus, a, um, adj. (per et fides) 

faithless, perfidious. 
Pergdmum,, i, n. 2. et Pergdmus & 

Pergdmos, i, f 2. et Pergdma, 

drum, npl. 2. the citadel of Troy. 

Often put for Troy itself. 
Pergdmum, i, n. 2. et Pergdmus, i, 

f. 2. now Bergamo, a town of 

Mysia, on the banks of the Cai- 

cus. 
per go, gere, rexi, rectum, n. 3. (per 

et re go) to go right on, advance, ' 

go on. 
Pericles, is, m. 3. an Athenian of 

a noble family, distinguished as 

a commander, a statesman, and 

an orator. 
periculbsus, a, um, adj. (fr. pericu- 

lum) dangerous. 
perlcillum et perlclum, i y n. 2. a tri- 
al, hazard, danger. 
\periodus, i, f. 2. {rrepioSos) a period. 



ask strictly, inquire, investigate, ^periturus, a, um, part, of pereo. 
peicussor, oris, m. 3. (fr. percutio,\perltus, a, um, adj. experienced, 

percussum) a striker, one whol expert. 

has inflicted a wound, a murder- permeo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (per et 

er. meo) to go through. 

percutio, tere, ssi, ssum,a. 3. (per et permisceo, i scire, iscui, ixtum et is- 



qudtio) to beat, strike, wound ; 
securi, to behead. 
perdite, adv. very, vehemently ; 



turn, a. 2. (per et misceo) to mix. 
permistus et permixtns, a, um, part, 
of permisceo. 



DICTIONARY, 



173 



permitto, ittere, Isi, issum, a. 3. (per 
et mitio) to grant, allow, intrust. 

permutdtio, onis, f 3. (fr. per- 
muto, permutdtum) a change, ex- 
change. 

permuto, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. (per et 
muto) to change, exchange. 

pernicies, iei, f 5. destruction. Fr. 
per and neco or necis. 

perniciosus, a, um, adj. (fr. perni- 
cies) destructive. 

perpendo, dere, di, sum, a. 3. (per et 
pendo) to weigh carefully, exa- 
mine, deliberate upon. 

perperam, adv. wrong, falsely, rash- 
ly- 

perpetior, peti, pessus sum, d. 3. {per 
et potior) to suffer, endure. 

perpetuus, a, um, adj. (fr. per pes, 
perpetis, continual) continual, un- 
interrupted. 

Persa, ae, m. 1. a Persian. 

persequor, qui, quutus, vel cutus sum, 
d. 3. (per et sequor) to pursue, 
press upon, persecute. 

Perseus, ei et eos, m. 2. & 3. a son 
of Jupiter and Danae, the daugh- 
ter of Acrisius ; or Perses, the 
last king of Macedonia. 

Persia, ae, f 1. a celebrated king- 
dom of Asia. 

Persicus, a, um, adj. Persian. 

perspicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. 3.(per 
et specio) to see through, discern, 
understand fully. 

persuddeo, dere, si, sum, a. 2. (per et 
suddeo) to persuade. 

perterreo, ere, ui, itum-, a. 2. (per et 
terreo) to terrify. 

perterritus, a, um, part, of perter- 
reo. 

pertindciter, adv. ( fr. periinax. per- 
tindcis) obstinately, resolutely. 

pertvnax, dcis, adj. (fr. per and 
tenax, fr.. teneo) very tenacious, 
obstinate, resolute. 

pcrtineo, ere, ui, n. 2. (per et teneo) 
to reach, extend. 

perve.nio, venire, veni, ventum, n. 4. 
( per et venio) to come to, arrive 
at, reach. 

pervius, a, um, adj. (per et via) 
easy to be passed, passable. 

pes, pedis, m. 3. a foot. 

pessimus, a,um, adj. (sup. of mdlus) 
worst, very bad". 



\pessum, adv. down, to the bottom, 
under foot ; pessum agi, to go to 
the bottom, sink. 

pestilentia, ae,f. 1. (fr. pestilens) a 
pestilence. 

petitio, onis, f. 3. (fr. peto, petitum) 
a petition. 

petitus, «, um, part, of peto. 

peto, ere, Ivi, Itum, a. 3. to desire, 
request, seek, make for, go to- 
wards, attack ; hello petere, to 
wage war against ; coelum armis 
petere, to try to storm the hea- 
ven. 

Petra, ae, f 1. the capital of Ara- 
bia Petraea. 

petraeus, a, um, adj. growing upon 
a rock ; Arabia Petraea, a part 
of Arabia which was very rocky, 
whence its name, from the Greek 
Ttirpa, a rock. 

petulantia, ae,f 1. petulance, freak- 
ishness, impudence. 

Phaedcia, ae,f 1. an island of the 
Ionian sea, near the coast ot 
Epirus, anciently called Scheria, 
and afterwards Corcyra. The 
inhabitants were a luxurious and 
dissolute people. 

Phaeax, dcis, m. 3. an inhabitant of 
the island of Phaeacia. 

phdlerae, drum, f pi. 1. ((pd'Xapa) 
trappings for horses. 

Pharndces, is, m. 3. a son of Mithri- 
dates, king of Pontus, who fa- 
voured the Romans against his 
father. 

Pharos et Pharus, i, f. 2. a small 
island in the bay of Alexandria, 
about seven furlongs distant from 
the continent. Upon it was built 
a tower, which passed for one 
of the seven wonders of the 
world. 

Pharsdlus, i, m. 2. now Farsa, a 
town of Thessaly, in whose 
neighbourhood is a large plain 
called Pliarsalia. 

Phasis, is et idis, m. 3. a river of 
Colchis, rising in the mountains 
of Armenia. 

Phidias, ae, m. 1. a celebrated sta- 
tuary of Athens. 

Philaeni, drum, m. pi. 2. two bro- 
thers of Carthage, who chose ra- 
ther to be buried in the sand, than 



x74 



DICTIONARY. 



that the extent of their country- 
should be diminished. 

Philippi, drum, m. pi. 2. a town of 
Macedonia, east of Amphipolis. 

Philippicus, a, um, adj. of Philippi. 

Philippides, ae, m. 1. a comic poet 
in Alexander's age. 

Philippus, i, m. 2. the 2d, the 
fourth son of Amyntas, and fa- 
ther of Alexander ; the son of 
Demetrius. 



& 3. et Piraeum, i, n. 2. (Tleipai- 

£vs, £w?, w?) a celebrated and capa- 
cious harbour of Athens. 

pirdta, ae, m. 1. {^ciparfis) a pirate. 

piscdtor, oris, m. 3. a fisherman. 

piscis, is, m. 3. a fish. 

Pisislrdtus, i, m. 2. an Athenian, 
son of Hippocrates, who, by his 
address and eloquence, render- 
ed himself absolute in his native 
city. 
Philomela, ae, f. 1. a daughter of pistrlnum, i, n. 2. (fr.pinso,pistunij 



Pandion, king of Athens, chang- 
ed into a nightingale ; a nightin- 
gale. 
philosophia, ae,f. 1. {(pi\oao(pia) phi- 
losophy. 



philosophies, i, m. 2. (<pi\6ao(pos) a pldceo, ere, ui, itum, n. 2. to please ; 

philosopher. 
Phocaea, ae, f. 1. now Fochia, a 



maritime town of Ionia in Asia 
Minor. 
Phocaei, orum, m. pi. 2. the inhab- 
itants of Phocaea. 



to pound) a mill. 
pius, a, um, adj. pious, properly dis- 
posed towards one's parents, re- 
lations, friends, country, &c. du- 
tiful, affectionate, upright. 



sibi , to be vain of something. 



placet, that, uit vel itum est, impers. 

it pleases, it is the opinion of, it 

is determined. 
pldcidus, a j um, adj. mild, calm, 

placid. 



Phocis, idis, f. 3. a country of ipldga, ae,f. 1. a net or toil; a blow; 
Greece. | plagis conjicere, to beat severely. 

Phoenicia, ae, f. 1. a country of plane, adv. clearly, entirely, abso- 



Asia commonly named by the 
Jews Canaan. 

Phoenix, Ids, m. 3. a Phoenician. 

Phrygia, ae, /. 1. a large country 
of Asia Minor. 

Phryx, ygis, m. 3. a Phrygian. 

Picentes, ium, m. pi. 3. the inhabit- 
ants of Picenum. 

Picenum, i, n. 2. a district of Italy, 
which lay along the Adriatic, to 

the east of Umbria and the! ton, and one of the pupils of So- 
country of the Sabines. crates. 

pictus, a, um, part, of pingo, paint- plaustrum, i, n. 2. a wagon. 

ed, embroidered; picla tabula, zplebs, plebis, |y. 3. t h e common peo- 



lutely. 

pldnetes et planeta, ae, m. 1. (ir\avfj- 
rns) a planet. 

planta, ae,f. 1. a plant. 

pldtdnus, i,f. 2. fa&ravos) the plane- 
tree. 

platea, ae,f. 1. the spoonbill or sho- 
veller, a kind of fowl. 

Plato, onis, m. 3. a celebrated phi- 
losopher at Athens, son of Aris- 



picture. 
pietas, atis, f. 3. (fr. pius) piety, 

filial affection. 
pignus, oris, n. 3. a pledge, pawn. 
pila, ae,f. 1. a ball. 
pileus, i, m. 2. a hat. 



plebes, is, 

pie or plebeians. 
plecto, ctere, xi, xum, a. 3. to strike, 

punish ; twist, weave. 
plenus, a, um., adj. full. 
plerlque, pleraequc, plerdque, adj. 



pilus, i, m. 2. a hair (on any parti most, the greater part. 

of the body). ^plerumque, adv. for the most part. 

Pindarus, i, m. 2. a celebrated , Plinius, i, m. 2. C. — Secundus, sur- 



Lyric poet of Thebes. 
pingo, ingere, inxi, ictum, a. 3. to 

colour, paint, embroider. 
pinguis, e, adj. fat, fertile. 
pinna, ae,f. 1. a fin. 
Piraeeus et Piraeus, i et eos, m. 2. 



named the Elder, was born at Ve- 
rona, of a noble family. He dis- 
tinguished himself by his tho- 
rough acquaintance with natural 
philosophy, and every kind of 
learning.— C. Caecilius Secun- 



DICTIONARY. 



175 



dus, surnamed the younger, ne- 
phew and adopted son of the 

Elder. 
plumbeus, a, um, adj. of lead. 
plumbum, i, n. 2. lead. 
pluo, uere, ui, n. 3. to rain ; pluit la- 

pidibus.it rains stones. 
plurimus, a, urn, adj. (sup. of mulr 

tus) very many or much, most. (porro et rego) to stretch out, ex 
plus, uris, adj. (n. in sing.) plures, tend, hold out, offer. 

a, pi. (cornp. of multus) more. Porsena et Porsenna,, ae, m. 1. a 
Pluto, onis, in,. 3. a son of Saturn; king of Etruria, who espoused 

and Ops, brother of Jupiter, and the cause of Tarquin the Proud. 



bounded on the north by the 

Euxine. 
popular, dri, dtus sum, d.l.to waste 

(populus) a people or country, 

lay waste. 
populus, i, m. 2. a people, nation. 
por rectus, a, um, part, of porrlgo. 



porrigo, igere, cxi, ectum, a. 3. 



god of the infernal regions, 

poculum, i, n. 2. a cup. 

poema, atis, n. 3. (rroi^a) a poem. 

poena, ae,f. 1. (-oivfi) punishment ; 
dare poenam, to suffer punish- 
ment. 



porta, ae,f. 1. a gate, door, outlet. 

portendo, dere, di, turn, a. 3. to fore- 
show, betoken, presage. That 
is., (tendo) I hold out or show 
what will happen (porro) here- 
after. 



poenltet, that, uit, ere, impers. 2. to portlcus, us,f. 4. a portico, porch. 

repent, be sorry for ; poenitet me por to, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. to bear, 

facti, I repent of the deed. carry. 

Poenus, a, um, adj. Carthaginian; portus, us,m. 4. aharbour. Fr. porta. 



subst. m. 2. a Carthaginian. 
potto:, ae, m. 1. (rot^r/fa) a poet. 
pel, int. by Pollux ! in truth ! Per 

Pollucem. Perpol is also used. 
pollex, ids, m. 3. the thumb, the 



That is, a place of import and 
export for goods, or for carrying 
ships into. 
posco, poscere, poposci, a. 3. to ask, 
demand. 



great toe. \pdsitus, a, um, part, of pono. 

polliceor, tri, itus sum, d. 2. to pro- possessio, onis, f 3. (fr. possideo 

mise. possessum) possession. 

pollicitus, a, um, part, of polliceor. possessor, oris, m. 3. a possessor. 
Pollux, iicis, m. 3. a son of Jupiter possideo, sidere, sedi, sessum, a. 2. 

and Leda, brother to Castor. to possess. 

Polyxena, ae, f 1. a daughter of possum, posse, potui, n. irr. (polis i 

Priam and Hecuba. # able, & surn) to be able. 

pomifer, era, erum, adj. (pdmum & post, (pr. c. ace.) after; adv. after- 



Zero) bearing or prod ucing fruits 
pomiferae arbores, fruit-trees. 

pompa,ae,f. 1. (voprij) a procession, 
pomp. 

Pompeius, i, m. 2. Cneius, surnam- 
ed Magnus, from the greatness of 
his exploits, was son of Pompeius 
Strabo and Lucilla. 

Pompeidnus, a, um, adj. relating to 
Pompey. 

pomum, i, n. 2. an apple. 

pondus, Iris, n. 3. (fr. pendo, to 
weigh) weight. 

pono, ponere, posui, positum, a. 3. to 
lay, set, place. 

pons, tis, m. 3. a bridge. 



wards ; aliquot, annis post, some 
years afterwards ; paulo post, a 
little while afterwards. 

postea, adv. afterwards. 

poster, et posterus, era, erum, adj. 
(posterior, postremus) coming af- 
ter, succeeding; in poslerum, for 
the future ; poster o die, on the 
next day ; posteri, drum, descend- 
ants, posterity. 

postis, is, m. 3. a door-post. 

postquam, adv. after that. 

poslremo et postrtmum, adv. lastly, 
finally. 

postremus, a, um, adj. (sup. of poste- 
rus) last ; ad postremum, at last. 



pontus, i, m. 2. the sea; Ponlus postiilo, arc, dvi, alum, a. 1. to ask, 
(Euxinus), the Euxine or Black| demand. 

Sea ; a kingdom of Asia Minor ; ' Poslumius or -thumius, i, m. 2. the 
Part i. q 



176 



DICTIONARY. 



name of a patrician family at 

Rome ; Spurius, a consul sent 

against the Samnites, and defeat- 
ed by Pontius. 
potens, Us, adj. powerful. 
potentia, ae, jr. 1. (potens, potentis) 

power. 
pbtestas, dtis, f. 3. (fr. pbtis, able) 

power, ability. 
potto, 6?iis,f. 3. a draught, potion. 
potior, iri, itus sum, d. 4. (fr. potis, 

able) to be or become master of, 

obtain possession of. 
potissimum, adv. (sup. of potius) 

principally, chiefly. 
pbtltus, a, um, part, of potior, 
potius, adv. (positive not used) ra- 
ther. 
poto, are, dvi, atoim et um, a. 1. to 

drink. 
potus, its, m. 4. a drink, draught. 
prae, (pr. c. abl.) before, for, on ac- 
count of; in comparison of, with 

respect to. 
praealtus, a, um, adj. very high, 

very deep. 
praebeo, ere, ui, Uum, a. 2. to show, 

exhibit; to offer, supply; spe- 

ciem, to have the appearance of. 

For praehabeo, to hold out before 

another 
praecedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. (prae 

et ctdo) to go before, precede. 
praeceptor, oris, m. 3. (jr. praecipio, 

praeceptum) a preceptor. 
praeceptum, i, n. 2. (fr. praecipio) a 

precept, rule, instruction 
praecldo, dere, di, sum, a. 3. (prae 

et caedo) to cut off. 
praecipio, ipere, epi, eptum, a. 3. 

(prae et capio) to suggest, to pre 

scribe, command. 
praecipito, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 

throw (praecipitem) headlong, 

throw down. 
praecipue, adv. especially. 
praecipvus, a, um, adj. particular, 

special; distinguished, chief. Fr. 

praecapio. That which is taken 

in preference to others. 
praecldre, adv. excellently, glori- 
ously. 
praecldrus, a, um, adj. ( prae et cld- 
rus) very clear or bright; dis- 
tinguished, glorious ; quantoprae 



praecludo, dere, si, sum, a. 3. (prae 
et claudo) to shut in the face of, 
shut against, impede. 
praeco, onis, m. 3. a public crier, 

herald. 
praeda, ae, f. 1. prey, booty. 
praedico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
proclaim, affirm, praise. Fr. di- 
co, to tell ; prae, before others. 

praedico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (prae 
et died) to foretel. 

praedictus, a, um, part, of praedico. 

praeditus, a, um, part, endued or 
gifted with. For praeddtus. 

prae dor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to plun- 
der, ravage. 

praefdris, (praefor, not used) dtur, 
dri, dtus sum, dep. 1. to speak be- 
fore, premise, predict. 

praefero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a,. 
( prae et fero) to carry before, 
prefer. 

praeflnio, Ire, Ivi, Uum, a. 4. ( prae 
etfinio) to determine beforehand, 
prescribe. 

praeldtus, a, um, part, of praefero. 

praelior et proelior, dri, dtus sum, d. 
1. to fight, engage, join battle. 

praelium et proelium, i, n. 2. a fight, 
battle. 

praemitto, ittere, 1st, issum, a. 3. 
(prae et mitto) to send before. 

praemium, i, n. 2. a reward. 

Praeneste, is, n. 3. now Palaestrina, 
a town of Latium, about 21 miles 
from Rome. 

praenuntio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
( prae et nuntio) to foretel, fore- 
show, announce. 

praepdro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (prae 
et paro) to prepare, provide. 

praepono, ponere, posui, positum, a. 
3. (prae et pono) to put or set be- 
fore, set over. 

praesens, Us, part, (prae, before, & 
ens, being) present, at hand. 

praesepe, is, n. 3. a crib. 

praeszdium, i, n. 2. a guard, garri- 
son, defence. Fr.praesideo. As 
sitting before a place. 

praestans, Us, part, of praesto ; also, 
adj. excellent, surpassing. 

praestantia, ae,f. 1. (fr. praestans, 
Us) excellence, pre-eminence, su- 
periority. 



clarius, how much more glorious, \praesto, stare, stiti, stitum, a. 1. 



DICTIONARY. 



177 



{prae & sto) to stand before, be 
superior to ; to execute, perform, 
discharge, make good; se, to 
prove one's self; se fortem, to 
show one's self brave ; praestat, 
it is better ; praestare alicui et 
aliquem aliqua re, to excel one in 
any thing. 

praesum, esse,fui, irr. n. to be (prae) 
at the head of others, to preside 
over, to rule over. 

praetendo, dere, di, sum et turn, a. 3. 
to stretch, hold, or put before, to 
allege as' an excuse. 

praeter, prep. c. ace. beyond, besides, 
except. 

praeterea, adv. (praeter ea) besides, 
moreover. 

praetereo, Ire, ivi et ii, itum, a. irr. 
(praeter et eo) to go or pass by or 
over, go past or beyond. 

praeteriens, euntis, part, of praeter- 
eo. 

praeteritus, a, um, part, of praetereo, 
past. 

praeterquam, adv. besides, save, ex- 
cept. 

praetorius, a, um, adj. of or belong- 
ing to a praetor ; (vir) one who 
has been a praetor. 

prdtum, i, n. 2. a meadow. 

pravitas, dtis,f. 3. wickedness, de- 
pravity. 

prdvus, a, um, adj. perverse, bad, 
depraved. 

precor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to pray, 
beseech. 

premo, premere, pressi, pressum, a. 
3. to press, press upon, urge. 

pretiosus, a, urn, adj. (fr. pretium) 
costly, precious. 

pretium, i, n. 2. the price, value. 

prex, precis, f 3. (nam,. & gen. sing 
not used ; plural cases most fre- 
quent) a prayer. 

Pridmus, i, m. 2. the last king of 
Troy, was son of Laomedon. 

prldie, adv. on the day before. 

Priene, es,f. 1. a maritime town of 
Asia Minor at the foot of mount 
Mycale, which gave birth to Bi- 
as. 

primo et primum, adv. at the first, at 
first ; quum primum, as soon as. 

primoris, e, adj. first; dentes, the 
front teeth, fore-teeth. 



primus, a, um, num. ord. adj. first ; 
prima nocte, in the beginning of 
the night. 

princeps, ipis, adj. chief, foremost, 
principal ; principes, chiefs, prin- 
ces. 

principdtus, its, m. 4. (fr. princeps, 
principis) the chief place, a go- 
vernment, sovereignty. 

prior, us, adj. (pos. not in use ; sup, 
primus) the former. 

prius, adv. (pos. noi in use ; sup. 
primo vel primum) before, soon- 
er. 

priusquam, adv. sooner than, before 
that. 

privatus, a, um, adj. private, one's 
own ; {homo) a private person. 

pro, prep. c. abl. for, instead of; 
pro remedio esse, to serve as a 
remedy. 

probdbilis, e, adj. (fr. probo) proba- 
ble. 

probitas, dtis,f. 3. (fr. probus) pro- 
bity, honesty. 

proboscis, idis, f. 3. (irpoBocKU) the 
trunk of an elephant. 

probus, a, um, adj. honest, upright, 
worthy. 

procedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, n. 3. 
(pro et cedo) to proceed, go or 
come forth, go on or forward. 

proceritas, dtis, f. 3. (fr. procerus) 
length, height, tallness. 

procerus, a, um, adj. long, tall. 

procldmo, are, dvi, dtum, n. & a. 1. 
to cry out, exclaim, proclaim. 

proconsul, ulis, m. 3. (pro et consul) 
a Proconsul, one invested with 
the authority of a consul. 

procreo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (pro et 
creo) to beget. 

procul, adv. far off; procul dubio, 
without doubt, doubtless. 

procuro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (pro et 
euro) to take care of, manage. 

procurro, currtre, curri et cucurri, 
cur sum, n. 3. (pro et curro) to 
run before or forward, to ex- 
tend. 

prddigium, i, n. 2. a prodigy. , 

proditio, 6nis,f. 3. (jr. prodo, pro- 
ditum) treachery, treason. 

proditor, oris, m. 3. (fr. prodo, pro- 
dilum) a betrayer, traitor. 

proditus, a, um, part, of prodo. 



178 



DICTIONARY. 



prodo, dire, didi, ditum, a. 3. {pro 
et do) to declare, disclose, betray. 

proelior, dri, dtussum, d. 1. to fight. 

proelium, i, n. 2. a fight, battle. 

prof anus, a. um, adj. profane, not 
sacred. 

profectus, a, um, part, of proficiscor. 

proficiscor, icisci, ectus Sum, d. 3. 
to set out on a journey or voyage, 
journey ; to depart. 

profiteor, iteri, essus sum, d. 2. {pro 
etfdteor) to confess openly, a vow, 
profess ; sapientiam, to make a 
profession of wisdom. 

profugio, ugere, iigi, n. 3. {pro et 
fugio) to flee for succour, take 
refuge. 

profugus, a, urn, adj. fleeing, fugi- 
tive : subst. a fugitive, exile. 

profundus, a, um, adj. deep. 

progrcdior, gr~<^ gressussum, d.3. 
{ pro et grdu •. ; to go on or for- 
ward, advance, proceed. 

prohibeo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. to keep 
off. hinder, prohibit. Fr. habeo 
to hold, and pro, i. e. porro or 
procul. 

prohibitus, a, um, part, of prohibeo. 

projicio, iccre, eci, ectum, a. 3. ( pro 
et jdcio) to throw forth or away 

proldbor, bi, psus sum, d. 3. {pro et 
labor) to glide forward, fall. 

prolapsus, a, um, part, of proldbor. 

proldto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to en 
large, extend. 

proles, is,f. 3. an offspring, progeny, 
race. 

Prometheus, i, m. 2. a son of Jape 
tus, wh.0 surpassed all mankind 
in cunning and fraud. 

promitto, iltere, isi, issum, a. 3. {pro 
et initio) to promise. 

promontorium, i, n. 2. a promonto- 
ry. 

promoveo, overe, dvi, otum, a. 2. {pro 
et moved) to move forward, make 
to advance, extend. 

propdgo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to pro- 
pagate. 

"prope, pr. et adv. (propius, prozime) 

nigh, beside, near. 
propensus, a, um, part. & adj. {fr. 
propeudeo) hanging forward, in- 
clined towards ; favourable to, 
prone to. 



propero, are, dvi, dtum, n, 1, to 
hasten. 

propinquus, a, um, adj. {fr. prope) 
near ; propinqui, relations. 

prbpior, us, adj. comp. {fr. prope) 
nearer. 

propono, ponere, posui, positum, a. 3. 
{pro et pono) to put or set before, 
propose ; mihi propositum est, I 
have made up my mind, I intend 
on purpose. 

Propontis, idis, f 3. a sea which has 
a communication with the Eux- 
ine by the Thracian Bosphorus, 
and with the Aegaean , by the 
Hellespont, now called Lie Sea, 
of Marmora. 

propositus, a, um, part, of propono. 

proprie, adv. particularly, properly. 

proprius, a, um, adj. peculiar, pro- 
per, one's own, personal. 

propter, pr. c. ace. for, on account 
of, by reason of. 

propulso, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {freq. 
fr. propello) to drive away, repel." 

propylaeum, i, n. 2. {-rrpmrvXaiov) the 
vestibule or porch of a temple or 
palace ; propylaea, the row of 
columns which led to the Acro- 
polis at Athens, 

pr6"-a, ae, f. 1. {npupa) the prow of 
a ship. 

prorsus, adv. entirely, wholly. 

proscrlbo, bere, psi, ptum, a. 3. {pro 
et scribo) to proscribe. 

prosecutus, a, um, part, of prose- 
quor. 

prosequor, qui, quutus et cutus sum, 
d. 3. ( pro et sequor) to follow af- 
ter, attend. 

Proserpina, ae, /. 1. a daughter of 
Ceres and Jupiter, carried away 
by Pluto. 

prospectus, us, m. 4. {fr. prospicioj 
prospectum) a prospect. 

prospere, adv. prosperously. 

prospicio, were, exi, ectum, a. 3. to 
look forward, view. 

prosterno, sternere, strdvi, stratum^ 
a. 3. ( pro et sterno) to overthrow, 
prostrate. 

prostrdius, a, um, part, of proster- 
no. 

prosum,desse,fui, irr. n. {pro et sum) 
to do good, be profitable, avail. 



DICTIONARY. 



179 



Protagoras, ae, m. 1. a Greek phi- 
losopher of Abdera in Thrace. 

protenus, adv. immediately. 

protero, terere, trivi, tritum, a. 3. 
{pro et tero) to tread or trample 
upon, crush. 

protr actus, a, um, part, of protraho. 

protraho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. (pro et 
trdho) to defer, protract, prolong. 

provenio, venire, veni, ventum, nA. 
{pro et venid) to proceed or come 
forth. 

provincia, ae, f. 1. a province. 

provocdtio, onis, f 3. (fr. provoco, 
dtuv?) a challenge, defiance, ap- 
► peai. 

provbco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (pro et 
vocn) to call forth, challenge, pro- 
voke; ad aliquem, to appeal to 
one. 

proxime, adv. {sup. fr. prope) near- 
est, next, very near. 

proximus, a, um, adj. very near, 
neighbouring, next. 

prudens, tis, adj. (fr. providens) 
provident, prudent, wise. 

prudentia, ae,f 1. providence, pru- 
dence, knowledge. 

psittdcus, i, m. 2. a parrot. 

Psophidius, a, um, adj. of Psophis. 



pugna, ae, f. 1. a combat, battle. 

pugno, are, dvi, dtum } a. 1. to fight, 
combat. 

pulcher, chra, chrum, et cer } era, 
crum, adj. fair, beauteous. 

pulchritudo, inis, f. 3. fairness, 
beauty/ 

pullus, i, m. 2. the young of any 
creature. 

pulsus, a, um, part, of pello. 

Punicus, a, um, adj. Punic, Cartha- 
ginian. 

puniendus, a, um, part, ofpunio. 

punio, ire, ivi, itum, a. 4. to punish. 

pupillus, i, m. 2. a pupil. 

puppis, is,f 3. the stern of a ship. 

pur go, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr.pu- 
rus) to make clean, cleanse, 
purge, purify. 

purpura, ae,f. 1 -."he shell-fish from 
which purple was produced, 
the purple muscle ; purple. 

purpurdtus, a, um, adj. (jr. purpu- 
ra) clothed in purple ; purpurati^ 
courtiers. 

purpureus, a, um, adj. purple. 

purus, a, um, adj. pure, clear. 

pusillus, a, um, adj. very little or 
small. 

puteus, i, m. 2. a well. 



Psophis, idis, f 3. a city of Area- \puto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to think. 



, i, m. 2. the name of 



dia 

Ptolemaeus 
several kings of Egypt. 

publice, adv. publicly, by public au- 
thority, at the common charge or 
cost. 

Publicbla et Poplicola, ae, m. 1. a 
name given to Publius Valerius, 
on account of his great populari- 

S: 

publicus, a, um, adj. public ; ex pub- 
lico, from public means. 

Publius, i, m. 2. a Roman praeno- 
men. 

pudibundus, a, um, adj. ashamed. 

pudor, oris, m. 3. shame, modesty. 

pucr, eri, m. 2. a boy ; pueri, child- 
ren. 

puerilis, e, adj. (fr. puer) boyish, 
childish, puerile. 

puerilia, ae,f 1. (fr.puer) boyhood, 
childhood. 

pugio, onis, m. 3. a dagger, po- 
niard. 



putresco, escere, ui, inc. 3. to rot, 
putrefy. 

Pydna,ae,f. 1. a town of Macedo- 
nia, originally called Citron. 

Pygmaei, drum, m. 2. the Pygmies 
or dwarfs. 

pyra, ae, f. 1. (woo) a funeral pile. 

pyrdmis, idis, f. 3. a pyramid. 

Pyrenaei, drum, m. 2. (montes) a 
ridge of high mountains, which 
separate Gaul from Spain, and 
extend from the Atlantic to the 
Mediterranean. 

pyrites, ae, m. 1. (-rrvpiTris) the fire 
stone. 

Pyrrhus, i, m. 2. a king of Epirus, 
who supported the Tarentines in 
their war against the Romans. 

Pythagoras, ae, m. 1. a celebrated 
philosopher, born at Samos. 

Pythagoreus, i, m. 2. a Pythagorean, 
a disciple of Pythagoras. 

Pythia, ae, f. 1. the priestess of 
Apollo at Delphi. 



q2 



180 



DICTIONARY. 



Ct. l quatuordccim, card. num. adj. ind, 

fourteen. 

que, conj. and, also. 

queo, ire, ivi, Hum, irr. n. to be 
able. 

quercus, us,f. 4. an oak. 

queror, ri, stus sum, d. 3. to com- 
plain, lament. 

questus, a, um, part, of queror. 

qui, quae, quod, pro. who, which, 
what. 

qui, adv. how, in what manner. 

qui, conj. because. 

quicunque, quaecunque, quodcunque, 
pro. whosoever, whoever, what- 
ever. 

quidam, quae dam, quoddam et quid- 
dam, pro. a certain one, one ; qui- 
dam homines, certain men. 

quidem, adv. indeed, truly, certain- 
ly, at least; ne... quidem, not... 
even. 

quies, etis,f. 3. repose, rest, quiet. 

quin, conj. but, however, but that. 

quindecim, card. num. adj. fifteen. 

quingentesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
the five hundredth. 

quingenti, ae, a, card. num. adj. 
five hundred. 

quinquageni, distr. num. adj. every 
fifty. 

quinquagesimus, a, um, ord. num. 
adj. the fiftieth. 

quinquaginta, card. num. adj. ind. 

quinque, card. num. adj. ind. five. 

quinquies, num. adv. five times. 

quintus, a, um, ord. num. adj. the 
fifth. 

quis, quae, quod et quid, pro. inter- 
rog. who, which, what 1 

quisnam, quaenam, quodnam et quid- 
nam, pro. interrog. {quis et nam) 
for who, who, who then ? 

quisquam, quacquam, quidquam et 
quicqiiam,pro. any one ; nee quis- 
quam, and no one. 

quisque, quaeque, quodque et quid- 
que, vel quicque, pro. every man, 
every one, each, every. 

quisquis, quaequae, quidquid et quic- 
quid, pro. whoever, whosoever, 
whatever, whatsoever. 
quatriduum, i, n. 2. the space of quivis, quaevis, quodvis et quidvis, 
four days. pro. any one you please, whoever, 

quatuor, card. num. adj. ind. four. ' every one. 



quadrdgesimus, a, um, ord. num. 

adj. the fortieth. 
quadrdginta, card. num. adj. ind. 

forty. 
quadriennium, i, n. 2. the space of 

four years. 
quadriga, ae,f. 1. a chariot drawn 

by four horses. 
quadringentesimus, a, um, ord. num. 

adj. the four hundredth. 
quadringenti, ae, a, card. num. adj. 

four hundred. 
quadriipes, pedis, adj. (/r. pes) four- 
footed. 
quaero, rere, slvi, situm, a. 3. to 

seek, search, ask, inquire; quae- 

ritur, it is asked. 
quaestio, onis, f. 3. (/r. quaero) a 

question. 
quaestor, oris, m. 3. (/r. quaero) a 

quaestor. 
quaestus, iis, m. 4. (fr. quaero, quae- 

situm) a trade; gain, profit. 
qudlis, e, adj. of what kind or sort, 

as. 
quam, adv. & conj. how, how much, 

as much, as ; than. 
qvxi.mdiu, adv. as long as. 
quamquam, conj. how much soever, 

although, though. 
quamvis, conj. although, though. 
quando, adv. when, since, seeing 

that. 
quanto, adv. by how much. 
quantopere, adv. how greatly, how 

much, as greatly. 
quantum, adv. as much as, how 

much. 
quantus, a, um, adj. how great. 
quantuslibet, quantalibet, quantum- 

libet, adj. as great as you please, 

how great soever ; in quantalibet 

multitudine, in the greatest mul- 
titude. 
quapropter, adv. for what reason. 

why, wherefore. 
quare, adv. on which account, 

wherefore. 
quartus, a, um, ord. num. adj. the 

fourth. 
quasi, adv. as if. 



DICTIONARY. 



181 



quo , adv. whither, why ; (as a conj.) 
to the end that, in order that, 
that. 

quod, conj. because, since, that. 

quominus. or quo minus, adv. that 
not. 

quombdo et quo modo, adv. in what 
manner, how. 

quondam, adv. formerly. 

quoniam, conj. since. 

quoque, conj. also. 

quot, adj. ind. how many. 

quotannis, adv. every year, annual- 
ly- 

quotidie, adv. daily. 

fubties, adv. how often, as often as. 

quum, conj. since; adv. when. 



R. 



radius, i, m. 2. a rod or staff; a 

ray. 
radix, ids, f. 3. a root. 
rdmosus, a, urn, adj. full of boughs 

or branches. 
ramus, i, m. 2. a branch, bough. 
rdna, ae,f. 1. a frog. 
rdplna, ae.f. 1. (fr. rapid) robbery, 

rapine, pillage. ■ 
rdpio, ere, ui, turn, a. 3, to seize for- 
cibly, rob. 
raptor, oris, m. 3. (Jr. rapio, raptum) 

a robber. 
rapturus, a, urn, part, of rapio. 
raptus, a, um, part, of rapio. 
raritas, dtis, f. 3. rareness, rarity, 

scarcity. 
rdro, adv. seldom. That is, thinly. 

Fr. rams, 
rdrus, a, um, adj. thin, scanty; 

scarce, rare. 
ratio, onis, f. 3. (fr. reor, ratus) 

reason, a reason. 
ratis, is, f. 3. a float, raft, boat, 

ship. 
ratus, a, um, part, of reor. 
raucus, a, um, adj. hoarse, harsh, 

hoarse sounding. 



recessus, us, m. 4. {fr. recedo, reces- 

sum) a retreat, recess. 
recipio, cipere, dpi, ceptum, a. 3. 

(re et capio) to take again, take 

back, receive, recover ; animam, 

to come to one's self again, to 

recover one's 

back, return. 
recoctus, a, um, part, of recoquo. 
recognosco, noscere, novi, nitum 3 a 

3. (re et cognosco) to recognise. 
recolligo, ligere, legi, ledum, a. 3. 

(re et colligd) to gather up again, 

collect again, recollect. 
reconditus, a, um, part, of recondo % 

hidden. 
recondo, dere, dAdi, ditum, a. 3. (re 

et condo) to lay up, hide. 
recoquo, quere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (re et 

coquo) to boil or seeth again. 
recorddtio, onis, f. 3. recollection, 

remembrance. • 

recreo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (re et 

creo) to create again, renew, to 

bring to life again. 
recte, adv. right, rightly. 
rectus, a, um, adj. straight, right, 

upright. Fr. rego, rectum, 
reciipero, are, dvi, dtum, a. l.io get 

back, recover. 
redditus, a, um, part, of re ddo. 
reddo, dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. (re et 

do) to give back, restore, return ; 

verba, to repeat ; rationem, to 

give a reason ; gratiam, to repay 

a favour. 
redeo, ire, ii, raro Ivi, ttum, n. irr. 

(re et eo) to go or come again, 

return. 
rediens, euntis, part, of redeo. 
Wed.igo, igere, egi, actum, a. 3. (re 

et ago) to bring back, reduce. 
redlmo, imere, emi, emptum et em- 

turn, a. 3. (re et emo) to buy back, 
recover, redeem. 
reducendus, a, um, part, of re duco. 
rediico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (re et du- 
co) to lead back ; in gratiam, to 



rebello, are, dvi, dtum,n. 1. to wagej reconcile. 

(belium) war against, rebel. refero, ferre, tuli, latum, a. irr. (re 

recedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. (re et etfero) to bring back ; gratiam 

cedo) to retire, withdraw, retreat, 



recede. 
recens, tis, adj. new, recent ; adv. 

recens nati, new-born children. 
receptus, a, um, part, of recipio. 



to evince gratitude ; beneficium, 
to return a benefit ; victoriam, to 
gain a victory ; imaginem, to 
take a likeness; referre ad ali- 
quam rem,, to refer to something. 



182 



DICTIONARY. 



refluo, ere, xi, xum, n. 3. (re etfluo) 
to flow back. 

refugio, ugere, ugi, ugitum, n. 3. 
{re etfiigio) to fly back. 

regia, ae, f. 1. a palace. That is, 
regia domus. 

regina, ae, f. 1. (fr. rex, regis) a 
queen. 

regio, onis, f. 3. a district, region, 
clime. 

regius, a, um, adj. (fr. rex, regis) 
royal. 

regno, are, dvi, dtum,n. 1. (fr. reg- 
nuni) to reign, rule, govern ; reg- 
ndtur, imp. it is ruled. 

regnum, i, n. 2. (fr. rex, regis) a 
kingdom, government. 

rego, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to govern, 
rule. 

regredior, gredi, gressus sum, d. 3. 
{re et gradior) to go back, return. 

regressus, a, -urn, part, of regredior. 

Rcgulus, i, m. 2. M. Attilius, a Ro- 
man consul during the first Pu- 
nic war. 

reldtus, a, urn, part, of refero. 

relicturus, a, um, part, of relinquo. 

relidus, a, um, part, of relinquo. 

rellgio, 6nis,f. 3. religion. 

relinquo, linquere,. liqui, lictum, a. 
2. {re et linquo) to leave behind, 
leave. 

reliquiae, drum, f. 1. the remains, 
relics, remainder. Fr. reliquus. 

reliquus, a, um, adj. (fr. relinquo) 
remaining, the rest. 

remdneo, ere, si, sum, n. 2. (re et 
mdneo) to tarry behind, remain. 

remedium, i, n. 2. (fr. medeor) a re- 
medy. 

remitto, mittere, misi, missum, a. 3. 
(re et mitto) to send back, return. 

remolus, a, um, part, of removeo. 

removeo, bvere, ovi, otum, a. 2. {re 
et mdveo) to remove. 

remus, i, m. 2. an oar. 

Remus, i, m. 2. the brother of Ro- 
mulus. 

renovo, are, dm, dtum, a. 1. {re et 
novo) to renew. 



repdro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (re et 

pdro) to repair, renew. 
repente, adv. suddenly. 
reperio, erire, eri, ertum, a. 4. (re 

etpdrio) to find out, discover. 
repertus, a, um, part, of reperio. 
repeto, ere, ivi et ii, itum, a. 3. (re 

et peto) to ask again, demand 

back. 
repleo, ere, evi, eium, a. 2. {re et 

pleo) to fill again, fill up, reple- 
nish. 
repono, onere, osui, ositum, a. 3. {re 

etpono) to place again, replace. 
reporto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {re et 

porto) to bring or carry back, 

bear off. 
repraesento, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 

represent. 
repudio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to cast 

off, disown, divorce. 
requiro, rere, slvi, situm, a. 3. (re 

et quacro) to seek back, demand, 

require. 
res, rei,f. 5.*a thing, affair, matter, 

subject ; res gestae, exploits; res 

familiaris, property, substance. 
reservo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to re- 
serve, retain, spare. 
resideo, sidere, sedi, n. 2. (re et se- 

deo) to sit down. 
reslmus, a, um, adj. crooked, bent 

back. 
resisto, sistere, stiti, stitum, n. 3. 

(re et sisto) to resist, withstand. 
rlsolvo, vere, vi, utum, a. 3. (re et 

solvo) to unloose, dissolve. 
respondeo, dere, di, sum, n. 2. (re et 

spondeo) to answer ; respondetur, 

imp. it is answered. 
responsum, i, n. 2. an answer. 
respublica, reipublicae, f.\. & 5. a 

commonwealth, state, republic. 
respuo, uere, ui, a 3. (re et spuo) to 

spit out, reject. 
restituo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. (re et 

sidtuo) to replace, restore. 
reiineo, tinere, tinui, tentum, a. 2. 

(re et teneo) to hold or keep back, 

detain. 
rev era et re vera, adv. in very deed, 



renuntio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (re et 

nuntio) to report, inform, makel in reality, truly. 

known. vreverentia, ae,f. 1. reverence. 

reor, reri, ratus sum, d. 2. to think} r ever sus, a, um, part, of revertor t 

believe. ! having returned. 



DICTIONARY. 



183 



reverlo, tere, ti, sum, n. 3. (re et ver- 
to) and revertorj ti, sus sum, d. 3. 
to return. 

reviresco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. to be- 
come or grow green again. 

revoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (re et 
voco) to call back, recall. 

revolo, are. dvi, dtum, n. 1. (re et 
volo) to fly back. 

rex, regis, m. 3. a king. 

RhoAamanthus, i, m. a son of Jupi- 
ter and Europa. so celebrated for 
justice, that the ancients have said 
he became one of the judges of the 
infernal regions. 

Rhaeti, drum, m. 2. the inhabitants 
of Rhaetia. 

Rhaetia, ae, f. 1. a country of En 
rope, north of Italy and east of 
Helvetia. 

Rhea, o.e.f 1. Silvia, the mother of 
Romulus and Remus. 

Rhenus, i, m. 2. the Rhine. 

rhinoceros, otis, m. 3. a rhinoceros. 

Rhoddnus, i, m. 2. the river Rhone. 

Rhodius, i, m. 2. a Rhodian. 

Rhodope, es, /. 1. a high mountain 
of Thrace. 

Rhodus, i, f. 2. now Rhodes, a ce- 
lebrated island of the Mediterra- 
nean sea, at the south of Caria. 

Rhynddcus, i, m. 2. a large river of 
Mysia, in Asia Minor. 

rldeo, dere, si, sum, n. et a. to laugh, 
deride, ridicule. 

ridicidus, a, um, adj. (fr. rldeo) 
ridiculous, laughable. 

rigeo % ere, ui, n. 2. (fiiyiw) to be cold. 

rigidus, a, um, adj. (fr. rigeo) se- 
vere. 

rigo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to water, 
moisten, bedew. 

ripa, ae,f. 1. the bank of a river. 

rlsus, us, m. 4. (fr. rideo, rlsum) 
laughter. 

'nxor, dri, dtus sum, d.l.to quarrel, 
dispute. 

robur, oris, n. 3. oak. Hence any 
thing hard and strong, strength ; 
militum, the bravest, the flower 
of the troop. 

robustus, a, um, adj. hard and strong 
like {robur) oak, strong, robust. 

rogo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to ask, beg. 

rogus, i, m. 2. a funeral pile. 

Roma, ae, f. 1. a city of Italy, the 



capital of the Roman empire, 

situate on the banks of the river 

Tiber. 
Romanus, a,, um, adj. Roman. 
Romo/nus, i, m. 2. a Roman. 
Romulus, i, m, 2. the founder of 

Rome. 
ros, roris, m. 3. dew. 
rostrum, i, n. 2. a beak, snout. 
rota, ae,f. 1. a wheel. 
rotundus, a, um, adj. round like a 

(rota) wheel. 
ruber, bra, brum, adj. red. 
-rudens, tis, m. 3. a cable, rope. 
rudis, e, adj. uncultivated, rude, 

rough. 
rulna, a*e,f. 1. (fr. ruo) a downfall, 

ruin, destruction. 
rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptum, a. 3.^ 

to break, break off. 
ruo, ere, i, itum et turn, n. 3. to fall, 

fall down, rush headlong, go to 

ruin. 
rupes, is, /. 3. a rock. 
ruptus, a, um, part, of rumpo, 
rursus, adv. again. 
rus, ruris, n. 3. the country. 
rusticus, u, um, adj. pertaining to 

the (rus) country, rustic. 
rusticus, i, m. 2. a rustic country- 
man. 
Rutilius, i, m. 2. P. Rufus, a Roman 

consul in the age of Sulla. 
rutllus, a, um, adj. of a red colour, 

bright, glittering. 



S. 



Sablnus, t, m. 2. a Sabine, (a peo- 
ple of Italy.) 

sdcer, era, arum, adj. (sup. sacerri- 
mus) sacred. 

sdcerdos, otis, c. 3. (fr. sdcer) a 
priest, priestess. 

sacrifici%m, i, n. 2. a sacrifice. ' 

sacrifico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (sa- 
crum fdcio) to sacrifice. 

sacrum, i, et sacra, orum, n. 2. any 
thing consecrated to the gods, a 
sacrifice, sanctuary. 

saepe, adv. (saepius, saepissime) of- 
ten. 

saevio, Ire, ii, Itum, n. 4. to rage. 

sae vitas, dtis,f 3. cruelty, barbarity. 

saevus, a, um, adj. severe, cruel, 
savoge. 



*84 



DICTIONARY. 



saglno, are, dvi, dtum, 1. to fatten . 

sagitta, ae,f. 1. an arrow. 

Saguntini, drum, m. 2. the inhabit- 
ants of Saguntum. 

Saguntum, i, n. 2. a town of Hispa- 
nia Tarraeonensis. 

sdlio, ire, ivi et ii, et ui, turn, n. 4. 
to leap, bound, dance. 

salsus, a, um, adj. (fr. sal) salt, 
sharp, keen. 

salto, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (freq. of 
salio) to dance. 

saluber, bris, bre, etsalubris, bre, adj. 
(fr. salus) healthful, salubrious, 
wholesome, sound. 

salubritas, dtis, f 3. (fr. salubris) 
healthfulness, salubrity. * 

salum, i, n. 2. the sea. 

stilus, iitis } f. 3. safety, health. 

salutdris, e, adj. (salus, salutis) 
healthful, salutary. 

sdlicto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to wish 
(salutem) health to, salute. 

salvus, a, um, adj. safe, sound, un- 
punished. 

Samnites, um et ium, m. 3. a peo- 
ple of Italy. 

sanctus, a, um, adj. sacred, holy, 
blameless. 

sanguis, inis, m. 3. blood. 

sapiens, tis, adj. ( fr. sapio) wise ; 
subst. a wise man, sage. 

sapientia, ae,f. 1. wisdom. 

sapio, ere, Ivi et ii, et ui, n. 3. to be 
wise. 

sarcina, ae, f. 1. a bundle, pack. 

Sardinia, ae, f. 1. the greatest isl- 
and in the Mediterranean after 
Sicily, south of Corsica. 

Sarmdta, ae, c. 1. an inhabitant of 
Sarmatia, (an extensive coun- 
try in the north of Europe and 
Asia.) 

Sarpedon, onis, m. 3. a son of Ju- 
piter and Europa. • 

satelles, itis, m. 3. a guard, satellite. 

satio, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. to satisfy, 
satiate. 

satis, adv. in a sufficient degree, 
enough. 

satur, ura, urum, adj. full, satiated. 

Salurnia, ae,f. 1. a name given to 
Italy,because Saturn had reigned 
there during the golden age. 

Saturnus, i, m. 2. a son of Coelus 
and Terra, father of Jupiter. 



saucio, are, dvi f atum, a. 1. to 

wound. 

saxeus, a, um, adj. stony, rocky. 

saxum, i, n. 2. a rock, stone. 

Scamander, dri, m. 2. a celebrated 
river of Troas. 

scateo, ere, n. 2. to flow forth like 
water, to abound. 

scelestus, a, um, adj. (fr. scelus) 
wicked. 

scelus, eris, n. 3. crime, wicked- 
ness. 

scena, ae, f. 1. (aKr\vfi) a scene, 
stage. 

Schoeneus, i, m. 2. a king of Arca- 
dia, father of Atalanta. 

Scheria, ae, f. 1. an ancient name 
of Corcyra. 

scientia, ae,f 1. knowledge. 

scio, Ire, Ivi, Hum, a. 4. to know. 

Scipio, onis, m. 3. a celebrated fa- 
mily at Rome, who obtained the 
greatest honours in the repub- 
lic. 

scopulus, i, m. 2. (ariireXog) a high 
rock, cliff. 

scorpio, onis, m. 3. a scorpion. 

Scotia, ae,f. 1. Scotland. 

scriba, ae, m. 1. a secretary, scribe. 

scribo, here, psi, ptum, a. 3. to write ; 
leges, to give laws. 

scriptor, oris, m. 3. (fr. scribo, scrip- 
turn) a writer, author. 

scripturus, a, um, part, of scribo. 

scriptus, a, um, po/rt. of scribo. 

scrutor, dri, dtussum, d. 1. to search 
diligently, examine. 

scutum, i, n. 2. a shield. 

Scylla, ae, f 1. a daughter of Nisus, 
king of Megara. 

Scyros, i, f 2. a rocky and barren 
island of the Aegaean. 

Scytha, ae, m. 1. a Scythian. 

Scythia, ae, f. 1. a very extensive 
country in the north, including a 
part both of Europe and Asia. 

Scythicus, a, um, adj. Scythian. 

secedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. (se et 
cedo) to go apart, withdraw, se- 
cede. 

seco, are, ui, turn, a. 1. to cut. 

sector, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to follow, 
attend or wait upon, to strive to 
attain. 

secum, (i. e. cum se) with himself, 
with herself, with itself. 



DICTIONARY. 



185 



secundus, a, um, adj. second, pros- 
perous ; res secundae, prosperity. 

securis, is,f. 3. an axe. 

sed, conj. but. 

sezdecim, card. num. adj. ind. six- 
teen. 

sed co, seder e, sedi, sessum, n. 2. to 
sit. 

sedes, is, f. 3. a seat ; regni, the seat 
of government. 

seditio, 6nis,f. 3. sedition. 

sedulus, a, um, adj. attentive, dili- 
gent. 

seges, etis, /. 3. a crop. 

segnis, e, adj. slow, slothful, cow- 
ardly. 

sejungo, gere, zi, ctum, a. 3. (se et 
jungo) to separate, disjoin, di- 
vide. 

Seleucia, ae,f. 1. a city of Syria on 
the sea-coast, south-west of An- 
tioch. 

semel, adv. once. 

Semele, es,f. 1. a daughter of Cad- 
mus and Hermione. 

Semirdmis, idis, f. 3. a celebrated 
queen of Assyria. 

semper, adv. always. 

sempilermis, a, um, adj. everlasting. 

Sena, ae,f. 1. or Sena .Gallica, now 
Senigaglia, a town of Umbria in 
Italy. 

senator, oris, m. 3. a senator. 

sendtus, us et i, m. 2. & 4. a senate. 

senecta, ae, 1. (fr. se?iez) old age. 

senectus, iitis, j. 3. old age. 

senesco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. to grow 
old ; to wane, (of the moon.) 

senez, scnis, c. 3. an old person ; adj. 
old, (comp. senior.) 

Senones, um, m. 3. an uncivilized 
nation of Gallia Transalpina. 

sensus, its, m. 4. (fr. sentio, sensum) 
sense, feeling. 

sententia, ae, f. 1. a sentiment, 
thought, opinion, proposition. 

sentio, tire, si, sum, a. 4. to feel, be 
sensible of, observe. 

sepelio, Wire, elivi, ultum, a. 4. to 
bury. 

sepes, is.f. 3. a hedge. 

scptem, card. num. adj. ind. (enra) 
seven. 

septentrio, onis, m. 3. the north. 

septies, num. adv. seven times. 



Septimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. se- 
venth. 

septingentesimus, a, um, ord. num. 
adj. the seven hundredth. 

septingenti, ae, a, card. num. adj. 
seven hundred. 

septuagesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
the seventieth. 

septuaginta, card. num. adj. ind. 
seventy. 

sepulcrum, i, n. 2. (fr. sepelio, sepul- 
tum) a tomb, grave, sepulchre. 

sepultura, ae,f. 1. burial, interment. 

sepultus, a, um, part, of sepelio. 

Sequdna, ae, m. 1. now the Seine, 
a river of Gaul, which separates 
the territories of the Celtae and 
Belgae. 

sequor, qui, quiitus vel ciitus sum, d. 
3. to follow. 

serenus, a, um, adj. fair, serene. 

Sergius, i, m. 2. the name of a fa- 
mily at Rome. 

sermo, onis, m. 3. discourse, speech, 
conversation. 

sero, adv. late, too late. 

sero, serere, sevi, satum, a. 3. to sow, 
plant. 

serpens, tis, c. 3. a serpent. Fr. 
serpo, to creep. A creeping 
thing. 

Sertorius, i, m. 2. Quintus', a Ro- 
man general, who established 
himself in Spain, and was final- 
ly assassinated by his own offi- 
cers. 

servio, Ire. Ivi et ii, Hum, n. 4. to 
be a slave, serve in the capacity 
of a servant or slave. 

servitium, i, n. 2. slavery. 

servitus, tutis,f. 3. slavery. 

Servius, i, m. 2. Tullius, the sixth 
king of Rome. 

servo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to save, 
preserve, watch, guard. 

servus, i, m. 2. a slave. 

sestertium, i, n. 2. a sestertium (the 
name of a sum, not of a coin), 
equivalent* to 1000 sestertii, or 
$37.50. 

sestertius, i, m. 2. a sesterce, two 
asses and a half. For semistertius. 
The first an as, the second an as, 
the third half an as. A sesterce 
was equal to 3| cents. 



186 



DICTIONARY. 



Seslos vel Sesius, i, f. 2. a town of 
Thrace, on the shores of the Hel- 
lespont, exactly opposite Abydos 
on the Asiatic side. 

seta, ae, /. 1. a bristle. 

Setia, ae, f. 1. now Sezza, a city 
of Campania, near the Pontine 
marshes, celebrated for its wines. 

Setlnus, a, «, adj. of Setia, Se- 
rine. 

scverus, a, um, adj. grave, severe, 
harsh. 

sex, card. num. adj. ind. (£|) six. 

sexagesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
the sixtieth. 

sexaginta, card. num. adj. ind. sixty. 

sexcentesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
the six hundredth. 

sexcenti, ae, a, card. num. adj. six 
hundred. 

sextus, a, urn, ord. num. adj. the 
sixth. 

si, conj. if; si quando, if at any 
time ; si quis, if any one ; si 
quid, if any thing. 

sic, adv. so, thus, in this way. 

Siccius, i, m. 2. V. Dentatus. 

siccus, a, um, adj. dry. 

Sicilia, ae, f. 1. the largest and most 
celebrated island of the Mediter- 
ranean, at the bottom of Italy. 

Siculus, a, um, adj. Sicilian. 

sicut et sicuti, adv. as, as it were, 
as if. 

Sidon, 6nis,f. 3. the oldest and most 
powerful city of Phoenicia. 

Sidonius, a, um, adj. Sidonian. 

sidus, eris. n. 3. a star. 

signtfico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (sig- 
num etfdcio) to make a sign, sig- 
nify, declare, express, designate. 

signum, i, n. 2. a sign, token; im- 
age, statue; standard, ensign. 

fla £- 
silentium, i, n. 2. (fr. sileo) silence. 

Silenus, i, m. 2. a demi-god, the 
preceptor and attendant of the 
god Bacchus. 

sileo, ere, ui, n. 2. to be silent. 

silva, ae,f. 1. a wood or forest. 

slmia, ae,f. 1. an ape. 

similis, e, adj. (similior, simillimics) 
like, resembling, similar. 

similiter, adv. in like manner,alike. 

Simois, enti et e?Uos i m. 3. a river 



of Troas, which rises in mount 
Ida, and flows into the Xanthus. 

Simonides, is, m. 3. a celebrated 
poet of Ceos. 

simplex, ids, adj. single, simple. 

simul, adv. together, at once, at 
the same time, as soon as. 

simulacrum, i, n. 2. an image. Fr. 
simulo. That is, a fictitious ap- 
pearance. 

simulo, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. to feign, 
pretend. 

sin, conj. but if. 

sine, prep. c. abl. without. 

singuldris, e, adj. singular, remark- 
able ; certamen singulare, a sin- 
gle combat. 

singuli, ae, a, distr. num. adj. sin- 
gle, one by one, each, every; 
singulis mensibus, every month ; 
singulis singulas partes, to each 
a share. 

sinister, tra, trum, adj. left. 

sino, sinere, sivi, situm, a. 3. to per- 
mit, allow. 

sinus, us, m. 4. a bosom ; a bay, 

siquis, qua et quae, quod et quid,'pro. 

if any one or thing, if any. 
sitio, Ire) Ivi, Uum, n. et a. 4. to 

thirst, be thirsty ; to thirst after, 

desire earnestly, covet. 
sitis, is,/. 3. thirst. 
situs, a, um, part, of sino, situated, 

placed. 
sive, conj. or if, whether. 
sobrius, a, um, adj. sober. 
socer, eri, m. 2. a father-in-law. 
socidlis, e, adj. of or pertaining to 

allies, or confederates, social, 

confederate. 
societas, dtis,f. 3. society, alliance, 

confederacy. 
socius, i, m. 2. a partner, an ally.. 
socordia, ae. f. 1. indolence, sloth, 

carelessness. 
Socrates, is, m. 3. the most celebra- 
ted philosopher of all antiquity, 

was a native of Athens. 
sol, solis, m. 3. the sun. 
soleo, ere, itus sum, n. p. 2. to use, 

be accustomed or wont. 
solidus, a, um, adj. whole, massive, 

solid. 
sotiludo, mis, f. 3. (//. solus) a lone- 



DICTIONARY. 



187 



ly place, desert ; solitude, retire 

ment. 
solitus, a, um, part, of soleo. 
sollers et solers, tis, adv. ingenious, 

skilful, expert ,sagacious, shrewd . 
sollertia et solertia, ae,f 1. ingenui 

ty, sagacity, dexterity. 
Solon, onis, m. 3. one of the seven 

wise men of Greece, born at Sa- 

lamis, and educated at Athens. 

He framed a celebrated code of 

laws for the Athenians. 
solstitium, i, n. 2. the solstice, the 

longest day. Fr. sol, solis ; and 

sto, statum. The standing still 

of the sun. 
solum, i, n. 2. the ground, soil, 

earth, land. 
solum, adv. only, alone. 
solus, a, um, gen. solius, dot. soli, 

adj. alone. 
solutus, a, um, part, of solvo. 
solvo, vere, vi, iitum, a. 3. to loose, 

unloose ; dissolve, melt ; solve, 

explain. 
sojnnio, are, dvi,dtum, n. l.to dream. 
somnus, i, m. 2. sleep. 
sonltus, us, m. 4. (Jr. sono, sdnitum) 

a sound, noise, din, clamour. 
sono, are, ui, itum, raro, dvi, dtum, 

n. 1. (sbnum facto) to sound, make 

a noise, resound. 
sonus, i, m. 2. a sound. 
sorbeo, here, bui, ( psi) ptum, a. 2. to 

sup up, suck in-, drink up. 
sordidus, a, um, adj. (fr. sordes, 

filth) filthy, foul, sordid. 
soror, oris, f 3. a sister. 
spa? go, gere, si, sum, a. 3. to scatter, 

spread about, sprinkle. 
sparsus, a, um, part, of spar go. 
Sparta, ae,f. 1. a noble city of Pe- 
loponnesus, the capital of Laco- 

nia, called also Lacedaemon. 
Spartdcus, i, m. 2. a gladiator. 
Spartdnus, i, m. 2. a Spartan. 
Sparti, drum, m. 2. (L-rapToi) a race 

of armed men said to have sprung 

up from the dragon's teeth sown 

by Cadmus. 
spartum, i, n. 3. ((nrdprov) a kind of 

Spanish broom. 
spdtiosus, a, um, adj. (fr. spdtium) 

spacious. 
spdtium, i, n. 2. room, space. 



species, ei, f. 5. (fr. specio) a form, 
appearance. 

specio, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to see. 

syectdculvm, i, n. 2. (fr. specto) a 
spectacle, public sight or show. 

specto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (frea. 
fr. specio) to view frequently or 
much, contemplate, observe, re- 
gard, relate to. 

specus, us, m. formerly/, sometimes 
n. 4. a cave, den. 

spelunca, ae,f. 1. a cave, den. 

spero, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to hope, 
entertain hope. 

spes, ei, f. 5. hope ; praeter spem, 
contrary to expectation. 

Speusippus, i, m. 2. an Athenian 
philosopher, nephew and succes- 
sor of Plato. 

Sphinx, ngis, f 3. (2<£fy£) a monster 
sent into the neighbourhood of 
Thebes by Juno. 

spina, ae,f. 1. a thorn,prickle, sting. 

splritus, us, m. 4. breath. 

splro, are, dvi, dtum, n.l.to breathe. 

spissus, a, um, adj. thick, close, firm. 

splendeo, ere, ui, n. 2. to shine, glit- 
ter. 

splendidus, a, um, adj. (fr. splendeo) 
bright, splendid. 

splendor, oris, m. 3. brightness, 
splendour. 

spolio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to strip, 
plunder, spoil. 

spolium, i, n. 2. spoil, plunder, 
booty. 

spondeo, spondere, spopondi, spon- 
sum, a. 2. to promise or under- 
take, pledge one's word. 

sponsa, ae,f. 1. a bride. Fr. spon- 
deo, sponsum. One engaged ox 
betrothed. 

spontis, genii, et in abl. sponte, f. 3. 
(from the obsolete noun spons ; 
all the other cases wanting) of 
one's own free will, spontaneous- 
ly- 

Spurius, i, m. 2. a praenomen com- 
mon to many of the Romans. 

squama, ae,f. 1. a scale. 

stdbulum, i, n. 2. a stall, stable. 
Fr. sto. A place where cattle 
stand. 

stadium, i, %. 2. ((rrdSiov) a place 
where they contended in wrest- 



Part I. 



R. 



188 



DICTIONARY. 



ling and in the racej also, 125 
paces. 

stannum, i, n. 2. tin. 

stdtim, adv. immediately. • 

stdtio, 6nis,f. 3. {fr. statum) a sta- 
tion, post j navium, an anchoring 
place. 

statua, ae, f. 1. {fr, stdtuo) a sta- 
tue. 

stdtudrius, i, m. 2. (fr. statua) a 
statuary, maker of statues, sculp- 
tor. 

stdtuo, uere, ui, iitum, a. 3. to set 
up , hold, maintain, judge, re- 
solve, decree. Fr. sto, statum. 

stdtutus, a, um, part, of statuo. 

stella, ae,f. 1. a star. 
^** sterilis, e, adj. barren, unfruitful, 
steril. 

sterto, ere, ui, n. 3. to snore. 

stipes, itis, m. 3. the trunk of a tree, 
a stake, log. 

stirps, is, f 3. a root, stem, stock ; 
a stock, race, lineage. 

sto, stare, steti, statum, n. 1. to stand. 

Stoici, drum, m. 2. (Stoikoi) the Sto- 
ics, a celebrated sect of philoso- 
phers founded by Zeno. 

stoliditas, dtis, f. 3. folly, stupidity, 

stblidus, a, um, adj. foolish, dull 
silly. 

strdges, is, f. 3. {fr. sterno, strdvi) 
an overthrow, havoc, devasta 
tion. 

strangulo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
choke, strangle. 

strenue, adv. strenuously. 

strenuus, a,, um, adj. active, strenu 
ous, valiant, bold. 

strepitus, us, m. 4. (fr. strepo, to 
make a harsh noise) a harsh 
noise, clashing, din, bustle. 

Strophddes, um, f 3. two small is 
lands in the Ionian sea, on the 
western coast of the Pelopon 
nesus. They are now called 
Strivali. 

struo, ere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to pile up 
raise up, build, erect, construct 
insidias, to lay snares, lie in am- 
bush, waylay. 

struthiocamelus, i, m. 2. {arpovOioKa- 

fjr)\o$) an ostrich. 
Strymon, onis, m. 3. a river rising 
in mount Haemus, which sepa- 



rates Thrace from Macedonia, 
and falls into a part of the Ae- 
gaean, called Strymonicus sinus, 
or G. of Contessa. 

studeo, ere, ui, n. 2. to attend to, pur- 
sue, study j side with, favour. 

siudiose, adv. attentively, studious- 

studium, i, n. 2. study, attention, 
diligence ; eagerness, zeal. 

stultitia, ae,f. 1. folly. 

stultus, a, um, adj. foolish. 

stupe o, ere, ui, n. 2. to be stupified ; 
to be amazed, astonished, sur- 
prised. 

stupidus, a, um, adj. stupid, silly, 
simple. 

sturnus, i, m. 2. a starling. 

suddeo, dere, si, sum, a. 2. to devise, 
exhort, persuade. 

sudvis, e, adj. sweet, pleasant, agree- 
able. 

sudvitas, dtis, f. 3. sweetness, plea- 
santness, suavity, grace. 

sudviter, adv. sweetly, pleasantly, 
agreeably. 

sub, prep. c. ace. et all. under, to- 
wards, near to, at. 

subduco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {sub et 
duco) to take away, remove, with- 
draw. 

subductus, a, um, part, of subduco. 

subeo, Ire, ivi et ii, Uum, irr. n. (sub 
et eo) to go under, undergo, sus- 
tain. 

subigo, igere, egi, actum, a. 3. (sub 
et ago) to bring under, reduce, 
subdue. 

subito, adv. suddenly. 

subltus, a, um, adj. sudden, unlook- 
ed for, unexpected. Fr. subeo> 
subitum. 

subldtus, a, um, part, of tollo. 

sublimis, e, adj. lofty, elevated, sub- 
lime. 

submergo, gere, si, sum, a. 3. (sub et 
mergo) to overwhelm. 

submersus, a, um, part, of submer- 
go. 

subrldeo, dere, si, sum, n. 2. (sub et 
rideo) to smile gently. 

subsilio, sillre, silivi, silii et silui, 
sultum, n. 4. (sub et solid) to leap 
up. 

substituo, uere, ui, iitum, a. 3. (sub 



DICTIONARY. 



189 



et stakw) to put under, put in the 
place of, substitute. 

subter, prep. c. ace. et all. under. 

subterrdneus, a, um, adj. (sub et ter- 
ra) that is, under ground, subter- 
ranean. 

subvemo, venire, veni, ventum, a. 4 
(sub et venio) to come to one's as- 
sistance, succour, relieve. 

subvblo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {sub et 
xblo) to fly up. 

succedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, n. 3. 
(sub et cedo) to come or go under, 
succeed. 

successor, oris, m. 3. (fr. succedo, 
successum) a successor. 

succus, i, m. 2. juice. 

suffero, suffere, sustuli, subldtum, irr. 
a. (sub etftro) to bear, sustain. 

sufficio, ficere, feci, fectum, n. 3. 
(sub et facio) to suffice, be suffi- 
cient. 

suffodio, fodere, fddi, fossum, a. 3. 
(sub etfbdio) to dig under, under- 
mine. 

suffossus, a, urn, part, of suffodio. 

suffrdgium, i, n. 2. a vote, suffrage, 
choice. 

sui, sibi, se, pro. reciprocal, (of all 
genders, and of both numbers) 
of himself, herself, itself, or them- 
selves, to himself, &c. himself, 
&c. 

Sulla et Sylla, ae, m. 1. the cogno- 
men of a family in the gens Cor- 
nelia ; Lucius Cornelius, the ri- 
val of Marius, made himself per- 
petual dictator at Rome. 

Sulpicius et Sulpitius, i, m. 2. Gal- 
lus, a celebrated astrologer in the 
age of lPaulus. 

sum, esse, fui, irr. n. to be ; (with a 
dative) to serve for ; terrori esse 
to excite terror. 

summus, a, urn, adj. (sup. of superus) 
the highest, greatest ; in summa 
aqua, on the surface of the water. 

sumo, sumere, sumsi et sumpsi, sum 
turn et sumptum, a. 3. to take. 

sumlus et sumptus, a, urn, part, of 
sumo. 

sumtus et sumptus, us, m. 4. charge, 
expense. 

supellex, ectilis, f. 3. household fur- 
niture. 



super, prep. c. ace et abl. (Jr. vrlp) 
above, over, upon. 

superbe, adv. proudly, haughtily, 
arrogantly. 

superbia, ae,f. 1. pride, haughtiness, 
arrogance. 

superbio, ire, Ivi, itum, n. 4. to be 
proud. 

superbus, a, urn, adj. proud, haugh- 
ty. 

superfluus, a, %m, adj. superfluous. 

superior, us, adj. (comp. of superus) 
higher, the upper. 

super jdcio, jdcere, jtci, jacium, a. 3. 
(super et jdcio) to cast, throw, or 
shoot over. 

super o, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to sur- 
pass, overcome, conquer. That 
is, to be (super) above others. 

super stitiosus, a, um, adj. supersti- 
tious. 

super sum, esse, fui, irr. n. to sur- 
vive, remain behind. 

superus, a, um, adj. (comp. superior, 
sup. supremus vel summus) above, 
upper, on high. Fr. super. 

supervdeuus, a,um, adj. superfluous. 

supervenio, venire, veni, ventum, n. 
4. (super et venio) to come upon 
suddenly, surprise j to come, ap- 
pear. 

super volo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (super 
et volo) to fly over. 

suppeto, ere, Ivi, Itum, n. 3. (sub et 
peto) to serve, be sufficient, be at 
hand. 

supplex, icis, adj. suppliant. 

supplicium, i, n. 2. punishment. 

suppono, onere, osui, ositum, a. 3. 
(sub et pono) to put one thing or 
person in place of another, sub- 
stitute. 

supra, prep, et adv. above, over, up- 
on. 

surdus, a, um, adj. deaf. 

Surena, ae, m. 1. a powerful officer 
in the armies of Orodes, king of 
Parthia. 

surgo, surgere, surrexi, surreclum t 
n. 3. to rise. 

sus, uis, c. 3. (ali) a swine, hog. 

susceptus, a, um, part, of suscipio. 

suscipio, cipere, cepL ceptum, a. 3. 
(sub et cdpio) to take up, take in 
hand, undertake/ 



190 



DICTIONARY, 



suspectus, a, um, part, et adj. sus- 
pected, mistrusted, suspicious. 

suspendo, dire, di, sum, a. 3. (sub et 
pendo) to hang up, suspend, keep 
in suspense, 

suspensus, a, um, part, of suspendo. 

suspicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. 3. {sub 
et specio) to suspect. 

suspicor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. (sub et 
specio) to suspect, mistrust ; sus- 
pect, surmise. 

sustento, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. (freq. 
fr. sustineo) to sustain, uphold, 
support ; sustentari, to maintain 
one's self, live. 

sustineo, inere, inui, entum, a. 2. 
(sub et teneo) to sustain, support, 
bear. 

suits, a, um, pro. (fr. sui) one's own, 
its own, proper, peculiar. 

sylldba, ae, f. 1. (<™AAa/?r?) a sylla- 
ble. 

Syphax, dcis, m. 3. a king of the 
Masaesyli in Libya, taken pri- 
soner and carried to Rome by 
Scipio. 

Syracusae, drum, f. 1. a celebrated 
city of Sicily, founded about 
732 B. C, by Archias, a Corin- 
thian. 

Syria, ae, /. 1. a large country of 
' Asia. 

Syridcus, a, um, adj. Syrian. 



T. 



Idbesco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. to con- 
sume, languish, pine away. 

tabula, ae, /. 1. a board, tablet, ta- 
ble ; picta, a picture. 

tdceo, ere, ui, Uum, n. 2. to be si- 
lent. 

foetus, its, m. 4. (fr. tango, tactum) 
the touch. 

taedet, taedebat, iaeduit, taesum est, 
taedere, imp. it irks or wearies ; 
vitae me taedet, I am weary of 
life. 

Taendrus et os, i, m. etf. 2. et Tae- 
ndrum et on, i, n. 2. a promonto- 
ry of Laconia, now Cape Mata- 
pan. 

talentum, i, n. 2. (rdXavTav) a talent. 

talis, e, adj. such, of this or such 
kind. 



talpa, ae,f. 1. a mole. 

tarn, adv. so, so much ; tarn diu, as 
long as. 

idmen,conj. notwithstanding, never- 
theless, however, yet. 

Tanais, is, m. 3. now the Don, 
which in ancient, times separat- 
ed European and Asiatic Sarma- 
tia. 

Tandquil, ilis,f. 3. called also Caia 
Caecilia,was the wife of Tarquin, 
the fifth king of Rome. 

tandem, adv. at length, at last, final- 

tango, tangere, tetigi, tactum, a. 3. 
to touch. 

tanquam et tamquam, adv. as, just 
as, as it were. 

Tantalus, i, m. 2. a king of Lydia, 
son of Jupiter. 

tanto, adv. by so much. 

tantopere, adv. so much, so greatly. 

tantum, adv. only. 

tantus, a, um, adj. so great, so 
much ; tanti est, it is worth 
white. 

tarde, adv. slowly. 

tarditas, dtis, f 3. slowness or dul- 
ness of intellect. 

tar do, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to make 
slow, retard, impede. 

tardus, a, um, adj. slow, dull. 

Tarentlnus,a,um,adj. of Tarentum; 
Tarentini, the Tarentines. 

Tarentum, i, n. 2. now Tarento, a 
town of Calabria in Italy. 

Tarpeia, ae, f. 1. the daughter of 
Tarpeius, the governor of the ci- 
tadel of Rome, opened the gates 
to the Sabines. 

Tarpeius, a, um, adj. Tarpeian; 
mons, a hill at Rome, the same 
as the Capitoline, so called from 
Tarpeia. 

Tarquinii, drum, m. 2. now Tar chi- 
na, a town of Etruria. Tarqui- 
nius Priscus was born or educat- 
ed there. 

Tarquinius, i, m. 2. Priscus, the 
fifth king of Rome, successor to 
AncusMartius ; Superhus, grand- 
son of the former, succeeded his 
father-in-law Servius Tullius 
and was the seventh* and last 
king of Rome. 



DICTIONARY. 



191 



Tartarus et os, i, m. 2. et Tartdra, : 
orum, n. 2. the lower world. 

Taurica, ae, f. 1. Chersonesus, a 
large peninsula of Europe, at the 
south-west of the Palus Maeotis, 
now called the Crimea. 

Taurus, i, m. 2. the largest range of 
mountains in Asia as to extent. 

taurus, i, m. 2. (ravpos) a bull. 

Taygetus, i, m. 2. et Taygeta, orum, 
n. 2. a mountain of Laconia, in 
Peloponnesus, at the west of the 
river Eurotas. 

tectum, i, n. 2. (/r. tego, tectum) a 
roof, house. 

tectus, a, um, fart, of tego. 

teges, etis, f. 3. (fr. tego) a mat or 
rug. 

tego, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to cover, 
protect. 

tegumentum, i, n. 2. (/r. tego) a co- 
vering. 

telum, i, n. 2. a weapon, dart, ar- 
row. 

tenure, adv. without reason,, with 
out cause, by chance, at random 
inconsiderately. 

Tempe, n. pi. ind. a vale in Thessa 
ly, through which the river Pe 
neus flows into the Aegaean. 

temperies, iei, f. 5. a temperate cli 
mate, temper ateness. 

tempestas, dtis, f. 3. bad weather ; a 
storm, tempest. 

templum, i, n. 2. a temple. 

tempus, oris, n. 3. time ; ad tempus, 
at the appointed time ; ex tem- 
pore, without premeditation or 
previous study, extempore. 

temulentus, a, um, adj. drunk 
drunken. 

Undo, tendere, tetendi, tensum, a. 3. 
to stretch out, extend. 

tenebrae, drum, f. 1. darkness. 

teneo, ere, ui, turn, Os. 2. to hold, have, 
possess, occupy; to understand, 
know ; to occupy, beset ; portum, 
to reach the harbour. 

tento, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to try, at 

tempt, prove. 
Tentyritae, drum,, m. 1. the inhabit- 
ants of Tentyra. 

tenuis, e, adj. thin, slender, fine. 

tcpesco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. to grow 
warm or tepid. 



tepidus, a, um, adj. warm, tepid, 
lukewarm. 

ter, num. adj. thrice. 

tergum, i, n. 2. the back ; a tergo t 
from behind ; ad terga, behind. 

termino, are, dvi, dtmm, a. 1. to 
bound, terminate. 

terminus, i, m. 2. a bound ; limit, 
end. 

Terminus, i, m. 2. a divinity of 
Rome who was supposed to pre- 
side over bounds and limits. 

terni, ae, a,, distr. num. adj. every 
three, three. 

terra, ae,f. 1. the -earth, land. 

terreo, ere, ui, Hum, a. 2. to fright- 
en, terrify. 

terrestris, e, adj. (Jr. terra) terres- 
trial. 

terribzlis, e, adj. terrible. 

territo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (freq. 
of terreo) to terrify often or 
much. 

territorium, i, n. 2. {fr. terra) a ter- 
ritory. 

territus, a, um, part, of terreo. 

terror, oris, m. 3. great fear, terror. 

tertio, num. adv. the third time. 

tertius, a^ um, ord. num. adj. the 
third. 

testa, ae, f. 1. an earthen vessel, a 
tile, shell. 

testdmentum, i, n. 2. (/r. testor) a 
testament or will. 

testudo, inis, f. 3. a tortoise. 

Teutones, um, m. 3. a name given 
to several united tribes of Germa- 



texo, ere, ui, turn,- a. 3. to weave, 

braid, plat. 
thalamus, i. m. 2. (QdXajxos) a cham- 
ber. 
Thales, is el etis, m. 3. one of the 

seven wise men of Greece, born 

at Miletus in Ionia. 
Thasus el os, i, f. 2. a small island 

in the Aegaean, on the coast of 

Thrace. 
thedtrum, i, n. 2. (Qearpov) a theatre. 
Thebae, drum, f. 1. a celebrated 

city, the capital of Boeotia. 
Thcbdnus, a, um, adj. of Thebes, 

Theban. 
Themistbcles, is, m. 3. a celebrated 

general, born at Athens. 



r 2 



192 



DICTIONARY. 



Theodorus, i, m. 2. a philosopher of timeo, ere, ui, a. et n. 2. to tear, oe 

Cyrene, disciple to Aristippus. I afraid of, dread. 
Thermodan, ontis, m. 3. now Ter- timidus, a, um, adj. fearful, timid. 

mah, a famous river of Cappado-^iratfr, oris, m. 3. fear, dread. 

cia, in the ancient country of the .tinnitus, its, m. 4. tingling. 

Amazons. vtintinndbulum, i, n. 2. a bell. 

Theseus, i, m. 2. king of Athens, \tiiio, 6ms, m. 3. a fire-brand. 

and son of Aegeus, was one of tolero, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to bear, 

suffer, tolerate. 
tollo, toller e, sustuli, subldtum, a. 3. 



the most celebrated of the heroes 
of antiquity. 

Thessdlia, ae, /. 1. a country of 
Greece, situate to the south of 
Macedonia. 

Thessdlus, a, urn, adj. Thessalian ; 
subst. a Thessalian. 

Thestius, i, m. 2. the father of Al- 
thaea. 

Thetis, idis, f. 3. one of the sea dei- 
ties, daughter of Nereus and Do- 
ris ; she married Peleus,by whom 
she became mother of Achilles. 

Thracia, ae, /. 1. a large country of 
Europe, lying to the east of Ma 
eedonia. 

Thracius, a,, um, adj. Thracian'. 

Thrasybulus, i, m. 2. a famous gene- 
ral of Athens, who expelled the 
thirty tyrants of his country. 

thus, thuris, n. 3. frankincense. 

Tiber et Tiberis, is, m. 3: a river of 
Italy, on whose banks the city of 
Rome was built. 

tibicen, cinis, m. 2. (for tibiicen, fr. 
tibia, a flute, pipe, and cano) a 
player on the flute ; a piper. 

Ticinum, i, n. 2. now Pavia, a town 
near the mouth of the river Tici- 
nus. 

Ticlnus, i, m. 2. now the Tesino, a 
river of Gallia Cisalpina, falling 
into the Po near Ticinum. At 
the mouth of this river the Ro 
mans under Cornelius Scipio 
were defeated by Hannibal. 

Tigrdnes, is, m. 3. a king of Arme 
nia. 

Tigranocerta, ae, f. I. now Sered, 
the capital of Armenia, built by 
Tigranes 

tigris, is et Idis, m. et f. (riypig, 6 kcli 

fi,) a tiger or tigress 
Tigris, is et idis, m. 3. a large river 
of Asia, rising in the mountains 
of Armenia Major, and falling 
into the Euphrates. 



to raise, lift up, take away, do 
away with. 

tondeo, tondere, totondi, tonsum, a, 
2. to clip, shear, shave. 

tonitrus, us, m. 4. in abl. sing, toni- 
tru, et in dot. plur. tonitribus : 
itemionitruum, i, n. 2. et in plur. 
tonitrua, (fr. tono,tonitum,) thun- 
der. 

tono, are, ui, ttum, n.\. to thunder. 

tormentum, i, n. 2. (for torquimen- 
turn, fr. torqueo) a machine for 
hurling stones, darts, &c. 

Torqudtus, i, m. 2. a surname given 
to T. Manlius, from a collar (tor- 
ques) taken by him in single com- 
bat from a gigantic Gaul. 

torquis et torques, is, m. ctf. 3. (fr. 
torqueo, to twist) a chain for the 
neck, a collar. 

tot, adj. incl. so many. 

totidem, adj. ind. as many, just so 
many. 

totus, a, um, adj. whole, entire. 

trabs, is, f 3. a beam. 

tracto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (freq. 
fr. traho) to handle ; undertake, 
manage. 

tr actus, us, m. 4. a track, region,' 
country. 

tractus, a, um, part, of traho. 

trddilus, a, um, part, of trado. 

Irddo, dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. (trans 
et do) to give over, consign, de- 
liver ; to relate, teach ; traditur, 
it is said, report says. 

tragicus, a, um % adj. (rpayiKds) tra- 
gic ; poela, a tragic poet. 

trdgoedia, ae,f. 1. (rpaytoSia) atrsh 
gedy. 

traho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. to draw; 
bellum, to protract the war ; li~ 
quidas aquas trahere, to flow with 
a clear stream. 

trdjicio, xcere, eci, ectum, a. 3. trans 



DICTIONARY. 



193 



etjdcio) to throw or cast over, 
transport. 

trdmes, ills, m. 3. a cross-way ; any 
way, road, or path. 

trdno, are, dvi, dtum } n. 1. (trans et 
no) to swim over. 

tranquille, adv. calmly, tranquilly. 

tranquillitas, dtis, f. 3. calmness, 
tranquillity. 

tranquillus, a } urn, adj. calm, tran- 
quil. 

trans, pr. c. ace. on the farther side 
of, beyond, over. 

transactus, a, um, part, of transigo. 

tra?iseo, Ire, Ivi et ii, ttum, n. irr. 
{trans et eo) to go or pass over or 
beyond, to go through. 

transfero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a 
(trans etfero) to carry or bring 
over, transfer, transport ; se ad 
aliquem, to go over to one. 

transfigo, gere, xi, xum, a. 3. (trans 
etflgo) to run through, transfix, 
pierce. 

trdnsfuga, ae, m. 1. a deserter, fugi- 
tive. 

transgredior, gredi, gressus sum, d. 
3. (trans et gradior) to go or pass 
over, cross. 

transigo, igere, egi, actum, a. 3. 
(trans et ago) to pass, spend ; to 
accomplish, perform, transact. 

transllio, Ire, Ivi et ii et ui, n. 4. 
(trans et solid) to leap, bound, or 
jump over. 

transiturus, a, um, part, of transeo. 

transldtus, a, um, part, of transfero. 

transmarlnus, a, um, adj. beyond 
the sea. 

transno. V. trano. 

transveho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. (trans 
et veho) to carry over, transport. 

transvolo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1 {trans 
et volo) to fly over. 

Trasimenuset Tkrasymenus, i, m. 2. 
a lake of Etruria near Perusia,ce- 
lebrated for a battle fought there 
between Annibal and the Romans. 

Trebia, ae, f et m. a river of Gallia 
Cisalpina, which fell into the Po 
near Plac'entia. At its mouth 
Annibal obtained a victory over 
the Romans. 

trecenti, ae, a, card. num. adj. three 
hundred. 



trecentesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 

three hundredth. 
tredceim, card. num. adj. ind. thir- 
teen. 
tremulus, a, um, adj. (fr. tremo, to 

tremble) trembling, tremulous. 
tres, tria, ium, ibus, card. num. adj. 

three. 
Trevtri, drum, m. 2. a nation of 

Gallia Belgica, between the Mo- 

sella or Moselle, and Silva Ar- 

duenna. 
triangularis, e, adj. triangular. 
iribunus, i, m. 2. a tribune. 
tribuo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. to give, 

assign, attribute, impart, bestow. 
tributum, i, n. 2. {fr. tribuo) tribute. 
tributus, a, um, part, of tribuo. 
tricesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. the 

thirtieth. 
triduum, i, n. 2. (fr. tres et dies) the 

space of three days ; per triduum, 

for three days. 
triennium, i, n. 2. the space of three 

years. 
trigemini, drum, m. 2. three born at 

a birth, three twin brothers. 
triginta, ca/rd. num. adj. thirty. 
Trinacria, ae,f. 1. one of the an- 
cient names of Sicily, from its 

three promontories (rpeis dKpm.) 
Triptolemus, i, m. 2. a son of Ce- 

leus, king of Attica, born at Eleu- 

sis. 
triumphdlis, e, adj. triumphal. 
iriumpho, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to 

triumph. 
triumphus, i, m. 2. a triumph. 
triumvir, viri, m. 2. a triumvir, one 

of three men jointly employed to 

execute any public office. 
Troas, adds, f. 3. a district on the 

Aegean coast of Mysia in Asia 

Minor. 
trochilus, i, m. 2. a wren. 
Troglodytae, drum, m. 1. a people 

of Aethiopia, on the coast of the 

Sinus Arabicus, who dwelt in 

caves. 
Troja, ae,f. 1. the capital of Troas. 
Trojdnus, a, um, adj. Trojan. 
trux, trucis, adj. cruel, savage, 

fierce. 
tu. tui, tibi, te, pro. thou, you. 
tuba, ae,f. 1. a trumpet. 



194 



DICTIONARY. 



tuber, Iris, n. 3. a bunch, protuber- 
ance. 

tubicen, inis, m. 3. (tuba et cano) a 
trumpeter. 

tueor, tueri, tuitus et tutus sum, d. 
2. to preserve, guard, protect. 

tugurium, i, n. 2, a hut. 

Tullia, ae,f. 1. a daughter of Ser- 
vius Tullius, who married Tar- 
quin the Proud. 

Tullius, i, m. 2. V. Cicero. 

Tullus, i, m. 2. Hostilius, the third 
king of Rome. 

turn, adv. then ; turn demum, then 
at length. 

tumidus, a, um, adj. swollen, swell- 
ing, tumid. 

tumultus, us, m. 4. a tumult, uproar. 

tumulus, i, m. 2. a little hill, mound, 
tomb. 

tunc, adv. then, at that time. 

tunica, ae, f. 1. a tunic (an under 
garment worn by the Romans.) 

turbo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to con- 
found, disturb, throw into confu- 
sion. 

f/iirgidus, a, um, adj. swollen, infla- 
ted, turgid. 

turma, ae,f. 1. a troop or squadron 
of horse. 

turpis, e, adj. base, disgraceful, dis- 
honourable. 

turpitudo, inis,f. 3. deformity, ugli- 
ness ; disgrace, infamy. 

turris, is, f. 3. a tower. 

tus. V. thus. 

Tuscia, ae,f. 1. the same as Etruria. 

Tusculum, i, n. now Frascati, a 
town of Latium in Italy, about 
12 miles from Rome. 

Tuscus, a, um, adj. Tuscan, Etrus- 
can, Etrurian. 

tutor, oris, m. 3. (fr. tueor, tutus) a 
guardian, tutor. 

tutus, a, um, adj. safe. 

tuus, a, um, adj. pro. thine, thine 
own, yours, your own. 

tyrannis,idis,f. 3. (rvpavj/£f)tyranny, 
arbitrary or despotic power. 

tyrannus, i, m. 2. (rvpawos') a king, 
prince ; a tyrant, usurper, despot. 

Tyrius, a, um, adj. Tyrian. 

Tyrrhenus, a, um, adj. Tuscan. 

Tyrus et Tyros, i, f. 2. a very an- 
cient city of Phoenicia, built by 



the Sidonians, on a small island 
at the south of Sidon, and now 
called Sur. 



U. 



uber, eris, n. 3. a teat, dug, udder. 

ubertas, dtis, f. 3. fertility, fruitful- 
ness. 

ubi, adv. where, in what place; 
when, as soon as. 

uhlque, adv. every where, in every 
place. 

ulciscor, cisci, tus sum, d. 3. to pun- 
ish, revenge. 

ullus, a, um, adj. any, any one. 

ulterior, us, adj. comp. (pos. not used) 
farther. 

ullerius, adv. farther, beyond. 

ultimus, a, um, adj. sup. (comp. ulte- — 
rior) the last, farthest. 

ultra, pr. c. ace. beyond, on the far- 
ther side of; adv. beyond that, 
besides, moreover. 

ultus, a, um, part, of ulciscor. 

Ulysses, is, m. 3. a king of Ithaca, 
son of Anticlea and Laertes, one 
of the leaders in the war against 
Troy. 

umbra, ae,f. 1. a shade, shadow. 

umbrosus, a, um, adj. shady. 

una, adv. together, all at once. 

uncus, a, um, adj. crooked, curved, 
bent. 

unde, adv. out of what place, 
whence. 

undecim, card. num. adj. ind. ele- 
ven. 

undenonagesimus, a, um, ord. num. 
adj. the eighty-ninth. 

undequinquagesimus, a, um, adj. the 
forty-ninth. 

undequinquaginta, card. num. adj. 
ind. forty-nine. 

undetricesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
the twenty-ninth. 

undevicesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
the nineteenth. 

undique, adv. from all parts, from 
all sides. 

unguis, is, m. 3. a nail, claw, talon. 

ungula, ae,f. 1. a hoof; a claw, ta- 
lon. 

unicus, a, um, adj. only, single, 
alone; excellent, distinguished. 



DICTIONARY. 



195 



unio, onis, m. 3. a pearl. 

universus, a, um, adj. whole, uni- 
versal. 

unquam, adv. ever ; nee unquam, 
and ever. 

unus, a, um, card. num. adj. one, 
single, alone. 

unusquisque, unaquaeque, unum- 
quodque et unumquidque, adj. 
every, every one. 

urbs, is,f 3. a city ; the city, Rome. 

uro, urere, ussi, ustum, a. 3. to burn. 

ursus, i, m. 2. a bear. 

usque, adv. till, until, as far as. 

usus, a, um, part, of utor. 

usus, us y m. 4. use, practice, custom. 

ut, conj. as, like as ; that, in order 
that, to the end that. 

utcunque, adv. howsoever, whenso- 
ever, to a certain degree, how- 
ever much. 

uter, tra, trum, adj. which of the 
two. 

uter que, trdque, trumque, adj. both, 
each. 

Utica, ae, f. 1. a celebrated city of 
Africa Propria, on the coast of 
the Mediterranean. 

utilis, e, adj. (fr. utor) useful. 

utor, uti, usus sum, d. 3. to naake 
use of, enjoy. 

utrinque, adv. on both sides. 

utrum, adv. whether. 

uva, ae,f. 1. a grape ; passa, a rai- 
sin. 

uxor, 6ris,f. 3. a wife. 

V. 

vdeo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to be free 

from. 
vacuus, a, um, adj. void, empty, 

free from, vacant. 
vddosus, a, um, adj. having frequent 

fords, shallow, shelvy. 
vddum, i, n. 2. a ford, shallow. 
vagina, ae, f. 1. a scabbard, sheath. 
vdgitus, its, m. 4. a crying like a 

child, lamentation, weeping. 
vdgor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to go to 

and fro, wander, rove. 
vagus, a, um, adj. wandering, roam- 
ing ; uncertain, wavering. 
vdleo, ere, ui, Hum, n. 2. to be strong, 

prevail, have force, avail ; vale, 

farewell. 



Valerius, i, m. 2. a proper name 
among the Romans. 

vdlidus, a, um, adj. (fr. vdleo) 
strong, powerful. 

vallis, is,f. 3. a valley. 

vdpulo,dre, dvi, alum, irr. p. (serves 
as upass. to verbero) to be beaten, 
be whipped or scourged. 

vdrietas, dtis, f 3. variety, diversi- 
ty, change. 

vdrio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to diver- 
sify, vary, change.' 

vdrius, a, um, adj. various, change- 
able. 

vas, vdsis, n. 3. et in plnr. vasa, 
drum, n. 2. a vessel. 

vasto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to lay 
waste, desolate. 

vastus, a, um, adj. vast, wide, am- 
ple, immense. 

vdtes, is, m. 3. a prophet ; a poet, 
bard. 

ve, conj. or ; ve — a negative prefix, 
as in vecors. 

vecordia, ae, f. 1. (fr. vecors, vecor- 
dis) madness. 

vecors, dis, adj. (fr. ve et cor) with- 
out mind, frantic. 

vectis, is, m. 3. (fr. veho, vectum) a 
lever ; a bolt or bar. 

vectus, a, um, part, of vcho. 

vegetus, a, um, adj. (fr. vegeo, to 
quicken) quick, active, vigorous. 

vehemens, tis, adj. vehement, vio- 
lent. 

vthementer, adv. (ius, issime) vehe- 
mently, exceedingly, very much ; 
vehementius, too much. 

veho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. to carry, 
convey, bear ; vehi curru, to drive; 
equo, to ride. 

Veiens, tis, m. 3. an inhabitant of 

Veii. 
Veii, drum, m. 2. a powerful city 
of Etruria, at the distance of 
about 12 miles from Rome. 

vel, conj. or, even ; vel...vel, either... 
or. 

vello, velllre, velli et vulsi, vulsum, 
a. 3. to pluck or pull up. 

vellus, eris, n. 3. a fleece. 

velox, ocis, adj. swift, quick, rapid; 
vclocissima venena, the quickest 
poisons. 

velum, i, n. 2. a sail. 

velut, veluli, adv. as, like as. 



196 



DICTIONARY. 



I 



vendlis, e, adj. (fr. veneo) to be sold, 

venal. 
vendticus, a, um, adj. (fr. venor) of 
or pertaining to the chase ; canis 
venaticus, a hound. 
vendtor j oris, m. 3. a hunter, hunts 

man. 
vendito, are, dvi, dtum } a. 1. (freq. 

of vendo) to sell. 
vendo, dere, dtdi, ditum, a. 3. (ye 

num do) to sell. 
venendtus, a, um, adj. poisoned ; 

poisonous, venomous. 
venerium, i, n. 2. poison. 
veneo, ire, Ivi et ii, itum et um, irr. 
pass, (serves as a pass, of vendo) 
to be exposed to sale, be sold. 
venio, venire, veni, ventum, n. 4. to 

come, go. 
venor, art, dtus sum, d. 1. to hunt. 
venter, tris, m. 3. the belly. 
ventus, i, m. 2. the wind. 
Venus, eris, f 3. the goddess of 
beauty and love, one of the most 
celebrated deities among the an 
cients. 
venustus, a, um, adj. (fr. Venus) 
graceful, handsome, charming. 
*ver, veris, n. 3. the spring. 
verier, eris, n. 3. a scourge, whip ; 

a stripe, blow. 
verbero, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to beat, 

strike. 
verbum, i, n. 2. a word. 
vere, adv. truly. 

vereor, eri, itus sum, d. 2. to reve- 
rence, fear, care for. 
vergo, gere, sine pret. et sup. n. 3. 
to incline or decline, bend, lie 
or look towards. 
verisimilis, e, adj. (verus et similis) 

like the truth, probable. 
Veritas, dtis, f 3. (fr. verus) truth. 
veritus, a, um, part, of vereor. 
vero, conj. but; adv. certainly, in 
truth, indeed. . 
* Verona, ae,f. 1. a town of Venetia 
in Italy, on the Athesis. 
versor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to fre- 
quent, remain, dwell ; to dwell 
on a subject, be employed about 
a thing. 
versus et versum, pr. c. ace. towards. 
Fr. verto, versum. So as to be 
turned towards. Ad is sometimes 
added : versum ad. 



vertex, wis, m. 3. the crown or top 
of the head ; the top or summit 
of any thing. 

verto, tere, ti, sum t a. 3. to turn, 
change, alter. 

veru, u, n. 4. a spit. 
*k>erus, a, um, adj. true. 

vescor, ci, d. 3. (with an abl.) to live 
or feed upon, eat. 

vesperi, adv. at evening ; tarn ves- 
peri, so late. 

Vesta, ae, /. 1. a goddess, whose 
mysteries Aeneas first introdu- 
ced into Italy, and in whose ho- 
nour Numa erected a temple at 
Rome. 

Vestdlis, is, f 3. a Vestal virgin, 
one of those who took care that 
the sacred fire of Vesta was not 
extinguished. 

vestibulum, i, n. 2. a porch. 

vestigium, i, n. 2. a footstep, track, 
vestige. 

vestio, Ire, Ivi, Hum, a. 4. to clothe. 

vestis, is, f. 3. a garment. 

Vesulus, i, m.2. now Viso, a large 
mountain of Liguria,in the range 
of the Alpes Maritimae. 



veterdnus, a, um, adj. (fr. vetus } 
veteris) old ; miles, a veteran. 

veto, are, ui, itum, a. 1. to forbid, 
prohibit. 

Veturia, ae,f. 1. the mother of Co- 
riolanus. 

Veiurius, i, m. 2. a consul defeated 
by the Samnites, and made to 
pass under the yoke. 

vetus, eris, adj. old. 

vetmstas, dtis, f. 3. (fr. vetus) anti- 
quity. 

vttustus, a, um, adj. (fr. vetus) old, 
ancient. 

via, ae, f. 1. a way; viam dare } to 
make way. 

viator, oris, m. 3. (fr. via) a travel- 
ler. 

viceni, ae, a, distr. num. adj. every 
twenty, twenty. 

vicesimus, a, um, adj. the twentieth. 

vlcies, num. adj. twenty times. 

vlclnitas, dtis, f. 3. (fr. vicinus) the 
neighbourhood. 

vicinus, a, um, adj. near, neighbour- 
ing, contiguous. . • 

vicis, (gen.) ci, cem, ce, et in plur. 

I ces, cibus, f 3. a change or turn 



DICTIONARY. 



197 



vicissitude ; heu miseram vicem, 

ah, sad reverse ! postium vicem 

praebere, to supply the place of. 
victima, ae,f 1. a victim, sacrifice. 
victor, oris, m. 3. (fr. vinco, victum) 

a conqueror. 
victoria, ae,f. 1. (fr. victor, victoris) 

a victory. 
victurus y a, um, part, of vivo, 
victus, a, um, par. of vinco, 
vicus. i, m. 2. a village, street. 
video, videre, vidi, visum, a. 2. to 

see, behold, look at. 
viduus, a, um, adj. deprived or be- 
reft of, widowed ; mulier viduus, 

a widow. 
vigil, His, m. 3. a watchman. 
vigilia, ae, f. 1. a watching; ae, 

drum, pi. a military guard,watch. 
viginti, card. num. adj. ind. twenty. 
vilis, e, adj. cheap, of little value, 

mean, vile. 
villa, ae,f. I. a country-seat, villa. 
villicus, i,m. 2. the overseer (yillae) 

of a farm, steward. 
villus, i, m. 2. tufts of hair, shaggy 

hair, long hair. 
vincio, tire, xi, ctum, a. 4. to bind. 
vinco, vincere, vici, victum, a. 3. to 

conquer ; vinci, to be conquered, 

fail of one's object. 
vinctus, a, um, part, of vincio. 
vinculum, i, n. 2. (fr. vincio) a 

chain ; in vincula conjicere, to 

cast into prison. 
vindex, ids, c. 3. an avenger, de 

fender, protector, assertor. 
vindico, are, dxi, dtum, a. 1. to 

avenge, punish, lay claim to. 
vindicta, ae, f. 1. (fr. vindico) re- 
venge, vengeance, punishment. 
vinum, i, n. 2. {fr. olvoq) wine. 
violentus, a, um, adj. impetuous,vio- 

lent. 
violo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to injure, 

violate, profane. 
vir, viri, m. 2. a man. 
vireo, ere, ui, n. 2. to be green or 

verdant, bloom. 
virga, ae,f. 1. a small branch, rod, 

staff. 
Virgilius, i, m. 2. Publ. Maro, 

called the prince of Latin poets, 

was born at Andes, a village 

near Mantua, about 70 B. C. 



Virginia, ae,f. 1. a daughter of the 
centurion Virginius. 

Virginius, i, m. 2. the father of 
VirgiDia, made tribune of the 
people after the abolition of the 
decemviral power. 

virgo, inis, /. 3. a virgin or maid, a 
damsel. 

virgula, ae, f. 1. (a dimin. of virga) 
a little rod. 

Viriathus, i, m. 2. a shepherd of 
Lusitania, who gradually rose to 
power, and enjoyed for 14 years 
the title of protector of public li- 
berty in the provinces of Spam, 

Viridomdrus, i, m. 2. a king of the 
Ga^ls. 

virtus, utis, f. 3. (fr. vir) bravery ; 
any excellent quality ; virtue, 
worth, strength, force. 

vis, vis, f. 3. force, might, power ; 
vis hominum, a multitude of men j 
vim facer e, to do violence to. 

viscus, eris, n. 3. an entrail ; vucera, 
the bowels. 

Vistula, ae, /. 1. a river falling into 
the Baltic, the eastern boundary 
of ancient Germany. 

Visurgis, is, m. 3. now the Weser, 
a large river of Germany. 

visus, a, um, part, of video. 

visus, iis, m. 4. (fr. video, visum) 
the sight. 

vita, ae,f. 1. life. 

vitifer, era, erum, adj. (vitis etfero) 
bearing or producing vines. 

vitis, is, f 3. a vine. 

vlto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to beware 
of, shun. 

vitupero, are, dvi,dtum, a. 1. (vitium 
et paro) to find fault, blame, cen- 
sure. 

vividus, a, um, adj. lively, active, 
vigorous. 

vivo, vivere, vixi, victum, n. 3. to 
live. 

vivus, a, um, adj. living, alive. 

vix, adv. scarcely. 

voco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to call, 
call upon, summon, invite. 

volo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to fly. 

vblo, velle, volui, irr. n. to be wil- 
ling. 

Volsci, drum, m. 2. a people of La- 
tium. 



« 



198 



DICTIONARY. 



volucris, e, adj. (fr. void) flying, 

winged ; subst. a bird. 
Volumnia, ae,f. 1. the wife of Co- 

riolanus. 
voluntas ; dtis, f. 3. the will. 
vbluptas, dtis,f. 3. pleasure. 
vbluto, are, dvi, dtum, a. {fr. volvo, 

volutum) to roll much or often, 

to roll. 
volvo, vere, vi, utum i a. 3. to roll, 

turn. 
votum, i, n. 2. a vow, prayer, wish. 
vox, vocis,f. 3. a voice, sound, word. 
Vulcdnus, i, m. 2. a god of the an- 
cients, who presided over fire. 
vulgus, i, m. et n. 2. the common 

people, populace. 
vulnero, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 

wound. 
vulnus, eris, n. 3. a wound. 
vulpecula, ae,f. 1. a little fox. 
vulpes, is, f. 3. a fox. 
vuUur, uris, m. 3. a vulture. 
vultus, its, m. 4. the countenance, 

look, aspect. 



Xantippe et -thippe, es, f. 1. the wife 
of Socrates. 

Xantippus et -thippus, i, m. 2. a La- 
cedaemonian general who assist- 
ed the Carthaginians in the first 
Punic war. 

Xenocrdtes, is, m. 3. a philosopher 
born at Chalcedon, and educated 
in the school of Plato. 

Xerxes, is, m. 3. 1st, a king of Per- 
sia, succeeded his father Darius. 



Z. 



Zama, ae,f. 1. a town of Numidia, 
300 miles south-west from Car- 
thage. 

Zeno, onis, m. 3. the founder of the 
sect of the Stoics, born at Citium 
in the island of Cyprus. 

Zethes et -thes, is, m. 3. et Zetus, t, 
m. 2. a son of Boreas, and brother 
of Calais. 



THS END. 



DearCs Stereotype Edition. 
THE 

LATIN EEADEE, 

BY 

FREDERIC JACOBS 

AND 

FREDERIC WILLIAM DORING, 

WITH 

NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS, 

PARTLY TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN 

AND 
PARTLY DRAWN FROM OTHER SOURCES 

BY JOHN D. OGILBY, 

PRINCIPAL OF THE GRAMMAR SCHOOL OF COLUMBIA COLLEGE, NEWYORK. 



PART SECOND 

FROM THE SEVENTH GERMAN EDITION. 

NINTH NEW YORK EDITION. 




NEW YORK: 
W. E. DEAN, PRINTER & PUBLISHER, 

2 ANN STREET. 
1852. 



Entered, 
According to the Act of Congress, in the year 1845, by 

WILLIAM E. DEAN, 

In the Clerk's office of the Southern District of 
New York. 



STEREOTYPED BY FRANCIS P. RIPLEY, 
NEW YORK. 



CONTENTS OF PART SECOND. 



Page 
First Division. A. Regnum Assyriorum, 1 

B. Regnum Medorum et Persaram, 2 

C. Res Atheniensium, ----- 12 

D. De Rebus Lacedaemoniorum - - - 26 

E. Macedonum Imperium, - - - - 31 

F. Res Parthorum, 64 

G. Res Siciliae, 69 

H. De Hispania GLuaedam, - - - -74 

I. Res Massiliensium, ----- 76 

Second do. Breves e Ciceronis vita Narrationes, - - 79 
Third do. Narrationes breviores ex Ciceronis operibus ex- 

cerptae, 92 

Fourth do. Narrationes quaedam varii generis, - - - 99 

Fifth do. Notes, 109 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, 



ADAPTED TO THE 



EXTRACTS FROM JUSTIN AND NEPOS. 



This chronological Table is divided into three parts : the first com- 
mences with the Creation and terminates at the conquest of Coro- 
ebus, the era from which the Olympiads are counted. The second 
extends to the capture of Corinth by Mummius and the reduction 
of Greece to a Roman province. The third comprises the rest of 
the principal events alluded to in the Extracts, and terminates 
with the restoration of the standards taken by the Parthians from 
Crassus. A few important events, not mentioned in the text, 
have been inserted. 



Year 
of the 
vorld. 



B.C. 



FIRST PART. 



Reference. 



4004 The Creation of the world, according to the Hebrew text of the 
Scriptures. — According to the version of the Septuagint, 
5372. — According to the Samaritan version, 4700. — According 
to Usher, 4000. — According to Josephus, 4163 

2350 The universal deluge 



1655 

1946 2059 Ninas, king of Assyria. 

1998 2007 The death of Ninus, after a reign of 52 years. 

2009 1996 Semiramis succeeds him. 

2040 .1965 The birth of Abraham.— Ninyas kills his mother Semiramis, 

| and ascends the throne. 
2434 1571 Moses born in Egypt. 

2449 1556 Commencement of the kingdom of Athens. Cecrops, first king. 
2499 !i506 The death of Cecrops. Cranaus succeeds him. 
2508 1497, Amphict yon, king of Athens. The Amphictyonic council 

established. 
2512 1493 Cadmus introduces Letters into Greece. He builds Thebes, 
2608 1397|Erechrheus, king of Alliens. In this reign Triptolemus was 

| taught by Ceres the art of sowing corn, &c 
2722 1283Aegeus. king of Athens. 
2742 1263 The Argonautic Expedition. 
2771 l234|Theseua, king of Athens. He unites the twelve boroughs of 

Attica. 
2821 1184! Troy taken and burnt by the Greeks. 
2935 lO/OiCodrus, king of Athens, devotes himself for his country. Athens 

is governed by perpetual archons. Medon, first archon. 
900JThe capture of Nineveh by Arbaces ; the death of Sardana 

pains, and the fall of the Assyrian Empire. — According to 

Euseblus, A. M. 3185, B. C. 820. 
3121 881;The legislation of LycurgUS. 

14 The commencement of the kingdom of Macedonia in the per- 
son of Caranus. Tnis kingdom lasted 646 years, until the 

battle of Pydna. 

a2 



C. 1 
C. 1 

C. I 



C. 1 
C. 1 



C. 1 



c. 


2 




A. 


3 




& 






B. 


1 




D. 


1, 


2 


E. 


1 





IV 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



B.C. 

776~ 

754 

753 

743 

724 
685 

684 

682 

676 
671 

644 
609 
600 



597 

594 

560 
559 

546 



533 

532 

527 

524 
522 

521 

513 
512 

509 
490 



Year of the 
Olympiads. 



VL 



IX. 



xrv. 
xxni. 

XXIV. 



XXVI. 

xxvn. 
xxxiv. 

XLII. 
XLV. 



XLV1. 
LV. 

LVIII. 

LX. 
LXI. 

LXII. 

Lxra. 

LXIV. 



LXVI. 
LXVII. 



LXXII. 



481 LXXIV. 

i 

480 LXXV, 



of 

Rome. 



1 
11 

30 
69 

70 

72 

78 
83 

110 
145 
154 



157 

160 

194 
195 

208 



216 
221 

222 

227 

230 
232 

233 

241 

242 



245 

264 
273 

274 



SECOND PART. 



Coroebus first victor in the Olympic games. 
The era from which the Olympiads are 
counted. 

The perpetual archons at Athens are succeed- 
ed by decennial archons. Charops, first 
decennial archon. 

The foundation of Rome by Romulus. 

The first war between the Messenians and the 
Lacedaemonians. 

Perdiccas, king of Macedonia. 

Revolt of the Messenians against the Lacedae- 
monians. — Second Messenian war begins. 

The creation of annual archons at Athens. 
Creon, first annual archon. 

The poet Tyrtaeus general of the Lacedaemo- 
nian army. 

Argaeus, king of Macedonia. 

The capture of Ira, which put an end to the 
second Messenian war. 

Philip 1st, king of Macedonia. 

Aeropus, king of Macedonia. 

Massilia, {Marseilles,) founded by a colony of 
Phocaeans, according to Livy and Eusebius, 
According to Justin, it was founded during 
the reign of Tarquinthe Proud. 

Astyages, the last king of the Medes, ascends 
the throne. 

Solon, archon of Athens, frames a code of laws 
for his country. 

Pisistratus usurps the sovereignty of Athens. 

Cyrus ascends the throne of Persia. The 
commencement of the Persian Empire. 

Croesus crosses the Halys to aid the Babyloni- 
ans against Cyrus, by whom he is defeated. 

Cyrus carries the war into Lydia, subdues the 
country, and makes Croesus his prisoner. 

Cyrus takes Babylon. 

Tarquin the Proud murders Servius Tullius, 
and succeeds him. 

The death of Cyrus. — Cambyses, his son, suc- 
ceeds him. 

The death of Pisistratus. — His sons Hippias 
and Hipparchus succeed him. 

Cambyses puts his brother Smerdis to death. 

Death of Cambyses. — Usurpation of Pseudo 
Smerdis. 

The death of Smerdis. — Commencement of 
the reign of Darius, son of Hystaspes. He 
marries Atossa, daughter of Cyrus. 

Harmodius and Aristogiton slay Hipparchus. 
Babylon revolts from the Persians. 

The stratagem of Zopyrus. Capture of Baby- 
lon. 

Darius wages war against the Scythians. He 
conquers Macedonia. 

Hippias expelled, and the tyranny of the Pisis 
tratidae abolished.— Tarquin the Proud driv- 
en from Rome. Consular government begins 

Darius invades Greece. — Miltiades defeats the 
Persians at Marathon. 

Xerxes commences his expedition against the 
Greeks. 

The battle of Thermopylae, 7th August. 
Arrival of Xerxes at Athens, towards the 
end of the same month. The battle of 
Salamis, October 19th. The same day 
Gelon defeats the Carthaginian general, 
Hamilcar, at Himera. 



Reference. 



D. 3 



B. 6 



B. 7 



B. 8,9 



5 
9 

9, 10 
10 

11 

5 

12 

12 

13 

5 



5 

15 Sc 
8 
16 

17 & 
9 
2 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



B.C. 

479 

475 

474 

471 
465 

464 
461 
450 

431 

425 
424 
423 
422 

415 
413 
412 

410 

407 

405 
404 



403 
401 



395 
394 



393 



391 

389 

388 
371 

370 

369 
368 



365 
363 



Year of the 

Olympiads 



of 

! Rome. 



LXXV. 
LXXVI. 



lxxvh. 

LXXVHL 



lxxix. i 

4 
LXXXIL 3 

LXXXVH. 2 

LXXXVHL 4 

lxxxix. i 

2 
3 



XCI. 
XCII. 

xcm. 

XCIV. 



XCVI. 



xcvn. 



XCVIII. 
CII. 



cm. 



civ. 



275 

279 
280 

283 



290 
293 
304 

323 

329 

330 

331 

332 

339 

341 

342 

314 
347 

349 

350 

351 
353 



359 
360 



361 



363 

365 

366 
383 

381 

385 
386 



389 
391 



SECOND PART. 



Reference. 



The battle of Plataeae, 22nd September.— The 
batfle of Mycale on the same day. 

Anaxilaus, tyrant of Sicily. 

The walls of Athens rebuilt, and its port im- 
proved. 

Themistocles banished. 

The death of Xerxes. — Artaxerxes Longima- 
nus succeeds him, and reigns 40 years. 

The third Messenian war begins. 

Cimon goes into exile. 

Cimon conducts an army to the island of Cy- 
prus, where he dies the year following. 

Commencement of the Peloponnesian war, 
which lasts 28 years. 

The death of Artaxerxes Longimanus — Xer- 
xes II. succeeds him. 

The death of Xerxes II. — Sogdianus ascends 
the throne. 

Death of Sogdianus after a reign of 7 months. 
He is succeeded by Darius Nothus. 

A peace of 50 years agreed upon by the Spar- 
tans and Athenians, which is kept only dur- 
ing 6 years and 6 months. 

The expedition of the Athenians to Sicily.— Al- 
cibiades condemned. He retires to Sparta, 

The total defeat of the Athenian army in Sici- 
ly by Gylippus, the Lacedaemonian. 

Alcibiades deserts the Spartans, and goes over 
to the Persians. 

Alcibiades recalled by the army. 

Alcibiades goes again into exile. 
Conon succeeds him. 

Lysander gains the naval battle of Aegos-Pota- 
mos. — Darius Nothus dies. His son Artaxer- 
xes Mnemon succeeds him. 

Athens taken by Lysander. — End of the Pelo- 
ponnesian war. 

Appointment of the 30 tyrants. 
Alcibiades is killed. 

Thrasybulus frees A.thens from the 30 tyrants. 
A general amnesty. 

The expedition of Cyrus the Younger against 
his brother Artaxerxes. 
The battle of Cunaxa. 
The retreat of the 10,000 Greeks. 

The expedition of Agesilaus in Asia. 

The naval battle near Cnidus, in which the 
Athenians, commanded by Conon, come off 
victors. Commencement of Corinthian war. 

Agesilaus, on his return from Asia, conquers 
the Thebans and their allies at Coronaea. 
Conon rebuilds the walls of Piraeus. 

Amyntas II. king of Macedonia. 

Peace of Antalcidas between the Persians and 
Greeks. 

The war of the Spartans with the Arcadians. 

The battle of Leuctra, in which Epaminondas 
defeats the Lacedaemonians. 

Alexander II. king of Macedonia. — Philip, a 
hostage at Thebes. 

Epaminondas attacks Sparta. 

Ptolemy AJorites, king of Macedonia, (V. note 
5, p. 32.) 

Death of Dionysius the Elder. 
Dionysius the Younger succeeds him. 

Perdiccas III. kins of Macedonia. 

The battle of Mantinea ; victory of Epaminon- 
das ; his death. 



B. 19 & 

C. 11 
G. 1 

C. 11 
C. 14 

B.20 

C. 17 

C. 17 

C. 19 
B. 21 
B. 21 

B. 21 

C. 18 

C. 19, 22 
C. 21 

C. 23 

C. 24 
C. 27 

C. 28 

C. 28 

B. 21 

C. 30 
C. 31 
C. 32 
C. 33 

C. 34 

B. 22 

D. 5 

D. 7 

D. 6 

D. 7 

E. 3 

D. 8 



D. 


8 


E. 


3& 




4 


D. 


9 


a 


2 


G. 


3 


E. 


4 



D. 9 



VI 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



B.C, 


Year of the 
Olympiads. 


of 
Rome. 

392 


• SECOND PART. 


Reference. 


362 


CIV. 


3 


The death of Artaxerxes Mnemon. 


B. 23 










Ochus succeeds him. * 


B. 24 


360 


cv. 


1 


394 


Philip ascends the throne of Macedon. 


E. 4 


356 


CVI. 


1 


398 


The temple of Diana at Ephesus burnt by 
Erostratus. 

On the same day Alexander was born. Dio- 
nysius is driven from Sicily. 


G. 4 


355 




2 


399 


Commencement of the third Sacred War. 




348 


cvni. 


1 


406 


Philip takes Olynthus. 
End of the third Sacred War. 


E. 7 
E. 8 


347 




2 


407 


Dionysius returns to Syracuse from Italy. 
Dionysius retires to Corinth after his final 


G. 5 


343 


CDL 


2 


411 












banishment by Timoleon. 


G. 6 


341 




4 


413 


Philip makes a fruitless attempt upon Byzan- 
tium. — He is victorious in the Chersonese ; 
and makes an expedition to Scythia. 


E. 9 


338 


ex. 


3 


416 


The battle of Chaercmea, in which Philip de- 
feats the Athenians and Boeotians. The end 
of Grecian Independence. 
Death of Artaxerxes Ochus. 


E. 10 
B. 24 


337 




4 


417 


Philip convenes a council of the Greeks at Co- 
rinth. He prepares for the invasion of 
Persia. 


E..11 


336 


CXI. 


1 


418 


Philip is assassinated by Pausanias. 
Alexander succeeds him. 


E. 12 










E. 14 










Darius Codomannus ascends the throne of 












Persia. 


B. 24 


335 




2 


419 


Alexander continues the preparation for the 
Persian war. 
Revolt of the Thebans. Alexander defeats 

them, and destroys Thebes. 
Alexander passes into Asia. 
Victory of Alexander over the Persians in 

the plain of Adrastia, commonly called the 

battle of the Granicus. 


E. 15 

E. 16 
E. 17 

E. 18 


333 




4 


421 


Dangerous illness of Alexander at Tarsus. The 
battle of Issus. 


E. 20 
E. 21 


332 


CXII. 


1 


422 


Alexander takes Tyre. Egypt submits to Alex- 
ander. — He founds Alexandria.' 


E. 22 
E. 23 


331 




2 


423 


Victory of Alexander over Darius at Gauga- 
mela, more commonly called the battle of 
Arbela. 


E. 25 


330 




3 


424 


Alexander destroys Persepolis. Darius Codo- 
mannus assassinated by Bessus. End of the 
Persian Empire. Antipater suppresses the 
rebellion io Greece. 


E. 25 
E. 26 

E. 27 


328 


CXIH. 


1 


426 


Alexander subdues the Caucasian tribes. — 
Bessus punished. 


E. 29 


327 




2 


427 


Alexander passes into India. — He conquers 
Porus. 


E. 31, 32 


325 




4 


429 


Alexander returns to Babylon. 


E. 36 


324 


CXIV. 


1 


430 


Alexander the Great dies at Babylon, at the 
age of 33. Aridaeus, a natural son of Philip, 
is nominally king. — First division of the em- 
pire between the generals. 


E. 37 
E. 41 


323 




2 


431 


The Athenians and Aetolians rise in rebellion 
against Macedon.— Antipater escapes from 
Lamia. 


E. 42 


322 




3 


432 


Antipater, Antigonus, Craterus and Ptolemy 
unite against Perdiccas. — Perdiccas is as- 
sassinated in Egypt. 


E. 43 


317 




4 


437 


Agathocles, tyrant of Sicily. 


G. 7, 8 


315 CXVI. 


2 


439 


League of Ptolemy, Cassander, Lysimachus, 
and Seleucus, against Antigonus. 


E. 43 


310 cxvn. 


3 


444 


Agathocles carries the war against the Cartha- 
ginians into Africa. 


G. 9 


307 CXVIII. 


2 


447 


Demetrius, son of Antigonus, gains a victory 






I 






over the fleet of Ptolemy— Antigonus as- 





CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



Vll 



B.C. 

301 

298 
297 

294 
290 
289 

288 
286 

284 
281 



279 

278 

277 

275 
274 

272 

269 
262 

255 

247 

243 

238 

232 

228 

226 

224 

222 

221 



Tear of the 
Olympiads 



cxrx. 
cxx. 

4 
CXXI. 3 

cxxn. 3 

4 

CXXIII. 1 
3 

cxxrv. i 

4 



CXXV. 2 

3 



CXXVL 

cxxvn. 



CXXEX. 
CXXXI. 

cxxxm. 

CXXXIV. 

cxxxv. 
cxxxvn. l 
cxxxvm. i 

3 

CXXXIX. 1 

3 



of 

Rome. 



453 
456 
457 

460 
464 
465 

466 
468 

470 
473 



475 
476 

477 

479 
480 

482 

485 
492 

499 

507 

511 

616 

522 

526 

528 

530 

532 

533 



SECOND PART. 



sumes the title of king ; the other generals 
of Alexander follow his example. 

Battle of Ipsus ; death of Antigonus; flight of 
Demetrius. 

Death of Cassander. His son Philip succeeds 
him. 

Death of Philip. Dispute between his sons An 
tipater and Alexander respecting the crown 
of Macedon. — Antipater kills Thessalonice, 
his mother. 

Demetrius Poliorcetes takes possession o 
Macedonia. 

League of Seleucus, Lysimachus, Pyrrhus, 
and Ptolemy, against Demetrius. 

Death of Agathocles, tyrant of Sicily. — Deme 
trius is stripped of the kingdom of Macedon 
— Pyrrhus obtains the vacant throne. 

Demetrius surrenders himself to Seleucus. 

Ly simachuswrests the crownof Macedon from 
the hands of Pyrrhus. — Death of Demetrius 

Death of Ptolemy, son of Lagus. His son 
Ptolemy Philadelphus, succeeds him.-Death 
of Demetrius Phalereus. (V. note 1st, p. 15.) 

Lysimachus is defeated in Phrygia by Seleucus 
and dies.-Seleucus reigns in Macedonia. Se 
ven months afterwards he is slain by Ptole 
my Ceraunus, who succeeds him on the 
throne of Macedon.— Antiochus Soter, son of 
Seleucus, succeeds to the throne of Syria. — 
Commencement of the Achaean league. 

Irruption of the Gauls into Illyria and Mace 
donia. They defeat and slay Ptolemy Ce 
raunus. 

New irruption of the Gauls under Brennus. 
They attempt to plunder the temple at Del- 
phi, but are totally defeated. — Pyrrhus, king 
of Epirus, passes into Sicily. 

Antigonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia. — He 
defeats the Gauls. 

Hiero, general of the Sicilians. 

Pyrrhus gets possession of Macedonia, and 
dethrones Antigonus. 

Pyrrhus besieges Lacedaemon, and is repuls- 
ed. — He is slain in an attack upon Argos. 

Hiero II. king of Syracuse. 

Antiochus II. surnamed Theos, succeeds his 
father, Antiochus Soter. 

Arsaces rules over the Parthians ; the dynasty 
of the Arsacidae commences. 

Death of Antiochus II. — SeleucusH surnamed 
Callinicus, succeeds him. 

Death of Antigonus Gonatas. Demetrius H. 
succeeds him. 

Hamilcar goes to Spain with his son, the young 
Hannibal. 

The death of Demetrius H. king of Macedonia. 
Antigonus Doson succeeds him. 

Death of Hamilcar. — Hasdrubal succeeds him 
in Spain. 

Death of Seleucus n. — Seleucus IH. (Cerau- 
nus) succeeds him. 

Death of Seleucus III. — His brother, Antio- 
chus the Great, succeeds him. 

Cleomenes, king of Sparta, is defeated by An- 
tigonus and flies to Egypt. — Antigonusmakes 
himself master of Sparta, and then proclaims 
it free. 

Death of Antigonus Doson.— Philip, son of 
Demetrius, succeeds him. 



Reference. 



E.44 
E. 46 
E. 46 

E. 47 

E. 47 

E.48 
G.ll 

E.48 
E.48 

E.49 
E.48 



E.49 



E. 51 



E. 52,53 
G. 12 

E. 54 
G. 13 

E. 55 

E. 56 
G. 13 



F. 4 



H. 4 
E. 59 
H. 4 

E.61 

E. 60 
E. 160 



Vlll 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



B.C. 

221 

220 

216 

214 
204 



203 

202 

200 
197 

195 
194 
191 

190 

189 

183 



171 
163 

147 
146 



Year of the 
Olympiads. 



CXXXIX. 

VXL. 

CXLI. 

CXLIV. 



CXLV. 
CXLVI. 

cxlvh. 

CXLIX. 



COL 
CLIII. 

CLvm. 



Rome. 



533 

534 

538 

540 
550 

551 

552 

554 
557 

559 
560 
563 

564 

565 

571 



583 
586 

607 
608 



SECOND PART. 



Death of Ptolemy Evergetes.— Ptolemy Phi- 
lopator succeeds him. 

Death of Hasdrubal in Spain. — Hannibal suc- 
ceeds him. Lycurgus, king of Sparta. 

Philip sends deputies to Italy, for the purpose 
of making a treaty with Hannibal. 

Laevinus passes into Greece. 

Philip makes peace with the Romans. End of 
the 1st Macedonian war. 
Ptolemy Epiphanes succeeds his father Phi- 
lopator, though only in the 4th year of his age. 

Antiochus the Great and Philip divide between 
themselves thekingdomof Ptolemy Epiphanes. 

The Romans undertake the guardianship of 
Epiphanes. 

Second Macedonian war. 

Battle of Cynoscephalae ; defeat of Philip by 
Flaminius j end of the second Macedonian 
war. 

Hannibal flies for refuge to Antiochus the Great. 

Phraates 1st, king of Parthia. 

Antiochus defeated on land by Acilius Glabrio. 
His fleet defeated by Aemilius. 

Antiochus defeated at Magnesia by Scipio 
Asiaticus. 

The Aetolians conquered by the Romans. — 
Hannibal flies to Prusias, king of Bithynia. 

Death of Philopoemen. — Hannibal poisons 
himself. — Death of Philip.— His son, Per- 
seus, succeeds to the throne of Macedonia. 
— Mithridates I. succeeds Phraates I. as 
king of Parthia. 

Third Macedonian war begins. 

Battle of Pydna.— Perseus made captive by the 
Romans. 

The Achaeans drive out the Roman ambassa- 
dors, who were sent to dissolve the league. — 
The Romans declare war against them. 

Capture and destruction of Corinth by Mum- 
mius. — Greece becomes a Roman province 
under the name of Achaia. Commencement 
of the war with Viriathus. 



Reference. 



E. 61 
H. 4 

E. 61 

E. 62 
E. 63 

E. 63 

E. 64 

E. 64 

E. 65 
E. 65 

E. 65 

E. 66 

F. 5 

E. 67 

E. 69 

E.73 
E. 70, 73 



E.72 
F. 5 



E.74 



E. 75, 76 
E.76 



H. 2 



Year 



B.C. 



of 
Rome. 



PART THIRD. 



Reference. 



137 
133 



36 
31 

20 



617 
621 



700 
701 
715 

718 
723 

734 



Phraates n. succeeds Mithridates I. 

Attalus dying, bequeaths the kingdom of Pergamus to the 
Roman people. 

Artabanus succeeds Phraates IT. 
Mithridates II. succeeds his father Artabanus. 

Orodes, king of Parthia. 

The battle of Carrhae ; defeat and death of Crassus. 

Ventidius kills Pacorus and destroys his army. 
Phraates IV. succeeds his father Orodes. 

Antony is repulsed by the Parthians. 

Phraates is driven from his throne by Tiridates. He is re- 
stored with the assistance of the Scythians. 

The Parthians deliver to Augustus the standards and captives 
taken from the Romans. 



F. 7 

E. 77 

F. 7 
F. 7 
F. 8 
F. 8 
F. 9 
F. 10 
F. 11 

F. 11 

F.12 



FIRST DIVISION. 



A. REGNUM ASSYRIORUM. 

1. Ninus, (Justin. LI.) 

Antiquissimis temporibus primi in Asia Assyrii 1 regnum 
condidisse feruntur. Horum rex Ninus, primum finitimis, 
turn aliis post alios populis perdomitis, totius Orientis populos 
subegit. Postremum ei bellum cum Zoroastre, rege Bactri- 
anorum, 2 fuit, qui primus dicitur artes magicas 3 invenisse, si- 
derumque motus diligentissime spectasse. Hoc occiso et 
ipse decessit, relicto impubere adhuc filio Nmya, et uxore 
Semiramide. 

2. Semirdmis. (Ibid. I. 2.) 

Semiramis nee filio immaturo imperium tradere, nee ipsa 
palam capessere ausa, sexum dissimulans, brachia et crura 
velamentis, caput tiara tegit ; et, ne novo habitu aliquid oc- 
cultare videretur, eodem modo et populum vestiri jussit; quern 
morem vestis 4 exinde 5 gens universa servavit. Sic Semi- 
ramis primis regni initiis Ninyas esse credita est. 6 Magnas 
deinde res gessit, ita ut mulier etiam viros virtute superare 
videretur. Babyloniam 7 condidit, murumque urbi cocto la- 
tere 8 circumdedit. Nee contenta regni terminos tueri, Ae- 
thiopiam 9 imperio adjecit, et Indiae bellum intulit. Ad pos- 
tremum a filio interfecta est, duo et quadraginta annos post 
Ninum rerum potita. 10 Ninyas contentus imperio a parenti- 
bus sibi tradito, belli studia deposuit, et, veluti sexum cum 
matre mutasset, in feminarum turba consenuit. Posteri ejus 
hoc exemplum secuti sunt. Imperium Assyrii mille trecen- 
tos annos tenuerunt. 

3. Sardanapalus. (Ibid. I. 3.) 

Postremus apud eos regnavit Sardanapalus, vir muliere 
mollior. Ad quern quum forte Arbaces, Medis 11 a rege prae- 



2 REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. 

positus, venisset invenit eum inter mulierum greges, muliebri 
habitu, lanam tractantem, et pensa virginibus dividentem. 
Quibus visis, indignatus Arbaces, tot viros huic feminae 1 
parere, omnem rem ad amicos retulit, negatque 2 se ei obeiire 
posse, qui se feminam esse malit quam virum. Fit igitur cori- 
juratio. Bellum Sardanapalo infertur. Quo ille audito, pri- 
mum, ut mulieres solent, latebras circumspicit ; mox deinde 
cum paucis et incompositis in bellum progreditur. Victus 
proelio in regiam se recipit, ubi, exstructo incensoque rogo, 
et se et divitias in flammas conjicit ; hoc solo facinore virum 
imitatus. 



B. REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. 

1. Aslyages. (Justin. I. 4.) 

Sardanapalo sublato quum Arbaces rex esset constitutus, 
imperium ab Assyriis ad Medos translatum est. Post multos 
deinde reges ad Astyagem descendit. 3 Hie aliquando per 
somnum vidit e sinu filiae Mandanes, quam unicam habebat, 
vitem enatam, 4 cujus palmite omnis Asia obumbraretur. Con- 
sulti harioli, qui somnia interpretabantur, responderunt, ne- 
potem regi ex filia natum iri, qui regno potiretur omnemque 
Asiam subigeret. Hoc responso perterritus, Astyages filiam 
Cambysi in matrimonium dedit, mediocris fortunae viro, ex 
gente Persarum, quae tunc temporis nullis adhuc rebus gestis 
illustrabatur. 5 Sed ne sic quidem ab omni metu liberatus 
est. 



2. Cyri natales. (Ibid. I. 4.) 

Quum itaque Mandane puerum peperisset, Astyages ghih 
Harpago, arcanorum suorum participi, occidendum dedit. Is 
veritus, ne Mandane aliquando necati infantis ultionem a se 
exigeret, pastori regii pecoris puerum exponendum tradit. 
Forte eodem tempore et ipsi pastori films natus erat. Ejus 
igitur uxor, audita regii infantis expositione, maritum precious 
movit, ut sibi afferret ostenderetque puerum. Cujus precibus 
fatigatus pastor reversus in silvam, juxta infantem invenit ca- 
nem, ubera parvulo praebentem, et a feris alitibusque defen- 
dentem. Motus et ipse misericordia, qua canem motam vi- 
derat, puerum defert ad stabula, eadem cane anxie prose- 



REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. O 

qiiente. Quern ubi in manus mulier accepit, puer earn risu 
et blanditiis ita cepit, ut eum a se nollet diinittere, maritoque 
precibus persuaderet, ut suum ipsius puerum exponeret, altero 
servato. 1 Atque ita permutata sorte parvulorum, hie pro filio 
pastoris educatur, ille pro 2 nepote Astyagis exponitur. , 

3. Cyrus agnoscitur. (Ibid. I. 5.) 

Puer deinde quum inter pastores esset, Cyri nomen accepit. 
Ibi aliquando rex inter ludentes creatus, contumaces flagellis 
cecidit: ob quam contumeliam puerorum parentes irati re- 
gem adierunt, querentes, quod ingenui 3 pueri a servo regio 
verberibus essent affecti. Rex puerum arcessitum quum in- 
terrogasset, quomodo ausus esset illos verberare, ille, vultu 
nihil mutato, se ut regem fecisse respondit. Hoc responsum 
puerique constantiam admiratus Astyages, somnium, quod 
olim viderat, in mentem revocat, quumque et vultus simili- 
tudo et expositionis tempora, 4 et pastoris confessio conveni- 
rent, nepotem agnovit. Et quoniam somnium exitum habuisse 
existimabat, quod Cyrus regnum inter pastores gessisset, 
puero quidem pepercit, sed Harpago ob imperium neglectum 
iratus, fllium ejus interfecit patrique epulandum apposuit. 

4. Harpagus Astyagen prodit. (Ibid. I. 5.) 

Ab initio quidem Harpagus dissimulavit dolorem, sed m- 
tentus occasioni vindictae exercendae, tempore interjecto, 
quum adolevisset Cyrus, omnia ei perscripsit : ut Astyages 
eum interfici jusserit, ut suo 5 beneficio sit servatus, ut ipse 
filium crudelitate regis amiserit. Deinde eum hortatur, ut 
exercitum paret, pronamque 6 ad regnum viam ingrediatur; 
simul Medorum ipsi transitionem promittit. Epistola, quia re- 
gis custodes omnes aditus obsidebant, exenterato lepori inseri- 
tur, lepusque Cyro apud Persas degenti per fldum servum 
mittitur. 

5. Cyrus exercitum par at. (Ibid. I. 6.) 

Cyrus, Harpagi epistolis lectis, nihil 7 cunctatus, populurh 
convocavit, eoque in locum silvestrem adducto, silvam securi- 
bus excidi jussit. Quod quum strenue fecissent, 8 eosdem pos- 
tero die ad epulas invitat. Deinde quum alacriores ipso 
convivio factos videret, rogat, si conditio esset proposita, 9 
utrum hesterni diei laborem, an praesentium epularum hilari- 
tatem praelaturi essent? omnibusque clamantibus, se prae- 
sentes praeferre epulas, ait : Hesterno diei omnemvitam similem 

PART II. 2 



4 REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. 

agetis, quamdiu Medis parebitis ; at si me sequemini, efficiam > 
ut per omnem vitam epulas agere videamini. 

6. Astyages regno exuitur. (Ibid. I. 6.) 

Laetis omnibus, Medis bellum infert. Astyages Harpago 
summam belli 1 committit, oblitus* injuMarum quibus eum af- 
fecerat. At ille exercitum acceptum statim Cyro tradit, re- 
gisque crudelitatem defectione ulciscitur. Quod ubi Astyages 
audivit, contractis undique auxiliis ipse in Persas proficiscitur, 
variamque ibi belli fortunam expertus, tandem in proelio 
capitur. Cyrus avo regnum abstulit, eumque maximae genti 
Hyrcanorum 3 praeposuit. Nam in Medos reverti ipse noluit. 
Hie finis Medorum imperii fuit. Regnaverunt annos trecen- 
tos quinquaginta. 

7. Cyrus Lydiam et Croesum superat. (Ibid. I. 7.) 

Initio regni Cyrus civitates, quae Medorum tributariae 
fuerant, bello domuit. Deinde quum adversus Babylonios 
bellum gereret, Croesus, rex Lydorum, 4 cujus opes et divitiae 
ilia tempestate insignes erant, Babyloniis auxilium tulit; 
eoque victo, Cyrus bellum in Lydiam transfert. Ibi Croesi 
exercitus, fortuna prioris proelii jam perculsus, nullo negotio 5 
funditur, Croesus ipse capitur. Victor, dementia erga vic- 
tum usus, et vitam ei et patrimonii partem concessit. Inter- 
jecto deinde tempore, occupato in aliis bellis Cyro, Lydi re- 
bellavere. Quibus iterum victis arma et equi ademti, jussique 
sunt cauponias 6 et ludicras artes 7 exercere. Sic gens, indus- 
trial quondam potens, mollitie et luxuria effeminata, virtutem 
pristinam per did it. 

8. Cyrus interficitur. (Ibid. I. 8.) 

Cyrus, subacta Asia, Scythis bellum infert. Erat eo tem- 
pore Scytharum regina, Tomyris, quae quum hostes Araxis 8 
fluminis transitu prohibere posset, iis transire permisit, ex- 
istimans, faciliorem sibi intra terminos regni pugnam fore. 
Itaque Cyrus, trajectis copiis, quum aliquantisper in Scythiam 
processisset, castra metatus est. Deinde, simulato metu, 
quasi refugiens, castra deseruit, atque in iis vini afTatim, et 
quae epulis erant necessaria, reliquit. Quod quum reginae 
nuntiatum esset, adolescentulum fllium ad insequendum hos- 
tem cum tertia parte copiarum misit. Quum ventum ad 
Cyri castra esset, adolescens, rei militaris ignarus, omissis 9 
hostibus, milites suos insuetos 10 vino se onerare patitur. Qui 



REGNIJM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. 5 

bus cognitis, Cyrus reversus per noctem, ebrios opprimit, 
omnesque Scythas una cum reginae filio interficit. Amisso 
tanto exercitu, et, quod gravius erat, unico filio, Tomyris, ul- 
tionem meditata, hostes recenti victoria exsultantes, pari fraude 
decipit. Q,uippe simulato timore propter cladem recens ac- 
ceptam refugiens, Cyrum ad angustias usque produxit. Ibi 
compositis insidiis, ducenta millia Persarum cum ipso rege 
trucidavit. Turn caput Cyri amputatum in utrem humano 
sanguine repletum conjici jubet, cum hac exprobratione 1 cru- 
delitatis : Satia te, inquit, sanguine, quern sitisti, 2 cujusque 
insatiabilis semper fuisti. Cyrus regnavit annos triginta. 

9. Cambysis regnum et interitus. (Ibid. I. 9.) 

Cyro successit films Cambyses, qui imperio patris Aegyp- 
tum adjecit. Aegyptiorum offensus superstitionibus, 3 Apis 4 
caeterorumque deorum aedes dirui jubet. Ad Jovis quoque 
Ammonis nobilissimum templum 5 expugnandum milites misit, 
qui arenae tempestate excitatae molibus oppressi sunt. Post 
haec per quietem 6 vidit, fratrem suum Smerdin esse regnatu- 
rum. duo somnio exterritus, non dubitavit post sacrilegia 
etiam parricidium 7 facere ; et mago cuidam mandavit, ut Smer- 
din interficeret. Interim ipse, equum, ut narrant, conscen- 
dens, gladio sua sponte evaginato, vulneratus occubuit. 

10. Pseudo-Smerdis. (Ibid. I. 9.) 

Nuntio de regis morte accepto, ille, cui parricidium a rege 
mandatum fuerat, fratrem Cambysis, cui regnum debebatur, 
occidit, suumque ipsius fratrem Oropasten, interfecto Smerdi 
ore et corporis habitu simillimum, in illius locum subjecit. 
Quae res eo occultior fuit, quod apud Persas persona regis sub 
specie majestatis occulitur. Sed postquamunus et alter frau- 
dem suspicari coepit, Ostanes, vir nobilis, filiam suam, quae 
inter regias pellices erat, interrogavit, an Cyri Alius rex esset. 
Ilia se id scire negabat. Turn earn dormientis caput pertrac- 
tare jubet : nam mago illi Cambyses aures olim utrasque 
praeciderat. Factus deinde per filiam certior, sine auribus esse 
regem, nobilissimis Persarum rem indicat, eosque in caedem 
falsi regis impellit. Septem tantum conscii fuere hujus con- 
jurationis, qui, postquam se Sacramento obstrinxerant, extem- 
plo ad regiam pergunt, ferro sub veste occultato. Ibi obviis 
interfectis, quum ad regem penetrassent, pugna in tenebris orta, 
Gobryas, unus conjuratorum, Oropasten complexus medium, 
socios ut ferirent hortatus est ; cunctantesque, ne s eum pro 
mago transfoderent, vel per suum corpus adigere ferrum 






6 REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. 

jussit. Turn fortuna ita regente, 1 Gobrya incolumi, magus 
interiicitur. 



11. Darius Hystaspis rex creatur. (Ibid. 1. 10.) 

Quibus peractis, conjurati virtute et nobilitate pares, pacti 
sunt inter se, ut die statuta omnes equos ante regiam primo 
mane perducerent ; et cujus equus inter Solis ortum hinnitum 
primus edidisset, is rex esset. Nam et Solem Persae unum 
Deum esse credunt, et equos eidem Deo sacratos putaht. 
Erat autem inter conjuratos Darius Hystaspis filius ; cui, de 
eventu sollicito, equi custos ait : si haec res, 2 quam tu dicis, 
victoriam decernit, nihil negotii superesse existima. 3 Turn 
per noctem, pridie constitutam diem, 4 equum ad eundem locum 5 
ducit, simulque equam. Postera die itaque quum ad statu- 
tam horam omnes convenissent, Darii equus, cognito loco 
ubi equam viderat, hinnitum statim edidit. Quo auspicio au- 
dita, omnes confestim equis desilierunt, et Darium regem sa- 
lutaverunt. Populus quoque universus, principum secutus ju- 
dicium, eundem regem constituit. Principio regni, Cyri flliam 
in matrimonium duxit, regalibus nuptiis regnum firmaturus ; 6 
ut non tarn in extraneum translatum quam, in familiam Cyri 
reversum esse videretur. 

12. Zopyri dolo Babylonia capiiur. (Ibid. I. 10.) 

Interjecto deinde tempore, quum Assyrii descivissent, et 
Babyloniam occupassent, difficilisque urbis expugnatio esset, 
unus de interfectoribus magorum Zopyrus, domi se verberibus 
lacerari toto corpore jubet ; turn naso, auribus et labiis ab- 
scissis, regi se inopinanti oftert. 7 Jam quum Darius ejus ad- 
spectu attonitus, auctorem tarn foedae lacerationis requireret, 
ille, quo consilio hoc fecerit, edocet ; rebusque cum rege 
compositis, transfugae titulo 8 in Babyloniam proficiscitur. Ibi 
ostendit populo laniatum corpus regisque Darii jussu se tarn 
crudeliter affectum esse queritur, persuadetque mirantibus, ut 
se in urbem reciperent. Omnibus et virtus viri et nobilitas 
pariter nota erat, nee de fide 9 dubitabant, quam corpus verbe- 
ribus laniatum satis probare videbatur. Receptus igitur, om- 
nium sufTragio dux constituitur, et accepta parva manu, semel 
iterumque Persarum copias consulto cedentes fundit. Ad pos- 
tremum universus ei creditur exercitus. Hunc Dario prodit, 
urbemque ipsam in ejus potestatem redigit. 



REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. 7 

13. Darii expeditio contra Scythas. (Ibid. II. 5.) 

Multis in Asia feliciter gestis, Darius Scythis 1 bellum in- 
tulit, et armatis septingentis millibus hominum, Scythiam in- 
gressus, quum hostes ei pugnae potestatem non facerent, me* 
tuens, ne interrupto ponte Istri, 2 reditus sibi intercluderetur, 
amissis octoginta millibus hominum, trepidus 3 refugit. *Inde 
Macedoniam domuit. Paulo post, quum cognovisset, Atheni- 
enses Ionibus 4 contra se auxilium tulisse, bello eos adortus 
est. Quod quo eventu gestum sit, in Atheniensium historia 
narrabitur. 5 

14. Filiorum Darii de regno contentio. (Ibid. II. 10.) 

Persarum legionibus in campo Marathonio 6 magno proelio 
superatis, Darius, bellum instauraturus, in ipso apparatu de- 
cedit, relictis multis flliis, et in regno et ante regnum 7 sus- 
ceptis. 8 Ex his Artemenes, maximus natu, aetatis privilegio, 
regnum sibi vindicabat ; Xerxes, quod patre ad regiam dig- 
nitatem sublato, primus genitus esset. Hoc certamen duo 
fratres cone or di animo ad patruum suum Artaphernem defe- 
runt, qui, domi 9 cognita causa, Xerxem praeposuit: adeo- 
que fraterna fuit contentio, 10 ut nee victor insultaret, nee vic- 
tus doleret ; ipsoque litis tempore munera sibi invicem mit- 
terent. 

15. Xerxes bellum adversus Graeciam parat. (Ibid. II. 10.) 

Igitur Xerxes bellum a patre coeptum adversus Graeciam 
denuo instruxit, eique apparatui 11 quinquennium insumsit. 
Septingenta millia ex regni sui provinciis armasse dicitur, et 
trecenta millia auxiliariorum; ut non inmerito proditum sit, 
flumina ab exercitu ejus siccata esse, Graeciamque omnem 
vix capere exercitum ejus potuisse. Naves quoque mille du- 
centas numero habuisse dicitur. Huic tanto agmini dux 12 de- 
fuit. Rex enim primus in fuga, postremus in proelio semper 
visus est. In periculis timidus, ubi metus abesset, inflatus 
erat. 

16. Pugnaad Thermopylas. (Ibid. II. 11.) 

Ejus introitus in Graeciam quam terribilis, tarn turpis dis- 
cessus fuit. Nam quum Leonidas, rex Spartanorum, cum qua- 
tuor mill. bus militum angustias Thermopylarum 13 occupasset, 
Xerxes contemtu paucitatis eos aggreditur. Triduo ibi pug- 
natum, magnaque in Persarum exercitu caedes est edita. 

2* 



8 



REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. 



Quarta die quum nuntiatum esset Leonidae, summum monti 
urn cacumen a viginti millibus hostium teneri, socios hortatur, 
recedant 1 et se ad meliora patriae tempora reservent ; sibi 
cum Spartanis fortunam esse experiendam. Turn caeteri dis- 
cessere; soli Lacedaemonii remanserunt. Hi omnes Xerxis 
castra adorti, post ingentem caedem editam ibi occubuerunt. 

L 17. Xerxes Graecia vastata fugatur. (Ibid. II. 12.) 

Turn Xerxes maris fortunam experiri statuit. Sed ante na- 
valis proelii congressionem 2 misit quatuor millia armatorum 
Delphos 3 ad templum Apollinis diripiendum. Quae manus 
tota imbribus et fulminibus deleta est, ut intelligerent, quam 
nullae 4 essent hominum adversus Deos vires. Post haec 
Thespias et Plataeas 5 et Athenas 6 vacuas hominibus incendit ; 
et quoniam ferro in homines non poterat, 7 in aedificia igne 
grassatur. Cujus incendii flammasquum viderent Graeci in 
classe circum Salamma 8 insulam statuta, 9 dissensio intei 
principes orta est, quum plurimi hortarentur, ut domos suas 
discederent moenibusque se defenderent. Turn Themisto- 
cles, Atheniensium imperator, timens, ne discessu sociorum 
vires Graeciae minuerentur, per servum fidum Xerxi nuntiat, 
uno in loco eum contractas Graeciae vires facillime opprimere 
posse. Quod si populi, qui jam abire vellent, dissiparentur, 
majori labore ei singulos consectandos esse. Hoc dolo impulit 
regem, ut signurri pugnae daret. Graeci quoque adventu hos- 
tium coacti sunt proelium collatis viribus capessere. Inter- 
ea rex, velut spectator pugnae, in litore remanet. Artemi- 
sia autem, regina Halicarnassi, 10 quae in auxilium Xerxi vene- 
rat, plurima in hoc navali proelio virtutis documenta dedit. 
Sic illo tempore in viro muliebris timor, in muliere virilis con- 
spiciebatur audacia. Quum proelium anceps esset, Iones, qui 
cum rege 11 pugnabant, a Themistocle instigati, pugnae se 
paulatim subtrahere coeperunt ; quorum defectio animos cae- 
terorum fregit. Itaque circumspicientes fugam pelluntur Per- 
sae, et mox, proelio victi, in fugam vertuntur. 

18. Xerxis in Asiam reditus. (Ibid. II. 13.) 

Hac clade perculsus Xerxes domum redire statuit, parte ex- 
ercitus cum Mardonio in Graecia relicta, Sed Graeci, audita 
regis fuga, consilium ineunt pontis rumpendi, quo ille Helles- 
pontum 12 junxerat, ut intercluso reditu cum reliquiis exercitus 
deleretur. Sed Themistocles timens, ne interclusi hostes iter, 
quod aliter non pateret, ferro patefacerent, servum ad Xer- 



REGNUM MEDORTJM ET PERSARUM. 9 

xem mittit, certioremque facit consilii a Graecis capti ; et oc- 
cupare transitum, maturata fuga, jubet. Ille perculsus nuntio, 
tradit ducibus milites perducendos ; ipse cum paucis Abydon 1 
contendit. Ubi quum solutum pontem hibernis tempestati- 
bus ofTendisset, piscatoria scapha trepidus trajecit. Pedestri- 
um copiarum, quas ducibus tradiderat, maxima pars peste et 
inopia periit ; tantaque vis mali fuit, ut viae cadaveribus im- 
plerentur, alitesque et ferae, in praedam intentae, exercitum 
sequerentur. 

19. Persae apud Plataeas et Mycalen victi. (lb. II. 14. 
Com. Nep. Vit. Cim. c. 2. Vit. Aristid. c. 2.) 

Caeterum fortuna Persarum cum duce mutata non est. 
Mardonius proelio apud Plataeas victus, velut e naufragio, cum 
paucis profugit ; pauci militum fuga elapsi sunt. Eodem forte 
die, quo Mardonii copiae deletae sunt, etiam navali proelio 
in Asia sub monte My c ale 2 ad versus Persas dimicatum est. 
Ibi ante proelium commissum, quum classes ex adverso sta- 
rent, fama ad utrumque exercitum venit, vicisse Graecos et 
Mardonii copias deletas esse. Qui nuntius, ut par erat, Grae- 
corum fortitudinem et fiduciam auxit, Persarum animos fre- 
git. Captae sunt ibi, Cimonis 3 praecipue virtute atqu'e con- 
silio, ducentae naves Cypriorum 4 et Phoenicum, 5 eodemque 
die in terra maxima vis barbarorum prostrata est. Post hanc 
victoriam maritimae res Atheniensium in dies magis florere 
coeperunt. Quum enim antea et terra et mari duces essent 
Lacedaemonii, factum est, ut summa imperii maritimi a La- 
cedaemoniis, transferretur ad Athenienses. Hoc inprimis 
Aristidi debebatur, qui, quum in communi Graeciae classe es- 
set simul cum Pausania, 6 duce Lacedaemoniorum, summa ae- 
quitate et humanitate effecit, ut Graeciae civitates, superbia 
Pausaniae offensae, ad Atheniensium sese societatem applica- 
rent, hosque sibi duces adversus barbaros deligerent. Hoc 
autem imperio ita usi sunt Athenienses, ut brevi post tempore 
soli in mari regnare viderentur. 

20. Xerxis familia, post regis caedem, domesticis seditionibus 
agitata. (Justin. III. 1.) 

Post bellum in Graecia infeliciter gestum, Xerxes, terror 
antea gentium, etiam suis contemtui esse coepit. Quippe Ar- 
tabanus, praefectus ejus, deficiente quotidie regis majestate, 
spem regni concepit ruiimo, et cum septem robustissimis 
filiis regiam vesperi ingressus, Xerxem trucidavit. Turn ut 



10 REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. 

filios regis, votis suis obsistentes, amoveret, Artaxerxi, admo- 
dum puero, persuasit, regem a Dario, 1 qui erat adolescens, 
occisum esse, quo maturius regno potiretur, eumque impulit, 
ut patris caedem in fratre vindicaret. Quum ventum ad do- 
mum Darii esset, hie dormiens inventus inter lie itur. duo fac- 
to, ut etiam Artaxerxem tolleret, Artabanus, principum de reg- 
no certamina metuens, assumit in societatem consilii Bacaba- 
sum : qui 2 praesenti rerum statu contentus, rem prodit Artax- 
erxi, ut pater ejus occisus, ut frater falsa parricidii suspicione 
oppressus esset, quaenam ipsi denique pararentur insidiae. 
His cognitis Artaxerxes in posterum diem armatum exercitum 
adesse jubet, recogniturus 3 et numerum militum et in armis 
industriam singulorum. Itaque quum inter caeteros et ipse 
Artabanus armatus assisteret, rex simulavit, se breviorem lori- 
cam habere, jussitque Artabanum suam secum commutare ; 
turn exuentem se et nudatum gladio trajecit, simulque filios 
ejus corripi jubet. Atque ita egregius juvenis et caedem pa- 
tris, et se ab insidiis Artabani vindicavit.4 

21. Intestina discordia in regno Persarum gliscit. 

(Just. V. 11.) 

Artaxerxem secutus est filius Xerxes, qui post breve quad- 
raginta quinque dierum regnum a Sogdiano occisus est. Qui 
regnum scelere occupatum quum caedibus tueri conaretur, 
post septem menses a Dario proelio superatus periit. Sub 
his regibus imperium Persarum principum discordiis populo- 
rumque seditionibus agitatum magis magisque inclinari 5 coe- 
pit. Darius moriens Artaxerxi, majori natu filio, qui Mnemon 
appellabatur, regnum, minori, Cyro, urbes Lydiae, quibus 
praefectus fuit, testamento legavit. Sed Cyro judicium 6 patris 
injuria videbatur ; itaque occulte ad versus fratrem bellum pa- 
ravit. Quod quum nuntiatum esset Artaxerxi, Cyrum ad se 
arcessitum compedibus aureis vinxit, interfecissetque, nisi 
mater prohibuisset. 

22. Cyrus in hello adversus fratrem suscepto perit. 

(Just. V. 11.) 

Quod periculum quum efTugisset, Cyrus jam non occulte 
bellum, sed palam parare coepit; auxiliumundiquecontrahit. 
Sed quum in proelio 7 commisso fratrem imprudentius aggre- 
ditur, hunc quidem 8 equi fuga 9 periculo subtraxit, Cyrus au- 
tem 8 a cohorte regia circumventus interficitur. In eo proelio 
decern millia Graecorum in auxilio Cyri fuere ; quae et in 



REGNUM MEDARUM ET PERSARUM. 11 

corrm, in quo steterant, vicerunt, et post mortem Cyri neque 
armis a tanto exercitu vinci, neque dolo capi potuerunt, sed 
per indomitas nationes et gentes barbaras, virtute sua confisi, 
in patriam revertuntur. 1 

53. Artaxerxis filii in pat rem conjurant. (Just. X. 1. 2.) 

Artaxerxi ex pellicibus centum et quindecim filii fuere, sed 
tres tantum justo matrimonio suscepti, Darius, Ariarates et 
Ochus. Ex his Darium per indulgentiam pater, contra morem 
Persarum, regem vivus fecit. Sed hie pater na pietate nihil 
motus, interficiendi patris consilium cepit. Occiso quippe 
Cyro, Aspasiam, pellicem ejus, in regium gynaeceum trans- 
latam, a patre sibi dari postulaverat. Hie, pro sua in liberos 
indulgentia, primo se id facturum esse dixerat ; mox poeniten- 
tia ductus, Solis earn sacerdotio praefecit, quo munere ab omni 
virorum consortio prohibebatur. Hinc exacerbatus juvenis 
cum quinquaginta fratribus in patrem conjuravit ; sed depre- 
hensus cum sociis poenas parricidii 2 dedit. Conjuges 3 quoque 
conjuratorum cum liberis omnibus interfectae sunt, ne quod 
vestigium tanti sceleris superesset. Paulo post Artaxerxis 
morbo ex dolore contracto decessit. 

24. Ochus. Darius Codomannus, postremus rex Persiae. 

(Just. X. 3.) 

Post patris mortem Ochus regnum paternum invasit. Qui 
parem eonjurationem timens, regiam cognatorum et principum 
caede replet. Turn bellum Cadusiis 4 infert. In quo bello 
Codomannus quidam ^dversus hostem, qui unum ex Persis ad 
singulare certamen provocaverat, magno animo processit, et 
hoste occiso victoriam suis et prope amissam gloriam restituit. 
Ob haec decora 5 praeficitur Armeniis. Interjecto deinde tem- 
pore post mortem Ochi regis, ob memoriam pristinae virtutis 
rex apopulo constituitur, Darii nomine honoratus; bellumque 
cum Alexandro non sine virtute gessit. Postremo ab Alex- 
andro victus et a cognatis occisus, vitam pariter cum Persa- 
rum regno finivit. 



12 RES ATHENIENSIUM. 



C. RES ATHENIENSIUM. 

1. Atheniensium origines et primi reges. (Just. II 6.) 

Athenienses non solum incrementis 1 suis, sed etiam origine 
gloriantur. Non enim a sordidis 2 initiis crevere, nee ex aliis 
regionibus advenerunt, sed eodeminnati solo, 3 quod incolunt; 
et quae illis sedes, eadem origo est. Primi lanificii et olei 4 et 
virri 5 usum docuere. Arare quoque et serere frumenta 6 glan- 
dem vescentibus 7 monstrarunt. Litterae certe ac facundia, 
leges et civilis disciplina 8 veluti templum Athenas habuere. 
Ante Deucalionis tempora regem habuere Cecropem; quern, 
ut omnis antiquitas fabulosa est, biformem tradidere, quia 
primus marem feminae matrimonio junxit. Huic successit 
Cranaus, cujus filia Atthis regioni nomen dedit. Post hunc 
Amphictyon regnavit, qui primus Minervae urbem sacravit, et 
nomen civitati Athenas dedit. Hujus temporibus aquarum 
illuvies major em partem populorum Graeciae absumsit. Su 
perfuerunt, 9 quos refugia montium receperunt, aut 10 ad regem 
Thessaliae 11 Deucalionem ratibus evecti sunt, a quo propterea 
genus humanum conditum dicitur. Per ordinem deinde suc- 
cessions regnum ad Erechtheum descendit, sub quo frumenti 
satio apud Eleusin a Triptolemo reperta est. In hujus mu- 
neris honorem noctes initiorum 12 sacratae. 13 Tenuit et Ae- 
geus, Thesei pater, Athenis regnum. Post Aegeum Theseus, 14 
ac deinceps Thesei filius, Demophoon, qui auxilium Graecis 
adversus Trojanos 15 tulit, regnum possedit. 

2. Codrus se pro patria devovet. (Just. II. 6.) 

Erant inter Athenienses et Dorienses 16 veteres offensae, quas 
vindicaturi bello Dorienses, de eventu proelii oracula consulue- 
runt. Responsum superiores 17 fore, ni regem Atheniensium 
occidissent. Itaque quum ventum esset in bellum, militibus 
ante omnia custodia 18 regis praecipitur. Atheniensibus eo 
tempore rex Codrus erat; qui et responso Dei, et praeceptis 
hostium cognitis, permutato 19 regis habitu, pannosus, sarmen- 
taque gerens, castra hostium ingreditur; ibique in turba mili- 
tum, quum unum falce sponte vulnerasset, occiditur. Cognito 
regis corpore, Dorienses sine proelio discedunt. Atque ita 
Athenienses virtute ducis, pro salute patriae, morti se offer en- 
tis, bello Hberantur. 



RES ATHENIENSIUM. 13 



3. Solon civitati Athenarum leges scribit. (Just. II. 7.) 

Post Codrum nemo Athenis regnavit j 1 quod memoriae nomi- 
nis ejus tributum est. Administratio reipublicae annuis magis- 
tratibus 1 permissa. Sed civitati nullae tunc leges 2 erant, quia 
libido regum pro legibus habebatur. Legitur itaque Solon, vir 
justitiae insignis, qui velut novam civitatem legibus conderet. 
duo munere ita functus est, ut et apud plebem et optimates, 
diuturnis antea dissidiis agitatos, parem iniret gratiam. Hujus 
viri, inter multa egregia, illud quoque memorabile fuit. Inter 
Athenienses et Megarenses de Salamine insula, quam sibi 
uterque populus vindicabat, prope usque ad interitum dimica- 
tum fuerat. Post multas clades acceptas, Athenienses legem 
tulerunt, ne quis illud bellum reparandum proponeret. Solon 
igitur quum opportunitatem quandam vidisset insulae vindi- 
candae, dementiam simulat, habituque deformis, 3 more vecor- 
dium, in publicum evolat ; factoque concursu hominum, versi- 
bus suadere populo coepit, quod vetabatur; omniumque ani 
mos ita inflammavit, ut extemplo bellum adversus Megarenses 
decerneretur, et devictis hostibus insula Atheniensium fieret. 

4. Pisistratus tyrannidem per dolum occupat. (Just. II. S.) 

Legibus civitati scriptis, Solon peregre proficiscitur. Dum 
abest, Pisistratus, nobilis adolescens, propter res in bello prae- 
clare gestas populo carus, tyrannidem per dolum occupat, 
Quippe quum domi se verberibus affecisset, lacerato corpore in 
publicum progreditur. Advocata concione,* vulnera populo 
ostendit ; de crudelitate principum, a quibus haec se passum 
simulabat, queritur, credulamque multitudinem et lacrymis et 
oratione accendit, dum se optimatibus propter populi amorem 
invisum esse significat. Sic ad custodiam corporis sui satel- 
litum auxilium obtinet ; -per quos occupata tyrannide, per annos 
triginta tres, inter varias rerum vicissitudines, regnavit. 

5. Hippias.Pisistratifilius.patriapellitur. Bellum Persicum 
primum. (Just. II. 9. Corn. Nep. Vita Milt. c. 4, 5.) 

Post ejus mortem Hipparchus et Hippias inpaternum imperi- 
um successerunt. Qui quum per aliquot annos eadem, qua pa- 
ter, dementia regnasspnt, Hipparchus ab Harmodio et Aristo- 
gitone, ob injur iam quandam acceptam in tyrannos incensis, 
interficitur. Quorum virorum virtutc quum admonita civitas 



U RES ATHENIENSIUM. 

libertatis esset, tandem Hippias regno pulsus in exsiiiiim agi- 
tur, et in Persiam profectus, Dario, Atheniensibusbellumilla- 
turo, ducem se adversus patriam offert. Igitur Athenienses, 
nuntio de Persarum adventu accepto, auxilium a Lacedaemo- 
niis petiverunt. Q,uos ubi viderunt religione 1 retineri, quomi- 
nus statim auxilium ferrent, non exspectata eorum ope, in- 
structis decern millibus civium, et Plataeensibus auxiliaribus 
mille, in campos Marathonios 2 in proelium egrediuntur.; Mil- 
tiades erat unus ducum exercitus, ej usque potissimum aucto- 
ritate impulsi Athenienses copias ex urbe eduxerunt, locoque 
idoneo castra fecerunt. Deinde postero die sub montis radi- 
cibus acies instruitur. Datis, Persarum dux, etsi non aequum 
locum 3 videbat suis, tamen, fretus numero copiarum suarum, 
confligere cupiebat Itaque in aciem peditum centum, equitum 
decern millia produxit, proeliumque commisit. Tanta vero 
Atheniensibus in pugnam euntibus alacritas animorum fuit, ut 
quum mille passus inter duas acies essent, citato cursu ad 
hostem venirent. Nee audaciae eventus 4 defuit. Pughatum 
est enim tanta virtute, ut Persae perterriti non castra sed naves 
peterent, ex quibus multae suppressae, 5 multae captae sunt. 

6. Virtutis in Mo proelio documentor. (Just. II. 9.) 

In illo proelio tanta virtus singulorum fuit, ut cujus laus 
prima esset, difficile dictu videretur. Inter caeteros tamen 
Themistoclis adolescentis gloria emicuit. Cynegiri quoque, 
militis Atheniensis, gloria multorum scriptorum laudibus cele- 
brata est. Qui post innumeras caedes, quum fugientes hos- 
tes ad naves egisset, onustam navem dextra manu tenuit, nee 
prius dimisit, quam manum amitteret, turn quoque amputata 
dextra, navem sinistra comprehendit ; quam et ipsam quum 
amisisset, ad postremum morsu navem retinuit. Persae mag- 
nam vim hominum eo proelio amiserunt. Cecidit et Hippias, 
tyrannus Atheniensis, auctor et concitor ejus belli, diis patriae 
ultoribus poenas repetentibus. 

7. Honor Miltiadi tributus. (Corn. Nep. Vita Milt. c. 6.) 

Jam non alienum videtur, hujus victoriae quale praemium 6 
Miltiadi sit tributum docere. Huic viro, qui Athenas totam- 
que Graeciam liberarat, hie honor tributus est, ut, quum in por- 
ticu, quae Poecile 7 vocatur, pugna depingeretur Marathonia, 
in decern praetorum 8 numero prima ejus imago poneretur, 
milites hortantis 9 proeliumque committentis. Antiquissimis 
enim temporibus rari fuerunt honor es et tenues, 10 et propter id 






RES ATHENIENSIUM. 15 

ipsum gloriosi. Idem populus postquam corruptus est, tre- 
centas statuas Demetrio Phalereo 1 decrevit. 

8. Bellum Persicum alterum, (Corn. Nep. Vita Them. 

c. 2. 3.) 

Paulo post Xerxes majoribus viribus Graeciam aggressus 
est. duo adventante quum oraculum Delphicum consuluis- 
sent, 2 responsum est, moenibus ligneis se tuerentur. Quod 
responsum quo valeret, 3 quum intelligeret nemo, Themisto- 
cles persuasit civibus, ut in naves se suaque conferrent ; eum 
enim signiflcari murum ligneum. Quo consilio probato navi- 
um augent numerum, suaque omnia, quae moveri poterant, 
conjuges liberosque partim Salamina, 4 partim Troezena 5 as- 
portant ; arcem 6 sacerdotibus paucisque majoribus natu ad sa- 
cra procuranda tradunt, reliquum oppidum 7 relinquunf. Com- 
munis autem Graeciae classis trecentarum navium, quarum 
ducentae erant Atheniensium, primum apud Artemisium 8 inter 
Euboeam 9 continentemque terrain cum classiariis regiis 10 con- 
flixit. Angustias enim Themistocles quaerebat, ne multitu- 
dine regiarum navium circumiretur. Hinc etsi pari proelio 11 
discesserant, tamen eodem loco non sunt ausi manere, quod 
erat periculum, ne, si pars navium adversariorum Euboeam 
stfperasset, ancipiti premerentur periculo. 12 Quo factum est, 
ut ab Artemisio discederent, et adversum Athenas apud Sa- 
lamina classem suam constituerent. 

9. Xerxes Themistoclis consilio ad Salamina superatur. 

(Cora. Nep. Yit Them. c. 4. Justin. II. 12.) 

At Xerxes, Thermopylis expugnatis, protinus accessit Ur- 
bem, eamque nullis defendentibus, interfectis sacerdotibus, 
quos in arce invenerat, incendio delevit; cujus nammaperter- 
riti classiarii, quum manere non auderent, et plurimi horta- 
rentur, ut domos suas discederent, moenibnsque se defen- 
derent, Themistocles unus restitit, et universos quidem hosti 
pares esse posse aiebat, dispersos autem perituros. Quum 
vero socios minus, quam vellet, moveret, noctu de servis suis, 
quern habuit fidelissimum, 13 ad regem misit, ut ei nuntiaret su- 
is verbis, 14 Graecos in eo esse, ut fugerent.- Qui si disces- 
sissent, majore cum labore et longinquiore tempore 15 bellum 
confecturum, 16 quum singulos consectari cogeretur ; quos si 
statim aggrederetur, brevi universos oppressurum. 17 Hoc eo 
valebat, 15 ut ingratiis ad depugnandum omnes cogerentur. Hac 
re audita, barbarus, 19 nihil doli subesse ratus, postridie alienis- 

PART II. 3 



16 RES ATHENIENSIUM. 

simo 1 sibi loco, contra opportunissimo hostihus, adeo angusto 
mari conflixit, ut ejus multitudo navium explicari non pos- 
set. Victus ergo est magis consilio Themistoclis, quam armis 
Graeciae. 

10. Xerxes in Asiam revertitur. (C N. I c. 5.) 

Hie etsi male rem gesserat, tamen tantas habeoat reliquias 
copiarum, ut etiam cum his Graeciam opprimere posset. 
Ne igitur bellare perseveraret, Themistocles eum certiorem 
fecit, id agi, ut pons, quern ille in Hellesponto fecerat, dissol- 
veretur, quo ipse reditu in Asiam excluderetur. Idque ei 
persuasit. Celerrimo itaque itinere in Asiam reversus est, se- 
que a Themistocle non superatum, sed conservatum judicavit. 
Sic unius viri prudentia Graecia liberata est. 

11. Reliquiae Per sarum delentur. (Justin. II. 14. Corn. 

Nep. Vit. Them. c. 6.) 

Q,uum tamen pars exercitus sub duce Mardonio, regis ge- 
nero, in Graecia esset relicta, quae bellum continuaret, hae 
quoquecopiae superatae sunt apud Plataeas, urbem Boeotiae; 
eodemque forte die in Asia ad montem Mycalen Persae a 
Graecis pugna superati sunt. Jamque omnibus pacatis, 
Athenienses belli damna reparare coeperunt. Quumque Pha- 
lerico portu neque magno neque bono uterentur, 2 Themisto- 
clis consilio triplex Piraei 3 portus constitutus est, isque moe- 
nibus circumdatus, ut ipsam uibem dignitate 4 aequipararet, 
utilitate superaret. Idem muros Athenarum restituit, Laee- 
daemoniis vetantibus, non sine periculo suo. 

12. Pausanias, dux Spartanorum, proditionem meditatur. 

(Just. II. 15. Corn. N. Vita Paus. c. 2.) 

Post haec Lacedaemonn, ut bis illatum Graeciae bellum 
ulciscerentur, ultro 5 fines Per sarum depopulantur. Cui bel 
lo quum praefecissent Pausaniam, hie superbia elatus, majo- 
res res coepit appetere. Nam quum, Byzantio 6 expugnato, 
cepisset complures Persaram nobiles, atque in his nonnullos 
regis propinquos, hos clam Xerxi remisit, simulans, eos ex 
vinculis publicis effugisse; et cum his Gongylum Eretiien- 
sem, 7 qui litteras regi redderet, in quibus haec scripta fuisse 
tradunt; Pausanias, dux Spartae, quos Byzantii ceperat, post- 
quam propinquos tuos cognovit, tibi muneri misit, 8 seque tecum 
affinitate conjungi cupit. Quare, si tibi videtur, des eifiliam 



RES ATHENIEXSIUM. 17 

tuam nuptum. Id sifeceris, et Spar tarn et caeteram Graeciam 
sub tuam potestaiem se redactumm pollicetur. His de rebus 
si quid geri volueris, certum 1 hominem ad eum mittas face? 
cum quo colloquatur. 

13. Pausanias capitis damnatur. (Corn. Nep. Vita Paus. 

c, 2. 3. 5.) 

Rex tot hominum sibi necessariorum salute 3 magnopere ga- 
visus, confestim Artabazum cum epistola ad Pausaniam mit- 
tit, in qua eum collaudat, 4 ac petit, ne cui rei parcat ad ea 
perficienda, quae polliceretur. Si fecerit, nullius Tei a se 
repulsam esse laturum. 5 Hujus Pausanias voluntate cog- 
nita, alacrior ad rem gerendam factus, in suspicionem ceci- 
dit Lacedaemoniorum, nee multo post proditionis accusatus 
damnatur. Mortem ut fugeret, in aedem Minervae, quae 
Chalcioecus 6 vocatur, se recepit. Hinc ne exire posset, sta- 
tim Ephori 7 valvas ejus aedis lapidibus obstruxerunt, tectum- 
que sunt demoliti, ut facilius sub divo interiret. 8 Dicunt illo 
tempore matrem Pausaniae adhuc vixisse, eamque, postquam 
de scelere filii comperisset, in primis lapidem ad introitum 
aedis attulisse. Sic Pausanias magnam belli gloriam turpi 
morte commaculavit. Hie quum semianimis de templo ela- 
tus esset, confestim animam efflavit. 

14. Thcmistocles in Asiam confugit. (Corn. Nep. Vit. 
Them. c. 8. 9.) 

Paulo ante Themistocles testarum suffragiis 9 e civitate ejec- 
tus, Argos 10 habitatum concessit. Hie quum propter mul- 
tas virtutes magna cum dignitate viveret, Lacedaemonii le- 
gates Athenas miserunt, qui eum absentem accusarent, quod 
societatem cum rege Persarum ad Graeciam opprimendam fe- 
cisset. 11 Hoc crimine absens proditionis est damnatus. Id 
ut audivit, quod non satis tutum se Argis videbat, in Asiam 
confugit. Q,uo quum venisset epistolam misit ad regem Ar- 
taxerxem his verbis ; Thcmistocles veni ad te, qui plurima 
mala omnium Graecorum in domum tuam 12 intuli, quum mihi 
neccsse esset patriam meam defender e. Idem multo plura bo- 
na feci, postquam Xerxes in periculo esse coepit. Nunc autem 
ad te confugit exagitatus a cuncta Graccia, tuam pet ens ami- 
citiam; quam si ero adeptus, non minus me bonum amicum 
habebis, quam fortem inimicum Me expertus estP Rogo au- 
tem, ut de his rebus, u de quibus tecum colloqui volo, annum mi- 
hi temporis^ des, eoque transacto me ad te venire patiaris. 



18 RES ATHENIENSIUM. 

15. Themistocles a rege Persiae benigne ezceptus, Magnesxae 
moritur. (Corn. Nep. Vit. Them. c. 10.) 

Ad haec rex, tantam animi magnitudinem 1 admiratus, cu- 
piensque talem virum sibi conciliari, benigne respondit. The- 
mistocles autem omne illud tempus'litteris sermonique Persa- 
rum dedit; quibus adeo eruditus est, ut multo commodius 3 
dicatur apud regem verba fecisse, quam hi poterant, qui in 
Perside erant nati. Hie quum multa esset regi poilicitus, 
magnis muneribus ab Artaxerxe donatus in Asiam 4 rediit, do- 
miciliumque Magnesiae 5 sibi constituit. In hac urbe morbo 
obiisse dicitur. Fama tamen fuit, eum venenum sumsisse, 
quum se, quae Regi de Graecia opprimenda poilicitus esset, 
praestare posse desperaret. 6 Sunt, qui narrent, ossa ejus ab 
amicis clam in Attica sepulta esse, quoniam legibus non con- 
cederetur, quod proditionis esset damnatus. 

16. Cimon insulas Atheniensibus subjicit. (Corn. Nep. 
Vita Cim. c. 2.) 

Dum ilia gerebantur, Athenienses maris imperium sine ae- 
mulo exercebant. Hoc et Themistoclis prudentiae et Cimo- 
nis virtuti debebant. Hie vir post victoriam apud Mycalen 
de Persis reportatam, quum magna praeda potitus domum re- 
verter etur, quod jam nonnullae insulae propter acerbitatem' 
imperii ab Atheniensibus defecerant, bene animatas confirma- 
vit, 8 alienatas 9 ad officium redire coegit. Scyrum, 10 quod con- 
tumacius se gesserat, vacuefecit, sessores veteres urbe insula- 
que ejecit, agros civibus 11 di visit. Thasios, 12 opulentia fretos, 
suo adventu fregit. His manubiis 13 Athenarum arx, qua 14 ad 
meridiem vergit, est ornata. 

17. Ostracismo patria pulsus, mox revocatur. (Ibid. c. 3.) 

duibus rebus quum unus in civitate maxime floreret, incidit 
in eandem invidiam, quam 15 Themistocles; nam testarum 
sufTragiis decern annorum exsilio multatus est. Cujus facti 
celerius Athenienses, quam ipsum, poenituit. Nam quum ille 
forti animo invidiae ingratorum civium cessisset, bellumque 
Lacedaemonii Atheniensibus indixissent, confestim notae ejus 
virtutis desiderium 16 consecutum est. Itaque post annum quin- 
tum, quam expulsus erat, 17 in patriam revocatus est. Ille, 
quod hospitio Lacedaemoniorum utebatur, satius ,y existi- 
mans, contendere 19 Lacedaemonem, sua sponte 20 profectus, 
pacem inter duas potentissimas civitates conciliavit. Post, 



RES ATHENIENSITJM. 19 

neque ita multo, Cyprum cum ducentis navibus imperator mis- 
sus, quum major em partem ejus insulae devicisset, in morbum 
implicitus, in oppido Citio est mortuus. 

18. Bellum Peloponnesiacum. Pericles. (Just. III. 2. et 7.) 

Quum Athenienses maris imperium non sine superbia soci- 
orumque injuria exercerent, multique, gravi eorum jugo fati- 
gati, alios, qui se tuerentur, circumspicerent ; tota Graecia, 
ducibus Lacedaemoniis, aemulae urbi magnitudinem et incre- 
menta invidentibus, 1 in duas partes divjsa, velut in viscera sua 
arma convertit. Hoc bellum, quo nullum aliud florentes 
Graeciae res gravius afnixit, saepius susceptum et depositum 
est. 2 Initio Spartani fines Atticae populabantur, hostesque ad 
proelium provocabant. Sed Athenienses, Periclis consilio, 
ultionis tempus exspectantes, intra moenia se continebant. 
Deinde, paucis diebus interjectis, naves conscendunt, et, nihil 
sentientibus Lacedaemoniis, totam Laconiam depraedantur. 
Clara quidem haec Periclis expeditio est habita ; sed multo 
clarior privati patrimonii contemtus fuit. Nam in populatione 
caeterorum agrorum, Periclis agros hostes intactos reliquerant, 
ut aut invidiam ei apud cives concitarent, aut in proditionis 
suspicionem adducerent. Quod intelligens, Pericles agros 
reipublicae dono dedit. Post haec aliquot diebus interjectis, 
navali proelio 3 dimicatum est. Victi Lacedaemonii fugerunt. 
Post plures annos, 4 fessi malis, pacem in annos quinquaginta 
fecere, quam nonnisi sex annos servaverunt. Nam inducias, 
quos proprio nomine pepigerant, ex sociorum persona 5 rumpe- 
bant. Hinc bellum in Siciliam translatum est. 

19. Atheniensium in Siciliam expeditio. (Just. IV. 3, 4.) 

Quum enim jam antea, bello inter Catinienses 6 et Syracu- 
sanos exorto, Athenienses Catiniensibus opem tulissent, tem- 
pore interjecto, quum pacis conditiones a Syracusanisnon ser- 
varentur, illi denuo legatos Athenas miserunt, qui sordida ves- 
te, capillo barbaque promissa, concionem adeunt, populumque 
lacrymis movent, ut, quamvis Peloponncsiaco bello districtus, 
auxilium illis mittendum censeret. Igitur classis ingens de- 
cernitur ; creantur duces Nicias, Alcibiades et Lamachus ; 
tantaeque vires in Siciliam effusae sunt, ut iis ipsis terrori es- 
sent, quibus auxilio venerant. 



} 



20 RES ATHENIENSIUM. 



20. Atheniensium res in Sicilia gestae. (Just. IV. 4.) 

Brevi post, quum Alcibiades, ob causas mox indicandas, 
revocatus esset, Nicias et Lamachus duo proelia pedestria se- 
cundo Marte 1 pugnant: munitionibusque urbi Syracusarum 
circumdatis, incolas etiam marinis^ommeatibus intercludunt. 
Quibus rebus fracti Syracusani, auxilium a Lacedaemoniis 
petiverunt. Ab his mittitur Gylippus, qui, quum in itinere de 
belli jam inclinato statu 2 audivisset, auxiliis partim in Grae- 
cia, partim in Sicilia contractis, opportuna bello loca occupat. 
Duobus deinde proeliis victus, tertio hostes in fugam conjecit, 
sociosque obsidione liberavit. In eo proelio Lamachus forti- 
ter pugnans occisus est. 

21. Atkenienses saepius victi ingentem cladem accipiunt. 
(Justin. IV. c. 4 et 5.) 

Sed quum Athenienses, terrestri tello superati, portum Sy- 
racusarum tenerent, Gylippus classem Lacedaefnone cum auxi- 
liis arcessit. Quo cognito 3 et ipsi Athenienses in locum amissi 
ducis Demosthenem et Eurymedonta cum supplemento copia- 
rum mittunt, et quasi Graeciae bellum 4 in Siciliam translatum 
esset, ita ex utraque parte 5 summis viribus dimicabatur. 
Prima igitur congressione navalis certaminis Athenienses vin- 
cuntur ; castra quoque cum omni publica ac privata pecunia 
amittunt. Inter haec mala quum etiam terrestri proelio victi 
essent, Demosthenes censere coepit, ut abirent Sicilia, dum res 
quamvis ajjlictae, nondum tamenperditae essent. Nicias autem 
seu pudore male actae rei, seu impellente fato manere contendit. 
Reparatur igitur navale bellum ; sed insciti& ducum, qui Syra- 
cusanos, inter angustias maris 6 facile se tuentes, temere ag- 
gressi fuerant, Atheniensium copiae iterum vincuntur. Eury- 
medon dux in prima acie fortissime dimicans, primus cadit ; 
triginta naves, quibus praefuerat, incenduntur ; Demosthenes 
et Nicias autem cum reliquiis exercitus terrestri itinere fugiunt. 
Ab his relictas centum triginta naves Gylippus invasit ; ipsos 
deinde insequitur; fugientes partim capit, partim caedit. De- 
mosthenes, amisso exercitu, a captivitate gladio et voluntaria 
morte sevindicat: Nicias autem cladem suorum auxit dede- 
core captivitatis. 



RES ATHEN1ENSIUM. . 21 

22. Alcibiades capitis damnatus Spartam se confert. (Just. 

V. 1. Corn. Nep. Vita Alc-ib. c. 4.) 

Dum haec in Sicilia per biennium geruntur, belli illius con- 
citor et dux Alcibiades absens Athenis insimulatur mysteria 
Cereris violasse. Revocatus a bello ad causam dicendam, 
multa secum reputans de immoderata civium suorum licentia 
crudelitateque erga nobiles, utilissimum ratus impendentem 
evitare tempestatem, fugit, et primum Elidem, 1 deinde The- 
bas 2 se contulit. Postquam autem se capitis damnatum, bo- 
nis publicatis, audivit, et id, quod usu venerat, Eumolpidas 3 
sacerdotes a populo coactos, ut se devoverent, ejusque devo- 
tionis exemplum, in pila lapidea incisum, esse positum in pub- 
lico, Lacedaemonem demigravit. Ibi reges impulit, ut Athe- 
niensibus, adversa fortuna in Sicilia turbatis, bellum infer- 
rent. Ejus quoque consilio Lacedaemonii cum Persarum re- 
ge amicitiam fecerunt, deinde Deceliam 4 in fmibus Atticae 
munierunt, praesidioque perpetuo in obsidione quasi Athenas 
tenuerunt. 

23. Persarum sibi favor em conciliat. (Justin. V. 2. Corn. 

Nep. I. c. 5.) 

Non contentus autem patriae hostes consilio adjuvisse, Al- 
cibiades cum quinque navibus in Asiam contendit, et tributa- 
rias Atheniensinm civitates auctoritate nominis sui ad defecti- 
onem compellit. Sed apud Lacedaemonios Alcibiadis vir- 
tus plus invidiae quam gratiae contraxit. Nam quum acerri- 
mi viri praestantem prudentiam in omnibus rebus cognosce- 
rent, pertimuerunt, ne quando patriae caritate ductus ab ipsis 
descisceret, et cum suis in gratiam rediret. Itaque tempus 5 
ejus interficiendi quaerere instituerunt. Qua re cognita Alci- 
biades ad Tissaphernem praefectum regis Darii se contulit. 
Cujus quum in intimam amicitiam pervenisset, ei persuadet, 
ne nimis enixe Lacedaemonios juvaret. Nam dissidentibus 
Graecis regem Persarum arbitrum pacis ac belli fore. 6 Do- 
mesticis itaque bellis Graeciam atterendam esse, ne externis 
vacet ; 7 exaequandasque vires partium et inferiores auxilio le- 
vandos. Grata oratio Tissapherni fuit. Itaque Lacedaemo- 
niis commeatus navesque maligne 8 praebere coepit. 

24. Cum Atheniensibus in gratiam redit. (Just. V. 3.) 

Per idem tempus Alcibiades cum duce exercitus Atheni- 
ensium, qui apud Samum 9 morabatur, per internuntios colto- 



22 RES ATHEXIEX3TUM. 

quitur, polliceturque his amicjtiam regis, si respublica a po- 
pulo ad senatum translata foret ; sperans fore, ut aut eoncor- 
dante civitate dux belli ab omnibus legeretur, aut discordia 
inter ordines facta, ab altera parte in auxilium vocaretur. 
Itaque, permittente populo, imperium ad senatum transfer- 
er. 1 Qui quum crudeliter in plebem consuleret, ab exer- 
citu Alcibiades exsul revocatur, duxque classi constituitur. 
Hac denuntiatione territi senator es, primo urbem prod ere 
Lacedaemoniis tentavere ; dein, quum id nequissent, in exsi- 
lium profecti sunt. Itaque Alcibiades, patria ab intestino ma- 
lo liberata, 2 summa cura classem instruit, atque, ita in bellum 
adversus Lacedaemonios perrexit. 

25. Lacedaemoniorum vires frangit. (Coin. Nep. Vita 

Alcib.c.5.) 

Hac expeditione tanta subito rerum commutatio facta est, 
ut Lacedaemonii, qui paulo ante victores viguerant, 3 perter- 
riti pacem peterent ; victi enim erant quinque terrestribus 
proeliis, tribus navalibus, 4 in quibus trecentas triremes amise- 
rant, quae captae in hostium venerant potestatem. Alcibiades 
simul cum collegis receperat Ioniam, Hellespontum, multas 
praeterea urbes Graecas, quae in ora sitae sunt Asiae : qua- 
rum expugnaverant quam plurimas, in his Byzantium, neque 
minus multas consilio 5 ad amicitiam adjunxerant, quod in 
captos benevolentia fuerant usi. Inde praeda onusti, locuple- 
tato exercitu, maximis rebus gestis, Athenas venerunt. 

26. Athenas redit. (Corn. Nep. I. c. 6.) 

Ad hunc redeuntis exercitus triumphum efTusa omnis multi- 
tudo obviam procedit, et universos quidem milites, praecipue 
tamen Alcibiadem mirantur. Sic enim populo erat persua- 
sum, omnes et adversas superiores 6 et praesentes secundas 
res accidisse ejus opera. Itaque et cladem in Sicilia et La- 
cedaemoniorum victorias suae culpae tribuebant, quod talem 
virum e civitate expulissent. Hie ut navi egressus est, ilium 
unum omnes prosequebantur, et id quod nun quam antea usu 
venerat, nisi Olympiae victoribus, coronis aureis aeneisque 
vulgo donabatur.7 Postquam in Urbem venerat, concione 
advocata, sic verba fecit, ut nemo tarn ferus esset, quin ejus 
casum lacrymaret, inimicumque his se ostenderet, quorum 
opera patria pulsus fuerat. Restituta igitur huic sunt publice 
bona ; et iidem illi sacerdotes, qui eum devoverant, rursus re- 
sacrare 8 sunt coacti. 



RES ATHENIENSIUM. 23 



27. Lysandro duce res Lacedaemoniorum reparantur. 
(Justin. V. 5.) 

Dum haec Athenis geruntur, a Lacedaemoniis Lysander 
classi belloque praeficitur; et in locum Tissaphernis Darius 
rex Persarum, filium suum, Cyrum, Ioniae Lydiaeque prae- 
posuit, qui Lacedaemonios auxiliis opibusque ad spem fortunae 
prioris erexit. Aucti igitur viribus Alcibiadem cum centum 
navibus in Asiam profectum, dum agros populatur, 1 repenti- 
no adventu oppressere. Magnae et inopinatae cladis nuntius 
quum Athenas venisset, tanta Atheniensium desperatio fuit, 
ut statim Cononem in Alcibiadis locum mitterenV ducis se 
fraude magis quam belli fortuna victos arbitrantes. Alcibi- 
ades autem impetum multitudinis veritus, denuo in voluntarium 
exsilium proficiscitur. 

28. Atheniensesmagno proelio apud Aegospotamos superantur. 
(Just. V. 6, 7. Corn. Nep. Yita Alcib. c. 8.) 

Itaque Conon Alcibiadi sufTectus classem maxima industria 
adornat ; sed navibus exercitus deerat. Nam ut numerus 
militum expleretur, senes et pueri arma capere coacti sunt. 
Pluribus itaque proeliis adverso Marte pugnatis, tandem Ly- 
sander, Spartanorum dux, Atheniensium exercitum, qui, navi- 
bus relictis, in terram praedatum exierat, ad Aegos flumen 2 
oppressit, eoque impetu totum bellum finivit. H«ree enim cla- 
de res Atheniensium penitus inclinata est. 3 Tributariae civi- 
tates, quas metus in fide retinuerat, Lysandro se tradiderunt, 
nee aliud ditionis Atheniensium 4 relictum est praeter urbem 
ipsam. 

29. Atheniensium consternatio. (Just. V. 7.) 

Quae quum Athenis nuntiata essent, ingens omnium con- 
sternatio fuit; viri mulieresque relictis domibus, per urbem 
currere pavidi ; alius alium sciscitari ; auctorem nuntii require- 
re. 5 In foro deinde coeunt, noctemque ibi inter timorem, ques- 
tus, et lacrymas transigunt. Alii fratres, aut filios, aut paren- 
tes deflent, et cum privatis casibus querelam publicam mis- 
cent: Jam se ipsos, jam ipsam patriam perituram, miserio- 
remque superstitum, quam amissorum fortunam esse. Nullam 
mine classem superesse, in quam confugiant ; nullum exerci- 
tum, cujus virtute servari possint. 



24 RES ATHENIENSIUM. 



30. Athenae se Lysandro tradunt. (Justin. V. 8. Corn. 
Nep. Vita Lys. c. 1.) 

Dum haec Athenis fiunt, Lysander Graeciae civitates m 
Lacedaemoniorum potestatem redigit, et undique iis, qui Athe- 
niensium rebus studerent, ejectis, decern in unaquaque civi- 
tate delegit viros, 1 quibus summum imperium potestatemque 
omnium rerum commisit. His actis, Athenas navigavit, mi- 
seramque civitatem, obsidione circumdatam, fame urget. Scie- 
bat enim, neque ex advectis copiis multum superesse, et ne no- 
vae advehi possent, providebat. Quibus malis Athenienses 
fracti, multis fame- et ferro amissis, pacem petivere : quae an 
dari deberet, diu inter Spartanos sociosque deliberatum est. 
Quum nonnulli nomen Atheniensium 2 deleadum, urbemque 
incendio consumendam censer ent, Spartani negarunt, se pas- 
suros, 3 ut ex duobus Graeciae oculis 4 alter erueretur ; pacem- 
que Atheniensibus sunt polliciti, si longi muri brachia 5 dejice- 
rent, navesque, quae reliquae forent, traderent; denique si 
respublica triginta rectores, 6 ex civibus deligendos, acciperet. 

31. Triginta viri tyrannidem Athenis ezercent. (Justin V. 

8,9.) 

His legibus acceptis, tota civitas subito mutari 7 coepit: 
Triginta rectores reipublicae constituuntur, Lacedaemoniis et 
Lysandro dediti, qui brevi tyrannidem in cives exercere coepe- 
runt. Quippe a principio tria millia satellitum sibi statuunt ; 
et quasi hie numerus ad continendam civitatem non sufficeret, 
septingentos milites a victorious 8 accipiunt. His copiis instruc- 
ti exhaustam urbem caedibus et rapinis fatigant : 9 quumque 
hoc uni ex numero suo Therameni 10 displicere didicissent, ip- 
sum quoque ad terrorem omnium interfjeiunt. Quo factum 
est, ut multi, urbe relicta, exsilii miserias, quam domesticum 
terrorem 11 pati mallent. 

32. Alcibiades interficitur. (Corn. Nep. Vita Alcib. 9, 10.) 

Horum tyrannorum consiliis etiam Alcibiades periit. Qui 
quum castellum in Phrygia 12 habitaret, ubi liberandae patriae 
agitabat consilia, Critias 13 caeterique tyranni Atheniensium 
certos homines ad Lysandrum in Asiam miserunt, qui eum 
certiorem facerent, nisi Alcibiadem sustulisset, nihil earum 
rerum ratum 14 fore, quas ipse Athenis constituisset. Quare 
si suas res gestas manere- vellet, ilium persequeretur. Ly- 



RES ATHENIENSIUM. 25 

sander, his verbis commotus, Pharnabazo, satrapae, persuasit, 
ut homines mitteret, qui, vicinitati, 1 in qua Alcibiades erat, ne- 
gotium darent,* ut eum interficerent. 3 Illi, quum eum ferro 
aggredi non auderent, noctu ligna contulerunt circa casam 
earn, in qua, quiescebat, eamque succenderunt. Ille autem 
ut sonitu flammae est excitatus, quum ei gladius esset subduc- 
tus, familiaris sui subalare telum 4 arripuit. Namque erat 
cum eo quidam ex Arcadia hospes, qui nunquam discedere vo- 
luerat. Hunc sequi se jubet, et id, quod in praesentia vesti- 
mentorum 5 fuit, arripuit. His in ignem ejectis flammae vim 6 
transiit. Quern ut barbari incendium effugisse viderunt, te- 
lis eminus missis interfecerunt, caputque ejus ad Pharnaba- 
zum reiulerunt. At mulier, quae cum eo vivere consuerat, 
muliebri sua veste contectum cremavit. Sic Alcibiades an- 
nos circiter quadraginta natus diem obiit supremum. 

33. Thrasybulus exsul patriae liberandae capit consilium. 
(Corn. Nep. Vita Thrasyb. c. 2.) 

Inter cives, qui tyrannorum furorem effugerant, Thrasybu- 
lus erat, qui, ad spem liberandae patriae erectus, 7 adunatis 3 
. triginta exsulibus, Phylen, quod est castellum in flnibus At- 
ticae, 9 occupavit. Hoc initium fuit salutis Atheniensium. 
Hinc viribus paulatim auctis, in Piraeeum 10 transiit, Munycbi- 
amque 11 munivit. Hanc bis tyranni oppugnare sunt adorti, 
ab eaque turpiter repulsi protinus in urbem, armis impedi- 
mentisque amissis, refugerunt. Usus est Thrasybulus non 
minus prudentia quam fortitudine; nam cedentes violari 
vetuit; cives enim civibus parcere aequum censebat; ne- 
que quisquam est vulneratus, nisi qui prior impugnare voluit ; 
neminem jacentem 12 veste spoliavit ; nihil attigit praeter arma, 
quaeque ad victum pertinebant. In secundo proelio cecidit 
Critias, triginta tyrannorum acerrimus. 

34. Exsules in patriam redeunt. (Corn. Nep. I.e. 3.) 

Dum haec geruntur, Pausanias, rex Lacedaemoniorum, 
tyrannis auxilio missus est. Is Lysandro infensus, inter Thra- 
sybulum et eos, qui urbem tenebant, 13 fecit pacem, his condi- 
tionibus, ne qui praeter triginta tyrannos, et decern, qui post ea 
fraetores creati, eadem crudelitate in cives grassati erant, affi- 
cerentur exsilio.neve bona public arentur ; reipublicae procu- 
ratio populo redderetur. u Praeclarum hoc quoque Thrasy- 
buli, quod reconciliata pace, quum plurimum in civitate pos- 



26 RES ATHENIENSIUM. 

set, legem tulit : ne quis anteactarum rerum accusaretur, tip 
ve multaretur ; eamque illi legem Oblivionis vocant. 

35. Athenienses se desidiae tradunt. (Just. VI. 9.) 

Non ita multo post per victoriam, 1 a Conone de Lacedae- 
moniorum classe reportatam, fractae res Atheniensium non- 
nihil reparatae sunt ; nee tamen pristinam inter Graecos auc- 
toritatem potuerunt recipere. Magis magisque in torporem 
et segnitiem resoluti, non ut olim in classem et exercitum, 
sed in dies festos apparatusque ludorum reditus publicos ef- 
fundebant, frequentiusque in theatris quam in castris versa- 
bantur. Turn vectigal publicum quo milites et remiges ale- 
bantur, inter urbanum populum dividi coeptum. Quibus re- 
bus effectum est, ut, Graecis otio torpescentibus, obscurum 
antea Macedonum nomen emergeret ; et Philippus, obses tri- 
ennio Thebis habitus in Epaminondae domo, hujus praestan- 
tissimi viri et Pelopidae virtutibus eruditus Graeciae servitu- 
tis jugum imponeret. 



D. DE REBUS LACEDAEMONIORUM. 

1. Lycurgus Spartanorum legislator. (Just. III. 2.) 

Lacedaemoniorum respublica auctoritatem, qua inter Grae- 
cos pollebat, et incrementa debebat legibus et diseiplinae Ly- 
curgi. Qui vir quum fratri suo, Polydeetae, regi Spartano- 
rum, 2 successisset regnumque sibi vindicare potuisset, Cha- 
rilao, filio ejus, qui natus posthumus fuerat, quum ad aetatem 
adultam pervenisset, regnum, summa fide restituit ; ut intelli- 
gerent omnes, quanto plus apud bonos pietatis3 jura, quam 
omnes opes valerent. Jam probitate ejus perspecta, populus 
et principes, diuturnis inter se dissidiis agitati, conjunctis pre- 
cibus eum permoverunt, ut civitati leges scriberet. Quo dif- 
ficillimo negotio suscepto, rem ita perfecit, ut, dum Lycurgi 
leges florebant, Spartanorum civitas principem locum inter 
Graecos obtineret. 

2. Quaedam Lycurgi leges. (Just. III. 2, 3.) 

Ac primum qui clem populum in obsequia principum, prin- 
cipes ad justitiam imperiorum forma vit. 4 Parsimoniam om- 



• RES LACEDAEMONIORUM. 27 

nibus suasit. Emi singula non pecunia, sed compensatione 
mercium 1 jussit. Auri argentique usum, velut omnium sce- 
Jerum materiam, sustulit. Fundos omnium aequaliter inter 
omnes divisit. Convivari omnes publico jussit, ne cujus di- 
vitiae vel luxuria in occulto essent. Pueros puberes in agrum 
deduci praecepit, ut primos annos non in luxuria, 2 sed in 
opere et labor ibus agerent. Virgines sine dote nubere jussit, 
ut uxores eligerentur, non pecuniae. Maximum honorem 
senum esse voluit. Haec quoniam primo, solutis antea mori- 
bus, dura videbat esse, auctorem eorum Apollinem Delphi- 
cum rlngit. 3 Dein, ut aeternitatem legibus suis daret, jure- 
jurando obligat civitatem, nihil eos de ejus legibus mutaturos, 
priusquam reverteretur, et simulat, se ad oraculum Delphi- 
cum proficisci, consulturum, quid addendum mutandumque, 
legibus videretur Deo. Proiiciscitur autem Cretam, 4 ibique 
perpetuum exsilium egit, abjicique in mare ossa sua moriens 
jussit, ne, reliquiis suis Lacedaemonem relatis, Spartani se re- 
ligione jurisjurandi solutos arbitrarentur. 



3, Bella Messenica. (Just. III. 4. 5.) 

His igitur moribus ita brevi civitas convaluit, ut quum Mes- 
seniis bellum intulissent, gravissima se exsecratione obstrin- 
gerent, non, priusquam Messeniam 5 expugnassent, reversu- 
ros. Sed decern annis in obsidione urbis frustra consumtis, 
Messenii tandem per insidias expugnantur. Deinde, quum 
per octoginta annos omnia servitutis mala perpessi essent, 
post longam poenarum 6 patientiam bellum restaurant. La- 
cedaemonii autem tanto majore confidentia ad arma concur- 
runt, quod adversus servos dimicaturi videbantur. Res tamen 
aliter cecidit, atque ipsi speraverant. Nam tribus proeliis 
fusi, eo usque desperationis adducti sunt Spartani, ut ad sup- 
plementum exercitus servos suos manumiUerent. Turn de 
belli eventu oraculo Delphis consulto, jubentur ducem belli 
ab Atheniensibus petere. Athenienses autem, quum hoc re- 
sponsum cognovissent, in contemtum Spartanorum Tyrtaeum 
poetam claudum pede miscrunt. Qui quum venisset, carmi- 
na exercitui recitavit, in quibus virtutis hortamenta, damnorum 
solatia, belli consilia, conscripserat. 7 Itaque tantum ardorem 
militibus injecit, ut omnes alacri animo mortem oppeterent. 
Raro unquam cruentius proelium fuit. Ad postremum tamen 
victoria Lacedaemoniorum fuit. 



PART II. 



28 RES LACEDAEMONIORUM 



4. Lacedaemonii principatum in Graecia exer cent. 

Insequenti aevo factum est, ut Lacedaemonii, ob insitam 
quandam populo nobilitatem et eximiam virtutis famam, prin- 
cipatum in Graecia obtinerent. Quare in Persicis bellis om- 
nes Graeciae civitates, quae se adversus barbaros conjunxe- 
rant, eorum imperio parebant. Sed post ilia tempora quum 
Athenienses maris sibi imperium vindicassent, ingens Lace- 
daemoniorum contra eos exarsit invidia. Hinc inimicitiae, 
mox bella exorta ; unumque 1 gravissimum, quod, per viginti 
septem annos extractum, universae Graeciae vires vehemen- 
ter afllixit. Victoria penes Spartanos fuit ; qui post pugnam 
apud Aegos flumen, ubi Atheniensium robur fractum est, ter- 
ra marique dominari coeperunt. 

5. Lacedaemonii cum Persis in Asia helium gerunt. (Just. 
VI. 1. Corn. Vit. Con. c. 2.) 

Jam auctis viribus, Lacedaemonii totius Asiae imperium 
affectare coeperunt. Circa illud temp us, Conon, Athenien- 
sis, qui, amissa bello patria, in exsilio vivebat, contulit se ad 
Pharnabazum, Satrapen Ioniae et Lydiae, eundemque gene- 
rum regis et propinquum, apud quern ut gratia valeret, multo 
labore perfecit. Nam quum Lacedaemonii in societate non 
manerent, quam cum Artaxerxe fecerant, Agesilaumque bel- 
latum misissent in Asiam, maxime impulsi a Tissapherne, 
qui a regis amicitia defecerat, et cum Lacedaemoniis co'ierat 
societatem, hunc adversus 2 Pbarnabazus habitus est impera- 
tor ; re vera autem exercitui praefuit Conon, ej usque arbitrio 
omnia gesta sunt. Hie summum ducem Agesilaum multum 
impedivit, saepeque ejus consiliis obstitit, neque non fuit aper- 
tum, si ille non fuisset, Agesilaum Asiam Tauro tenus 2 regi 
fuisse erepturum^ 

6. Agesilai res gestae. (Corn. Nep. Vit. Ages. c. 4.) 

Hie quum jam animo meditaretur proficisci in Persas et 
ipsum regem adoriri, nuntius ei domo venit Ephorum jussu, 
bellum Athenienses et Boeotios 3 iadixisse Lacedaemoniis ; 
quare venire ne dubitaret. Qui quum victori praeesset exer- 
citui, maximamque haberet fiduciam regni Persarum potiun- 
di, glonosiug tamen duxit, si institutis patriae 4 paruisset, quam 
si bello supepasset Asiam. Quum jam haud ita longe abes- 
set Peloponneso, obsistere ei conati sunt Athenienses et Boeo- 



RES LACEDAEMONIORUM. 29 

tn caeterique eorum socii apud Coroneam ; quos omnes gravi 
proelio vicit. Huic victoriae vel maxima fuit laus, quod, 
quum plerique se ex fuga in templum Miner vae conjecissent, 
quaerereturque ex eo, 1 quid his fieri vellet, etsi aliquot vulnera 
acceperat eo proelio, et iratus videbatur omnibus, qui adversus 
eum arma tulerant, tamen antetulit irae religionem, et eos 
vetuit violari. Neque vero hoc solum in Graecia fecit, ut 
templa Deorum sancta haberet, sed etiam apud barbaros 
summa religione omnia simulacra arasque conservavit. 

7. Graeciae civitates sese invicern, debilitant. (Corn. Vita 

Agesil. c. 5. Vit. Conon. c. 4. Just. VI. 4.) 

Post hoc proelium collatum est omne bellum circa Co- 
rinthum; ideoque Corinthium est appellatum. Hie quum una 
pugna decern millia hostium Agesilao dace cecidissent, eoque 
facto opes adversariorum debilitatae viderentur, 2 tantum abfuit 
ab insolentia gloriae, 3 ut commiseraretur fortunam Graeciae, 
quod tarn multi vitio adversariorum cecidissent ; namque ilia 
multitudine, si sana mens esset, Graeciam a Persis supplicium 
sumere potuisse. — Sed per idem tempus Conon, Persarum 
classi praefectus, Spartanorum vires in pugna navali apud 
Cnidum fregit. Victi Lacedaemonii fugam capessunt, multis 
navibus amissis, quas Conon partim ceperat, partimdepresserat. 
Hoc initium Atheniensibus resumendae potentiae fuit. Conon 
cum parte navium in patriam venit ; muros a Lysandro dirutos 
reficiendos curat; pecuniaeque quinquaginta talenta, quae a 
Pharnabazo acceperat, civibus suis donat. 

8. Bellum exoritur inter Thebanos et Lacedaemonios. (Jus- 

tin. VI. 6.) 

Dum haec geruntur, Artaxerxes, rex Persarum, legatos m 
Graeciam mittit, per quos jubet omnes ab armis discedere ; 
qui aliter fecisset, eum se pro hoste habiturum : civitatibus 
libertatem suaque omnia restituit. Fessi . tot beilis Graeci 
cupide paruerurft. Sed Lacedaemonii securis 4 insidiantes, 
castellum Arcadum expugnant, occupatoque praesidium 
imponunt. Itaque armato instructoque exercitu Arcades, 
adhibitis in auxilium Thebanis, qui jam, Epaminondae vir- 
tute excitati, ad Graeciae imperium adspir^bant, bellum re- 
petunt. In eo proelio Archidamus, 5 dux Lacedaemoniorum, 
vulneratur ; qui quum caedi suos videret, per praeconem 
corpora interfectorum ad sepulturam poscit. Hoc est enim 



30 RES LACEDAEM0NI0RUM. 

signum apud Graecos victoriae traditae. Qua confessione 
contenti Thebani signum parcendi dederunt. 

9. Spartanorum virtus. Epaminondas in pugna ad Manti- 

neam interficitur. (Just. VI. 7. Corn. Nep. 

Vita Epam. c. 9.) 

Paulo post Thebani, Epaminonda duce, occupandae urbis 
hostium spem ceperunt. Igitur principio noctisUaciti Lacedae- 
mona proflciscuntur, non tamen aggredi incautos potuerunt. 
Quippe senes, et caetera imbellis aetas, quum adventum hos- 
tium sensissent, in ipsis portarum angustiis armati occurrunt. 
Pauci igitur senes sustinuerunt aciem, 2 cui paulo ante universa 
juventus par esse non potuit. Agesilai autem adventu nun- 
tiato, Thebani recessere. Nee bellum diu dilatum ; siquidem 
Spartanorum juventus, senum virtute et gloria incensa, teneri 
non potuit, quin ex continenti 3 acie decerneret. Quum victo- 
ria 4 Thebanorum esset, Epaminondas, dum non ducis tantum, 
verum etiam fortissimi militis officio fungitur, graviter vulnera- 
tur. Hujus casu aliquantum retardati sunt Boeotii : neque 
tamen prius pugna excesserunt, quam repugnantes profliga- 
runt. At Epaminondas quum animadverteret, mortiferum se 
vulnus accepisse, simulque, si ferrum, quod ex hastili in corpore 
remanserat, extraxisset, animam statim emissurum, usque eo 
retinuit, quoad renuntiatum est, vicisse Boeotios. Id post- 
quam audivit, satis, inquit, vixi ; invictus enim morior. Turn, 
ferro extracto, confestim exanimatus est. 

10. Epaminondae laus. Just. VI. 8. Corn. Nep. Vita 
Epam. c. 3.) 

Una cum Epaminonda Thebanorum quoque vires cecide- 
runt ; ut non tarn ilium amisisse, quam cum illo interiisse 
omnes viderentur. Nam neque hunc ante 5 ducem ullum 
memorabile bellum gessere; n§c postea virtutibus, sed cla- 
dibus insignes fuere ; ut manifestum sit, patriae gloriam et 
natam et exstinctam cum eo fuisse. Fuit autem incertum 
vir melior, 6 an dux esset. Erat enim modestus, prudens, 
gravis, temporibus sapienter utens, peritus belli, fortis ma- 
nu, animo maximo, adeo veritatis diligens, ut ne joco qui- 
dem mentiretur. . Paupertatem adeo facile perpessus est, ut 
de republica nihil nisi gloriam caperet ; honores autem ita 
gessit, ut ornamentum non accipere, 7 sed dare ipse honori- 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 31 

bus videretur. Jam litterarum studium et philosophiae doc- 
trina tanta fuit, ut mirabile videretur, unde tam insignis mili- 
tiae scientia homini inter litteras nato contigisset 



E. MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 



1. Macedoniae origmes. (Justin. VII. 1.) 

Macedonia ante, a nomine Emathionis regis, Emathia 
cognominata est. Hujus, sicut incrementa modica, ita ter- 
mini perangusti fuere. Antiquissimis temporibus Car anus, ex 
Herculis progenie, responso oraculi sedes quaerere jussus, 
cum magna multitudine Graecorum in Emathiam venit, ibique 
urbem Edessam, oppidanis propter imbrium et nebulae mag- 
nitudinem non sentientibus, gregem caprarum, imbrem fugien- 
tium secutus, occupavit. Oraculum autem jusserat eum duci- 
bus capris imperium quaerere. Ilinc etiam postea in bellis, 
quae cum finitimis gerebat, capras ante signa habere sole- 
bat. Urbem quoque Edessam, ob memoriam muneris 1 Ae- 
gas, 2 populum Aegeadas vocavit. Pulso deinde Mida, qui 
partem Macedoniae tenebat, aliisque regibus, in locum omnium 
solus successit, primusque adunatis gentibus variorum popu- 
lorum, veluti unum corpus Macedoniae fecit. 

2. Primi Macedoniae reges. (Just. VII. 2.) 

Post hunc Perdicca regnavit, cujus et vita illustris et mor- 
tis postrema 3 memorabilia fuere; siquidem sen ex moriens 
Argaeo filio monstravit locum, quo condi vellet, ibique non 
sua tantum, sed et succedentium sibi regum ossa poni jus- 
sit; praefatus, 4 quoad ibi conditae posterorum reliquiae fo- 
rent, regnum in familia maiasurum ; creduntque exstinctam 
in Alexandre stirpem, 5 quod locum sepulturae mutaverit. 
Argaeus, moderate et cum amore popularium administrato 
regno, successorem filium Philippum reliquit : qui immatu- 
ra morte raptus Aeropum, parvuium admodum, instituit he- 
redem. Illis temporibus Macedonibus assidua certamina 
cum Tliracibus et Illyriis 6 fuere. Turn quoque Illyrii, in- 
fantiam regis pupilli contemnentes, bello Macedonas aggre- 
diuntur. Qm\ quum primo proelio pulsi essent, rege suo in 
4* 



32 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

cunis prolato et pone aciem posito, acrius certamen repetivere 
Conserto itaque proelio magna caede Illyrios fudere, osten- 
deruntque hostibus suis, priore bello regem l Macedonibus, 
non virtutem defuisse. 

3. Amynta rex. (Just. VII. 4.) 

Multis annis interjectis, per ordinem successionis regnum ad 
Amyntam pervenit. Hie quoque rex insigni industria et omni- 
bus imperatoriis virtutibus instructus fuit. Ex Eurydice tres 
filios sustulit, 2 Alexandrum, Perdiccam et Philippum, Alexan- 
dri Magni patrem, et filiam Euryonen. Cum Illyriis et 
Olynthiis 3 gravia bella gessit. Insidiis autem Eurydices ux- 
oris, quae regnum adultero tradendum susceperat, occupatus 
fuisset, 4 nisi fllia matris consilia et scelus prodidi-sset. Func- 
tus itaque multis periculis senex decessit, regno maximo ex 
filiis Alexandro tradito. 

4. Philippics, Thebis eruditus, fratri Perdiccae succedit. 
(Just. VII. 5.) 

Alexander inter prima initia regni bellum ab Illyriis pac- 
ta mercede redemit; et interjecto tempore, Philippo fratre 
obside dato, cum Thebanis pacem conciliat ; quae res ad 
egregiam Philippi indolem formandam plurimum valuit. Si- 
quidem per triennium Thebis obses habitus in domo Epa- 
minondae, summi et philosophi et imperatoris, ad hujus viri 
exemplum se composuit. Nee multo post Alexander, insi- 
diis Eurydices matris petitus, occubuit : 5 cui Amyntas, quum 
in scelere esset deprehensa, propter communes liberos pe- 
percerat, ignarus, earn his ipsis aliquando exitiosam fore. 
Frater quoque ejus Perdicca pari insidiarum fraude decipitur, 
parvo filio relicto. Nuntio de fratris morte accepto, Philippus 
clam Thebis aufugit, domumque rediit, ubi diu pupilli regis 
tutor em egit. At ubi graviora bella imminebant, ser unique 
auxilium in exspectatione infantis 7 erat, compulsus a populo 
regnum suscepit. • 

5. Initia regni. (Justin. VII. 6.) 

Principium imperii non satis prosperum videbatur, quum 
hinc 8 insidiarum metus, inde inopia regni, continuis belHs 
exhausti, immaturam adolescentis aetatem urgeret. 9 Simul 
finitimae gentes, velut conspiratione facta ad opprimendam 
Macedoniam, ex diversis locis uno tempore regnum bello 



MACEDONIA; IMPERIUM. 33 

petebant. duibus bellis omnibus quum par esse non posset, 
alia interpositapactionecomposuit, alia redemit, 1 invalidissimos 
quosque aggressus vicit : quo factum est, ut et militum trepi- 
dos animos firmaret, et se a contemtu hostium vindicaret. 
Primum illi cum Atheniensibus certamen ad Amphipolin 2 fuit; 
quibus per insidias victis, quum interficere omnes posset, in- 
columes sine pretio dimisit. Post baec, bello in Illyrios trans- 
lato, multa millia hostium caedit. 3 Urbem nobilissimam Laris- 
sam capit in Thessalia, non praedae cupiditate, sed quod exer- 
citui suo robur Thessalorum equitum 4 adjungere gestiebat. 
His ita gestis, jam non contentus submovere bella, ultro etiam 
quietos lacessit. Quum Methonam 5 urbem oppugnaret, jacta 
de muris sagitta 6 dextrum oculum regis effodit. Quo vulnere 
nee segnior in bellum, nee iracundior adversus hostes factus 
est; adeo ut, interjectis diebus, 7 pacem deprecantibus daret, 
nee moderatus tantum, verum etiam mitis adversus victos 
esset. 

6. Philippus se Graecorum rebus immiscet. 

(Justin. VIII. I.) 

Rebus Macedoniae compositis, finitimisque hostibus aut 
devictis aut territis, Philippus Graecorum libertati coepit insi- 
diari. Quare civitatum contentiones alit, et auxilium inferiori- 
bus 8 ferendo victos pariter victoresque subire regiam servitutem 
coegit. Causa et origo hujus mali Thebani fuere ; qui quum 
rerum potirentur, incredibili odio adversus Phocenses inflam- 
mati, bellum sacrum excitavere. Quod quum soli profligare 
non possent, Philippum ducem eligunt, qui sacrilegos puniret. 
Phocenses enim, templo Apollinis occupato, magnam inde vim 
auri in belli usum converterant. Igitur Philippus, quasi sacri- 
legii ultor esset, omnes milites coronas laureas 9 sumere jubet, 
atque ita, veluti deo duce, in proelium pergit. Phocenses, in- 
signibus dei conspectis, conscientia delictorum territi, abjectis 
armis fugam capessunt, poenasque violatae religionis sanguine 
pendunt. 

7. Fines imperii promovet. (Just. VIII. 1.) 

Philippus, quum magnam inde gloriam apud omnes natio- 
nes adeptus esset, Olynthios aggreditur. Receperant enim 
per misericordiam, post caedem unius, duos fratres ejus, 10 quos 
Philippus ex noverca genitos, velut aemulos regni, interficere 
gestiebat. Ob banc igitur causam urbem antiquam et nobi- 



34 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

lem exscindit,et fratres olim destinatosupplicio.tradit, simulque 
praeda ingenti fruitur. Inde auraria in Thessalia, argenti me- 
talla in Thracia 1 occupat. His ita gestis, forte evenit, ut eum 
fratres duo, 2 reges Thraciae, disceptationum suarum judicern 
eligerent. Sed Philippus ad judicium, velut ad bellum, in- 
structo exercitu supervenit, et regno utrumque spoliavit. 

8. In Graeciam penetrat. (Just. VIII. 4.) 

Paulo post Thebani iterum legatos ad eum miser unt, qui 
rogarent, ut bellum contra Phocenses susceptum renovaret. 
Contra Phocensium legati, adhibitis 3 Lacedaemoniis et Athe- 
niensibus, bellum deprecabantur, 4 cujus ab eo dilationem ter 
jam emerant. Secreto igitur auditis utriusque populi legationi- 
bus, his 5 veniam belli pollicetur ; 6 illis contra, venturum se 
auxiliumque laturum. Utrosque vetat parare bellum aut me- 
tuere. Sic factum est, ut, securis omnibus, Thermopylarum 
angustias occuparet. Tunc primum Phocenses captos 7 se 
fraude Philippi animadvertentes, trepidi ad arma confugiunt. 
Sed neque spatium erat instruendi belli, nee tempus ad con- 
trahenda auxilia ; et Philippus excidium minabatur, ni deditio 
fieret. Victi igitur necessitate, pacta salute, 8 se dediderunt. 
At, deditione facta, caeduntur passim rapiunturque, haud secus 
ac si proelio superati essent. 

9. Bella secunda gerit in Chersoneso et in Scythia. 
(Justin. VIII. 6. IX. 1.) 

His peractis, rebusque Macedoniae compositis, Dardanos 9 
caeterosque finitimos expugnat, et Byzantium, nobilem urbem 
et maritimam, obsidione cingit. Q,uam quum expugnare non 
posset, profectus cum fortissimis, se ad Chersonensium urbes 10 
convertit, plurimasque earum sibi subjicit, filiumque Alexan- 
drum, decern et octo annos natum, ad se arcessit, ut prima 
stipendia sub patris militia faceret. In Scythiam quoque 
praedandi causa profectus est ; Scythasque, et virtute et nu- 
mero praestantes, dolo vicit. Viginti millia puerorum ac 
feminarum capta, pecoris magna vis, auri argentique nihil. 11 
Aliquot millia nobilium equarum ad genus faciendum in Mace- 
donian! missa. 



MACEDONTJM IMPERIUM. 35 



10. Graecos ad Chaeroneam vincit. (Just. IX. 3.) 

Ab hac expeditione reversus, diu dissimulatum 1 bellum Athe- 
niensibus 2 infert, quorum causae Thebani se junxerunt. Fac- 
ta igitur inter duas antea infestissimas civitates societate, ]e- 
gationibus Graeciam fatigant. 3 Communem hostem putant 
commanibus viribus summovendum ; neque enim cessatu- 
rum Philippum, nisi omnem Graeciam domuerit. Motae 
quaedam civitates Atheniensibus se jungunt, quasdam autem 
ad Philippum belli metus traxit. Proelio ad Chaeroneam 4 
commisso, quum Athenienses longe majore militum nume- 
ro praestarent, tamen assiduis bellis indurata Macedonum 
virtute vincuntur. Non tamen immemores pristinae virtu- 
tis ceciderunt ; quippe adversi-s vulneribus 5 omnes loca, quae 
tuenda a ducibus acceperant, morientes corporibus texerunt. 
Hie dies universae Graeciae et gloriam dominationis et vetus- 
tissimam libertatem finivit. 

11. Bellum contra Persas par at. (Just. IX. 4, 5.) 

Hujus victoriae callide dissimulata laetitia est. Non so- 
lita sacra Philippus ilia die fecit ; non in convivip risit ; non 
coronas aut unguenta sumsit ; et, quantum in illo fuit, ita 
vicit, 6 ut victorem nemo sentiret. Atheniensibus, quos passus 7 
infestissimos fuerat, et captivos gratis remisit, et bello con- 
sumtorum corpora sepulturae reddidit. Compositis in Graecia 
rebus, omnium civitatum legatos ad formandum rerum prae- 
sentium statum evocari Corinthum 3 jubet. Ibi pacis leges 
universae Graeciae pro meritis singularum civitatum statu it, 
conciliumque omnium, veluti unum senatum, ex omnibus le- 
git. Auxilia deinde singularum civitatum describuntur ; nee 
dubium erat, eum Persarum imperium et suis et Graeciae viri- 
bus impugnaturum esse. 

12. Philippus inter jicitur. (Just. IX. 6,) 

Interea dum auxilia a Graecia coeunt, nuptias Cleopa- 
trae filiae, et Alexandri, 9 quern regem Epiri fecerat, magno 
apparatu celebrat. TJbi quum Philippus ad ludos spectan- 
dos, medius inter duos Alexandros, et filium et generum, 
contenderet, 10 Pausanias, nobilis ex Macedonibus adoles- 
cens, occupatis augustiis, Philippum in transitu obtruncat. 
Hie ab Attalo 11 indigno modo tractatus, quum saepe quere- 
lam ad Philippum frustra detulisset, et honoratum insuper ad- 



36 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 



versarium videret, iram in ipsum Philippum vertit, ultio- 
nemque quam ab adversario non poterat, 1 . ab iniquo judice 
exegit. 

1 3. Olympias mariti percussorem muneribus condecorat. 
(Justin. IX. 7, 8.) 

Creditum est etiam, percussorem immissum ab Olympi- 
ad e, matre Alexandri, fuisse ; nee ipsum Alexandrum igna- 
rum paternae caedis exstitisse, quod Philippus, Olympiade 
repudiata, Cleopatram, Parmenionis sororem, in matrimo- 
nium duxisset. Olympias certe fugienti percussori equos 
praeparatos habuit. Ipsa deinde, quum regis nece audita 
accurrisset, eadem nocte, qua venit, Pausaniae in cruce 
pendentis capiti coronam auream imposuit. Paucos deinde 
post dies refixum corpus interfectoris super reliquias mariti 
cremavit, et tumulum ei fecit eodem in loco, parentarique 
eidem quotannis curavit. Post haec Cleopatram, a qua pulsa 
Philippi matrimonio fuerat, filia ejus in matris gremio in- 
terfecta, finire vitam suspendio coegit. Novissime gladium 
quo rex percussus est, Apollini consecravit. Caeterum deces- 
sit Philippus anno aetatis quadragesimo septimo, quum annis 
viginti quinque regnasset. 

14. Philippus cum Alexandro filio compar cuius. 
(Justin. IX. 8.) 



. 



Philippo Alexander fllius successit, et vir'ute et vitiis patre 
major. Vincendi ratio utrique diversa. Hie aperte, ille arti- 
bus bella tractabat. Deceptis ille gaudere 2 hostibus, hie pa- 
lam fusis. Prudentior ille consilio, hie animo magnificentior. 
Iram pater dissimulare, plerumque etiam yincere ; hie ubi 
exarsisset, nee dilatio ultionis, nee modus erat. Vini uterque 
nimis avidus ; sed ebrietatis diversa ratio. Pater de convi vio 
in hostem procurrere, manum conserere, periculis se temere 
offerre ; Alexander non in hostem, sed in suos saevire. Reg- 
nare ille cum amicis volebat; hie in amicos regna exercebat. 
Amari pater malle, hie metui. Litterarum cultus utrique 
similis. Solertiae pater majoris, hie fidei. Verbis atque 
oratione Philippus, hie rebus moderatior. Parcendi victis 
filio animus promtior ; ille nee sociis abstinebat. Frugalitati 
pater, luxuriae filius magis deditus erat. Quibus artibus orbis 
imperii fundamenta pater jecit, operis totius gloriam filius con- 
summavit. 



MACEDONUxH IMPERIUM. 37 



15. Initio, regni Alexandri. (Justin XL 2.) 

Imperio suscepto, prima Alexandro cura paternarum exse- 
quiarum fuit ; in quibus ante omnia caedis conscios ad tumu- 
lum patris occidi jussit. Inter initia regni multas gentes re- 
bellaiites compescuit ; orientes nonnullas seditiones exstinxit. 
Inchoatum deinde a patre Persicum bellum aggreditur. In 
cujus apparatu nuntiatur, Athenienses et Thebanos ab eo ad 
Persas defecisse, auctoremque ejus defectionis Demosthe- 
nem oratorem exstitisse ; qui omnes Macedonum copias una 
cum rege a Triballis deletas esse afrlrmaverit. Qua opinio- 
ne 2 mutatos omnium ferme civitatum animos esse ; praesidia 
Macedonum obsideri. 

16. Alexander Graecos defectionem meditantes coercet. 
(Justin. XI. 3.) 

His motibus occursurus summa celeritate in Graeciam pe- 
netrant. Athenienses, sicuti primi defecerant, ita primos 
consilii poenitere coepit, missisque legatis bellum deprecan- 
tur. Quibus auditis et graviter increpatis Alexander bellum 
remisft. 3 * Inde Thebas exercitum convertit, eadem indul- 
gentia usurus, si parem poenitentiam invenisset. Sed Theba- 
ni armis, non precibus, usi sunt. Itaque victi gravissima 
quaeque supplicia miserrimae captivitatis experti sunt. Urbs 
diruitur, agri inter victores dividuntur; captivi sub corona 
venduntur. Miseranda res Atheniensibus visa. Itaque pro- 
fugos contra interdictum regis apud se receperunt. . Q,uam 
rem ita graviter tulit Alexander, ut secunda legatione denuo 
bellum deprecantibus ita demum remitteret, ut oratores et 
duces, quorum fiducia toties rebellarent, sibi dederentur. Res 
eo deducta est, ut, retentis oratoribus, duces in exsilium age- 
rentur; qui ex continenti 5 ad Darium profecti, non mediocre, 
momentum Persarum viribus accessere. 

17. Persicum bellum aggreditur. (Just. XL 5.) 

Jam ad Persicum bellum proficiscens, patrimonium omne 
suum, quod in Macedonia et Europa habebat, amicis divisit: 
sibi Asiam sufficere praefatus. 6 Nee exercitui alius quam regi 
animus fuit. Quippe omnes obliti conjugum liberorumque, et 
longinquae a domo militiae, nihil nisi Orientis opes cogitabant. 
Quum delati in Asiam essent, primus Alexander jaculum ve- 
lut in hostilem terram jecit; armatusque de navi tripudianti si- 



38 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

milis prosiluit, atqua ita hostias caedit, precatus, ne se regem 
illae terrae invitae accipiant. In Ilio quoque ad tumulos he- 
roum, qui Trojano bello ceciderant, parentavit. 

18. Prima congressione Persas vincit. (Just. XL 6.) 

Inde hostem petens milites a populatione Asiae prohibuit, 
parcendum suis rebus 1 praefatus, nee perdenda ea, quae posses- 
suri venerint. In exercitu ejus fuere peditum triginta duo mil- 
lia, equitum quatuor millia quingenti, naves centum octoginta 
duae. Hac tarn parva manu universum terrarum orbem vin- 
cere est aggressus. Quum ad tarn periculosum bellum exer- 
citum legeret, non juvenes robustos, sed veteranos, qui cum 
patre patruisque militaverant, elegit : ut non tarn milites, 
quarn magistros militiae electos putares. Prima cum hoste 
congressio in campis Adrastiae 2 fuit. In acie Persarum sex- 
centa millia militum fuerunt, quae non minus arte quam vir- 
tute Macedonum superata, terga verterunt. Magna itaque 
caedes Persarum fuit. De exercitu Alexandri novem pedi- 
tes, centum viginti equites cecidere ; quos rex magniflce hu- 
matos statuis equestribus donavit ; cognatis eorum autem im- 
munitates a publicis muneribus dedit. Post victor iam major 
pars Asiae 3 ad eum defecit. Habuit et plura proejia* cum 
praefectis Darii, quos jam non tarn armis, quam terrore nomi- 
nis sui vicit. 



19. Gordii nodum fatalem solvit. (Just. XL 7.) 

Post haec Gordium urbem petit, quae posita est inter Phry- 
giam majorem et minorem, quod audierat, in ea urbe, in tem- 
plo Jovisjugum plaustri Gordii 4 esse positum ; cujus nexum 
si quis solvisset, eum tota Asia regnaturum, antiqua oracula 
cecinisse. Capta igitur urbe quum in templum venisset, illud 
jugum requisivit ; quo monstrato, quum capita loramentorum 
intra nodos abscondita reperire nen posset, gladio loramenta 
caedit, dicens nihil interest, quo modo nodus solvatur ; atque 
ita resolutis nexibus, latentia in nodis capita invenit. 

20. In gravem morbum incidit. (Just. XL 8.) 

Haec illi agenti nuntiatur, Darium cum ingenti exercitu 
adventare. Itaque timens angustias, magna celeritate Tau- 
rum transcendit. Quum Tar sum 8 venisset, captus amoeni- 
tate Cydni fluminis, per mediam urbem influentis, projectis 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 39 

armis, plenus pulveris ac sudoris, in praefrigidam undam se 
projecit. Turn repente tantus nervos ejus occupat rigor, ut 
jam de eo actum esse videretur. Unus erat ex medicis, no- 
mine Philippus, qui remedium polliceretur ; sed hunc Par- 
menionis epistoiae pridie e Cappadocia missae suspectum fa- 
ciebant. Hie enim, ignarus infirmitatis Alexandri, scripserat, 
a Philippo medico caver et ; nam c or r upturn ilium a Dario 
ingenti pecunia esse. Alexander tamen tutius est ratus, du- 
biae se fidei medico credere, quam indubitato 1 morbo perire. 
Accepto igitur rjoculo, epistolas medico tradidit; atque ita 
inter bibendum oculos in vultum legends intendit. Ut secu- 
rum conspexit, laetior factus est, sanitatemque quarta die 
recepit. 

21. Darium vincit ad Issum. (Just. XI. 9.) 

Inter ea Darius cum quadringentis millibus peditum, ac 
centum millibus equitum in aciem procedit. Movebat haec 
multitudo hostium respectu paucitatis suae Alexandrum; nee 
tamen bellum differre ratus, circumvectus suos, singulas gen- 
tes diversa oratione alloquitur. Illyrios et Thracas opum ac 
divitiarum 2 ostentatione ; Graecos veterum bellorum memoria, 
internecivique cum Persis odii accendebat. Macedones autem 
nunc Europae victac admonet, nunc Asiae expetitae ; nee 
inventas illis toto orbe pares vires gloriatur. 3 Nee Darii segnis 
opera in ordinanda acie fuit. Q.uippe ipse omnia circumire, 
singulos hortari, veteris gloriae Persarum admonere. Post 
haec proelium ingentibus animis committitur. In eo uterque 
rex vulneratur. Tarn diu certamen anceps fuit, quoad fugeret 
Darius. Exinde caedes Persarum secuta est. In castris 
eorum multum auri caeterarumque opum inventum. Inter 
captivos castrorum mater et uxor et filiae duae Darii fuere. 
Ad quas visendas quum Alexander venisset, conspectis arma- 
tis invicem se complexae, velut statim moriturae, complora- 
tionem edidere. Provolutae deinde genubus Alexandri mortis 
dilationem precantur, dum Darii corpus sepeliverint. Motus 
tanta mulierum pietate Alexander, et Darium vivere dixit, et 
timentibus mortis metum demsit, casque haberi ut reginas prae- 
cepit. 

22. Plurimae Asiae gentes victori se subjiciunt. (Justin. 

XL 10.) 

Post hoc proelium Parmenionem ad occupandam Persicam 
classem, aliosque amicorum suorum ad rccipiendas Asiae ci- 

PART II. 5 



40 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

vitates misit, quae statim, audita fama victoriae, in potestatem 
victorum venerunt. Tunc in Syriam proficiscitur, ubi obvios 
cum infulis multos Orientis reges habuit. Ex his, pro meritis 
singulorum, alios in societatem recepit, aliis regnum ademit, 
suffectis in loca eorum novis regibus. Insignis praeter caete- 
ros fuit Abdalonymus, rex ab Alexandro Sidoniae 1 constitutus. 
Quern Alexander, quumoperam locare ad puteos exhauriendos 
hortosque irrigandos solitus esset, regem fecerat, spretis 9 * nobi- 
libus, ne generis id, non dantis, beneficium putarent. 3 Q,uum 
Tyriorum legatis, qui ei coronam auream magni ponderis mi- 
serant, significasset, se Tyrum 4 ire velle ad vota Herculi red- 
denda, iique ejus introitum deprecarentur, ita exarsit, ut urbi 
excidium minaretur. Confestim admoto exercitu, post diutur- 
nam obsidionem, Tyriis muros animose defendentibus, urbs 
tandem per proditionem capitur. 

23, Ab oraculo Jovis Ammonis Alexander salutatur deus. 
(Justin. XL 11.) 

Inde Rhodum Alexander, Aegyptum, Ciliciamque sine cer- 
tamine cepit. Ad Jpvem deinde Ammonem 5 pergit, consulturus 
et de eventu futurorum et de origine sua. Nam mater ejus 
Olympias gloriata erat, Alexandrum non ex Philippo, sed ex 
serpente ingentis magnitudinis esse conceptum. Igitur Alex- 
ander, cupiens, originem divinam sibi tribui, subornat antistites, 
quid sibi responderi velit per praemissos docens. Itaque ingre- 
dientem templum statim antistites , ut Ammonis filium, salu- 
tant. J3imul victoriam omnium bellorum, possessionemque 
terrarum dari respondetur. Comitibus quoque ejus imperatum, 
ut Alexandrum pro deo, non pro rege colerent. Reversus ab 
Ammone Alexandriam 6 condidit, et coloniam Macedonum 
caput esse Aegypti jubet. 

24. Darius pacem precatur frustrd. (Just. XL 12.) 

Darius quum Babyloniam profugisset, 7 per epistolam Alex- 
andrum precatur, redimendarum sibi captivarum potestatem 
faciat, 8 inque earn rem magnam pecuniam pollicetur. Sed 
Alexander in pretium captivarum regnum omne, non pecuni- 
am petit. Interjecto tempore aliae epistolae Darii Alexan- 
dro redduntur, quibus filiae matrimonium et regni portio of- 
fertur. Sed Alexander sua sibi dari* rescripsit, jussitque 
regni arbitria 10 victori 11 permittere. Turn, spe pacis amissa, 



MACEDONXJM IMPERIUM. 4i 

bellum Darius reparat, et cum quadringentis millibus pedi- 
tum, et centum millibus equitum obviam vadit Alexandre 
In itinere nuntiatur, uxorem ejus decessisse, ejusque mortem 
illacrymatum Alexandrum, exsequiasque benigne prosecutum 
esse. Tunc Darius,, quum se beneficiis quoque a rege supe- 
ratum videret, tertias epistolas scripsit, et gratias egit, quod 
nihil hostile in suos fecerit. Offert deinde majorem partem 
regni usque ad flumen Euphraten, 1 et alteram filiam uxo- 
rem ; pro reliquis captivis triginta millia talentorum. Ad 
haec Alexander, gratiarum actionem supervacaneam esse, res- 
pondit; se didicisse non adversus calamitates hostium, sed 
vires eorum contendere. Caeterum neque mundum posse duo- 
bus solibus regi, neque orbem t err arum duo maxima regna 
salvo statu i err arum habere posse; proinde aut deditionem eo 
die, aut in posterum aciem paret. 

25. Magno proelio ad Gaugamelam 2 vincitur. 
(Justin. XI. 13, 14.) 

Postero die aciem producunt. Turn repente ante proelium 
Alexandrum somnus oppressit; quumque ad pugnam solus 
rex deesset, a Parmenione aegre excitatus est. Ante proelium 
utraque acies hostibus spectaculo fuit. Macedones multitudi- 
nern hominum, corporum magnitudinem, armorumque pulchri- 
tudinem mirabantur ; Persae a tarn paucis victa suorum tot 
millia stupebant. Raro in ullo proelio tantum sanguinis fusum 
est. Darius quum vinci suos videret, mori voluit et ipse, 
sed a proximis fugere compulsus est. Alexander autem peri- 
culosissima quaeque aggrediebatur, et ubi confertissimos hos- 
tes acerrime pugnare conspexisset, eo se semper ingerebat. 
Hoc proelio Asiae imperium ei obtigit, quinto post acceptum 
regnum anno. Post haec expugnat Persepolin, 3 caput Persici 
regni, urbem antiquissimam plurimisque refertam opibus, quae 
inter itu ejus primum apparuere. 

26. A suis inter jicitur. (Justin. XI. 15.) 

Interea Darius a cognatis suis in vico Parthorum Thara 
aureis compedibus vincitur. Alexander postero die citato cur- 
su supervenit, ibique cognovit, 4 Darium clauso vehiculo per 
noctem exportatum. Jusso caetero exercitu subsequi, cum sex 
millibus equitum fugientem insequitur ; in itinere multa et 
penculosa proelia fecit. Emensus d eind e multum itineris quum 
nullum Darii invenisset indicium, respirandi equis data potes- 
tate, unus ex militibus, dum ad fontem proximum pergit, in 



42 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

vehiculo Darium, multis quidem vulneribus confossum, sed 
spirantem adhuc invenit, et unum e captivis ad eum adduxit. 
Quern quum rex ex voce civem esse cognovisset, Alexandro 
dicere jubet, se plurimam ei gratiam habere, quod in matrem 
liberosque suos regium, non hostilem . animum exkibuisset. 
Quare se precari superum inferumque numina, et deos regni 
custodes et praesides, ut illi terrarum omnium contingat im~ 
perium. Posthaec porrecta maim exspiravit. Quae ubi Alexan 
dro nuntiata sunt, viso corpore defuncti, tarn indignam mortem 
lacrymis prosecutus est: corpusque regio more sepeliri jussit 

27. Graecarum civitatum motus ad libertatem recuperandam. 

(Justin. XII. 1.) 

Dum haec in Asia gereban'tur, Graecia fere omnis, spe 
recuperandae libertatis, ad arma concurrerat, auctoritatem 
Lacedaemoniorum secuta. Dux hujus belli Agis, rex Lace- 
daemoniorum, fuit. Quern motum Antipater, dux ab Alexan- 
dro in Macedonia relictus, in ipso ortu oppressit. Magna ta- 
men utrimque caedes fuit. Agis rex, quum suos terga dantes 
videret, dimissis satellitibus, ut Alexandro felicitate, non vir- 
tute inferior videretur, tantam stragem hostium edidit, ut ag- 
mina interdum fugaret. Ad postremum, etsi a multitudine 
victus, gloria tamen omnes vicit. 

28. Alexander Persarum vitam et cultum imitatur. 
(Justin. XII. 3.) 

Alexander autem, Hyrcanis 1 Mardisque 2 subactis, habitiim 
regum Persarum et diadema, insolitum antea regibus Mace- 
donicis, assumit, amicos quoque longam vestem auratam et 
purpuream sumere jubet. Ut luxum quoque Persarum imi- 
taretur, ingentes epularum apparatus fecit, et convivia juxta 
regiam magniflcentiam instruxit. 

29. Alexander suorum in se animos exacerbat. 
(Justin. XII. 5.) 

Turn etiam primum hostili odio in suos saevire coepit. Max- 
ime indignabatur, carpi se sermonibus suorum, quod Philippi 
patris patriaeque mores subvertisset. Propter quae crimina 3 
Parmenio senex, dignitate regi proximus, cum Philota fllio in- 
terficitur. Fremere itaque omnes universis castris coepere, 
innoxii senis filiique casum miserantes : interdum, se quoque 
non debere melius sperare dicentes. Quae quum nuntiata 



MACEDONTJM IMPERITTM. 43 

Alexandro essent, simulat, se ex amicis quosdam in patriam 
victoriae nuntios missurum. Hortatur milites, ut suis scribe- 
rent; datasque epistolas tacite ad se deferri jubet; ex qui- 
bus cognito de se singulorum judicio, 1 in unam cohortem eos, 
qui de rege durius opinati fuerant 2 contribuit, aut consumtu- 
nis eos, 3 aut in ultimis terris in colonias distributurus. Inde 
Drancas, Euergetas, caeterosque populos, qui ad radicem 
Caucasi habitabant, subegit. Interea unus ex amicis Darii, 
Bessus, vinctus adducitur, qui regem non solum prodiderat, 
verum etiam interfecerat. Quern in ultionem perfidiae fratri 
Darii excruciandum tradidit. Et ut his terris nomen relin- 
queret, urbem Alexandriam super amnem Tanain 4 condidit. 
In Bactrianis quoque Sogdianisque 5 duodecim urbes condidit, 
ibique eos, quos in exercitu seditiosos cognoverat, habitare 
jussit. 

30. Clitum suamanu interficit. (Justin. XII. 6.) 

His ita gestis solemni die amicos in convivium vocat. Ubi 
orta inter ebrios rerum a Philippcr gestarum mentione, ipse 
se patri praeferre coepit, assentante majore convivarum parte. 
Itaque quum unus e senibus, Clitus, fiducia amicitiae regiae, 
memoriam t^hilippi tueretur, laudaretque ejus res gestas, Alex- 
ander adeo ira exarsit, ut, telo a satellite rapto, Clitum in 
convivio .trucidaret. Post, irae aestu subsidente, in poeniten- 
tiam versus, mori voluit. Mansit haec moriendi voluntas etiam 
insequentibus diebus, donee exercitus universi precibus exora- 
tus est, precantis, ne ita unius mortem doleat, ut uni versos 
perdat ; neque milites in ultimam deductos barbariam, inter 
infestas gentes destituat. Revocato igitur ad bellum animo, 
Chorasmos et Dahas 6 in deditionem accepit. 

31. In Indiam penet rat % (Justin. XII. 7.) 

Post haec Indiam petit, ut Oceano finiret imperium. Cui 
gloriae ut etiam exercitus ornamenta convenirent, phaleras 
equorum et arma militum argento inducit; exercitumque 
suum, ab argenteis clypcis, Argyraspidas 7 appellavit. Quum 
ad Nysam 8 urbem venisset, oppidanis non repugnantibus, 
fiducia Liberi 9 patris, a quo condita urbs erat, parci jussit 
Tunc ad sacrum montem duxit exercitum, vite hederaque 
non alitor vestitum, quam si manu cultus exornatusque es- 
set. Ubi ad montem accessit, exercitus, repentino mentis 
impetu correptus, ululare coepit, et Bacchantium more dis- 
currit. 



44 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 



32. Porum, regem Indiae, superat. (Just. XII. 8.) 

Unus ex regibus Indorum fuit, Porus nomine, viribus cor- 
poris et animi magnitudine pariter insignis ; qui ad famam 
de Alexandri adventu bellum paraverat. Commisso proe- 
lio, 1 Alexandrum ad singulare certamen provocat. Nee 
Alexander pugnae moram facit ; sed prima congressione 
vulnerato equo, quum praeceps in terram decidisset, concur- 
su satellitum servatur. Porus multis vulneribus obrutus ca- 
pitur. Qui victum se adeo doluit, ut, quum veniam ab hoste 
invenisset, neque cibum capere vellet, neque vulnera curari 
pateretur; aegreque ab eo obtentum est, ut vellet vivere. 
Quern Alexander ob honorem virtutis incolumem in regnum 
remisit. Duas ibi urbes condidit, uham Nicaeam, 2 alteram ex 
nomine equi Bucephalen 3 vocavit. 

33. Macedones in patriam redire cupiunt. (Justin. XII. 8.) 

Quum ad Cuphites venisset, ubi eum cum ducentis milli- 
bus equitum hostes opperiebantur, exercitus omnis laboribus 
fessus, lacrymis eum precatur, finem tandem belli faceret; 
aliquando patriae reditusque meminisset, militumque annos 
respiceret. Ostendere 4 alius canitiem, alius . vulnera, alius 
aetate consumtum corpus et cicatricibus obductum. Motus 
eorum precibus, veluti finem victoriis fac^urus castra solito 
magnificentiora fieri jussit, quorum molitionibus et hostis ter- 
reretur, et posteris sui admiratio relinqueretur. Nullum opus 
laetius milites fecerunt. Itaque caesis hostibus cum gratula- 
fione in haec castra reverterunt. 

34. Alexander evitaepericuloaegre servatur. (Justin. XII. 9.) 

Inde Alexander ad amnem Acesinen 5 pergit ; per quern 
in Oceanum devehitur, et in Ambros et Sigambros navigat. 
Quae gentes eum armatis octoginta millibus peditum, et sex- 
aginta millibus equitum excipiunt. Quum proelio victor es- 
set, exercitum ad urbem eorum duxit. Quam quum de muro, 
quern primus ceperat, a defensoribus desertam animadvertis- 
set, in urbis planitiem sine ullo satellite desiliit. Itaque quum 
eum hostes solum conspexissent, clamore edito undique in 
eum concurrunt. Ubi obrui multitudine se vidit, trunco se, 
qui propter murum stabat, applicuit. Quum sic diu agmen 
sustinuisset, tandem, regis periculo cognito, amici ad eum 
desiliunt, ex quibus multi caesi ; proeliumque tamdiu anceps 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 45 

fiiit, quoad omnis exercitus, muris dejectis, in auxilium veni- 
ret. In eo proelio sagitta sub mamma trajectus est, cujus 
vulneris curatio ipso vulnere gravior 1 fuit. 

35. Oceano lustrato nuptias celebrat. (Justin. XII. 10.) 

Tandem saluti redditus 2 Polyperchonta 3 cum exercitu Ba- 
byloniam mittit. Ipse cum lectissima manu, navibus conscen- 
sis, Oceani litora peragrat. Ibi Oceano libamenta dedit, 4 pros- 
perum in patriam reditum precatus ; ac, veiuti positis imperii 
terminis, ostio fluminis Indi invehitur. Ibi in monumenta 
rerum a se gestarum urbem Barcen condidit, arasque statuit. 
Inde terrestri itinere Babyloniam redit. Ibi filiam Darii re- 
gis Statiram in matrimonium recepit ; sed et optimatibus Ma- 
cedonum lectas ex omnibus gentibus nobilissimas virgines tra- 
didit. 

36. Babyloniam redit. (Justin. XII. 13.) 

Ab ultimis oris Oceani Babyloniam revertenti nuntiatur, 
non solum legationes Carthaginiensium caeterarumque Afri- 
cae civitatum, sed et Hispaniarum, Siciliae, Galliae, Sardiniae, 
nonnullas quoque ex Italia ejus adventum Babyloniae oppe- 
riri. Hac igitur ex causa Babyloniam festinanti quidam ex 
magis praedixit, 5 ne urbem introiret, testatus, 6 hunc locum ei 
fatalem fore. Sed ab Anaxarcho 7 philosopho compulsus, ut 
magorum praedicta contemneret, Babyloniam reversus, con- 
vivium solemniter instituit. Ibi quumtotus in laetitiam eflu- 
sus esset, recedentem jam e convivio Medius Thessalus, in- 
staurata comissatione 8 invitat. Accepto poculo, inter bibendum 
veiuti telo confixus ingemuit, elatusque e convivio semianimis, 
tanto dolore cruciatus est, ut ferrum in remedia posceret. Ve- 
nenum accepisse creditur. 

37. Babyloniae moritur. (Justin. XII. 15.) 

Quarta die Alexander indubitatam mortem sentiens, agnos- 
cere se fatum domus 9 majorum suorum, ait ; namque plerosque 
Aeacidarum 10 intra tricesimum annum defunctos. Tumultu- 
antes deinde milites, insidiis periisse regem suspicantes, ipse 
sedavit, eosque omnes ad conspectum suum admisit, osculan- 
damque dextram porrexit. Q,uum lacrymarent omnes, ipse 
non sine lacrymis tantum, verum etiam sine ullo tristioris 
mentis argumento fuit. Ad postremum corpus suum in Ham- 
monis templo condi jubet. Quum deflcere eum amici vide- 



46 MACEBONUM IMPERIUM. 

rent, quaerunt, quern imperii facial heredem ; respondit, dig 
nissimum. Hac voce omnes amicos suos ad aemulam regni 
cupiditatem accendit. * Sexta die, praeclusa voce, exemtum 
digito annulum Perdiccae tradidit, quae res gliscentem ami- 
corum discordiam sedavit. Nam etsi non voce nuncupatus 
heres, judicio tamen electus esse videbatur. 

38. De Alexandri virtute et fortuna quaedam. 
(Justin. XII. 16.) 

Decessit Alexander mensem unum tres et triginta annos 
natus, vir supra humanum modum vi animi praeditus. Omina 
quaedam magnitudinem ejus in ipso ortu portendisse existima- 
bantur. Quo die natus est, pater ejus nuntium duarum victo- 
riarum accepit; alterius belli Illyrici, alterius certaminis Olym- 
piad, in quod quadrigas miserat. Puer acerrimus 1 litterarum 
studiis 2 eruditus fuit. Exacta pueritia, per quinquennium 
Aristotele, philosopho praestantissimo, usus est magistro. Ac- 
cepto tandem imperio tantam militibus suis fiduciam fecit, ut, 
illo praesente, nullius hostis arma timerent. Itaque cum nullo 
hoste unquam congressus est, quern non vicerit ; nullam ur- 
bem obsedit, quam non expugnaverit. Victus denique est non 
virtute hostili sed insidiis suorum et fraude. 

39. Lucius barbarorum, Macedonum laetitia. 
(Justin. XIII. 1.) 

• 
Exstincto in ipso'aetatis et victoriarum flore 3 Alexandro 
Magno, triste apud omnes tota Babylone silentium fuit. Ut 
vero nuntius de ejus morte disseminatus est, omnes barbarae 
gentes, paullo ante ab eo devictae, non ut hostem, sed ut pa- 
rentem luxerunt. Mater quoque Darii regis, audita morte 
victoris, in quo pietatem filii erat experta, mortem sibi ipsa con- 
scivit. Contra Macedones, non ut civem, sed ut hostem de- 
functum gaudebant ; severitatem nimiam et assidua belli peri- 
cula exsecrantes. Hue accedebat, quod principes regnum et 
imperia, vulgus militum thesauros, veluti praedam, specta- 
bant. Erant enim in thesauris quinquaginta raillia talentum, 4 
quae sibi divisum iri sperabant. Nee amici Alexandri frustra 
regnum spectabant. Nam tantae virtutis et venerationis erant, 
ut singulos reges putares. Neque unquam ante Macedonia 
vel ulla gens alia tanto clarorum virorum proventu floruit; 
quos primo Pbilippus, mox Alexander tanta cura legerat, ut 
non tarn ad societatem belli, quam in successionem regni electi 
viderentur. 



MACEDONUM IMPERTTJM. 47 

40. Duces de imperio constituendo consilia ineunt. 
(Justin. XIII. 2.) 

Caeterum, defuncto Alexandro, armati in regiam coeunt, ad 
formandum rerum praesentium statum. 1 Perdicca censet, 
Roxanes, regiae conjugis, quam gra.vidam relinquerat, partum 
esse exspectandum, et si puerum peperisset, hunc patri suc- 
cessorem fore. Mel eager negat, exspectandum, 2 dum reges 
nascerentur, quum jam genitis uti liceret. Esse Pergami 
puerum, fllium Alexandri, natum ex Bar sine, nomine Hercu- 
lem ; seu mallent juvenem, essKn castris fratrem Alexandri, 
Aridaeum, comem et cunctis non suo tantum, verum et patris 
Philippi nomine acceptissimum. Ptolemaeus recusabat re- 
gem Aridaeum, turn, quod ex Larissaeo scorto natus esset, 
turn ob majorem, qua laborabat, valetudinem j 3 nam veren- 
dum esse, ne ille nomen regis, alius imperium teneret ; me- 
lius esse ex his legi, qui pro virtute regi suo proximi fuerint. 
Vicit Perdiccae sententia, consensu universorum. Placuit 
itaque Roxanes exspectari partum, et si puer natus fuisset, 
tutores Leonatum, Perdiccam, Crateron et Antipatrum consti- 
tuunt, confestimque in tutorum obsequia jurant. 4 

41. Aridaeus, Philippi filius, rex creatur. (Justin. XIII. 

3,4. 

Quum equites idem fecissent, pedites indignati, nul^as sibi 
consiliorum partes relictas, 5 Aridaeum, Alexandri fratrem, 
fegem appellant, satellitesque illi ex turba sua legunt, et no- 
mine Philippi patris vocari jubent. Magna hinc in castris 
seditione orta, tandem ab equitibus quoque Aridaeus rex ag- 
noscitur. Servata est portio regni Alexandri filio, si natus 
esset. His ita compositis, Macedoniae et Graeciae Antipa- 
ter praeponitur : regiae pecuniae custodia Cratero traditur : 
castrorum et exercitus cura Meleagro et Perdiccae assigna- 
tur; jubeturque Aridaeus rex corpus Alexandri in Hamrao- 
nis templum deducere. Tunc Perdicca, lustratione castrorum 
indicta, seditiosos supplicio occulte tradi jubet. Reversus inde, 
provincias inter principes divisit. 

42. Bellum in Graecia ortum per Antipatrum comprimitur. 

(Justin. XIII. 5.) 

Dum haec in Oriente geruntur, in Graecia Athenienses et 
Aetoli bellum, quod jam vivo * Alexandro moverant, summis 
viribus instruebant. Causa belli erat, quod reversus ab In- 



48 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

dia Alexander epistolas in Graeciam scripserat, quibus omni- 
um civitatum exsules restituebantur. Q,uae litterae recita- 
tae praesente universa Graecia, in mercatu Olympiaco, 1 mag- 
nos motus excitaverunt, quod plurimi non legibus, sed per 
factionem prkicipum pulsi fuerant principesque verebantur, 
ne revocati potentiores in republica fierent. Palam igitur 
jam turn multae civitates libertatem bello vindicandam freme- 
bant. 2 Principes tamen omnium Athenienses et Aetoli fue~ 
runt. Bello igitur exorto, Antipater, cui Graecia sorte obve- 
nerat, Leonatum ex Asia in auxilium vocavit. Qui quum ve- 
nire cum exercitu nuntiatus esset, obvii ei Athenienses cum 
instructis copiis fuere, ibique equestri proelio, gravi vulnere 
ictus, exstinguitur. Sed Antipater, exercitu exstincti recepto, 
quum par hostibus etiam proelio videretur, solutus obsidione, 
qua cinctus fuerat Lamiae, 3 in Macedoniam concessit ; Grae- 
corum quoque copiae, finibus Graeciae hoste depulso, in ur- 
bes dilapsae sunt. 

43. Certamina inter duces Alexandria (Justin. XIII. 6* 

XV. 1.) 

Post haec bellum inter Perdiccam et Antigonum oritur, 
quod, velut incendium, mox latius serpsit. Macedonia, in 
duas partes discurrentibus 4 ducibus., in sua viscera armatur, 
ferrumque a barbaris in civilem sanguinem 5 vertit. In hoc 
bello Perdiccas occisus est ; pluresque ejusdem partis duces 
perierunt. Et jam finitum certamen inter successores Alex- 
andri Magni videbatur, quum repente inter ipsos victores nata 
est discordia. Ptolemaeus 6 et Cassander, Antipatri films, 
inita cum Lysimacho et Seleuco societate, contra Antigonum 
bellum terra marique enixe instruunt. Tenebat Ptolemaeus 
Aegyptum cum Africae parte minore et Cypro et Phoenice. 
Cassandro parebat Macedonia cum Graecia. Asiam et par- 
tes Orientis occupaverat Antigonus, cujus filius Demetrius, 
prima belli congressione, a Ptolemaeo apud Gamalam 8 vinci- 
tur. In quo proelio major Ptolemaei moderationis gloria, 
quam ipsius victoriae fuit. Siquidem et amicos Demetrii 
non solum cum suis rebus, verum etiam additis insuper mune- 
ribus, dimisit ; et ipsius Demetrii privatum omne instrumen- 
tum 9 ac familiam 10 reddidit, dicens ; non se propter praedam, 
sed propter dignitatem inisse bellum, indignatum, quod Anti- 
gonus, devictis diversae factionis ducibus, solus communis 
victoriae praemia corripuisset. 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 49 

44. Exstincta Alexandri sobole, principes regium nomen su- 
munt. (Justin. XV. 2.) 

Dum haec aguntur, Cassander Herculem, Alexandri fili- 
um, qui fere annos quatuordecim excesserat, ne favore pater- 
ni nominis in regnum Macedoniae vocaretur, occidi tacite 
cum matre Barsine j ubet ; turn alterum quoque filium cum 
matre Roxane pari fraude necavit. Interea Ptolemaeus cum 
Demetrio navali proelio 1 iterato 2 congreditur, et amissa clas- 
se in Aegyptiim jefugit. Hac victoria elatus, Antigonus re- 
gem se cum Demetrio filio appellari jubet. Ptolemaeus quo- 
que, ne minoris apud suos auctoritatis esset, rex ab exercitu 
cognominatur. Quibus auditis, Cassander et Lysimachus et 
ipsi regiam sibi majestatem vindicarunt. Sed Ptolemaeus et 
Cassander caeterique factionis alterius duces, quum se sin- 
gulos ab Antigono carpi ac lacessi viderent, per epistolas se 
invicem exhortati sunt ad bellum communibus viribus suscipi- 
endum. Cui quum Cassander interesse propter rmitimum 
bellum 3 non posset, Lysimachum cum ingentibus copiis in 
auxilium sociis mittit. 

45. Lysimachi fortitudo. (Justin. XV. 3.) 

Erat hie Lysimachus illustri inter Macedones loco natus, 
sed magis etiam virtute quam genere clarus. Quum Alex- 
ander Callisthenem 4 philosophum miserandum in modum om- 
nibus membris truncasset, et insuper cum cane in cavea clau- 
sum circumferret, Lysimachus, eum audire et praecepta 
virtutis ab eo accipere solitus, misertus tanti viri, venenum ei 
in remedium calamitatum dedit. Quod adeo aegre Alexan- 
der tulit, ut eum objici ferocissimo leoni'juberet. Sed quum 
leo impetum fecisset in eum, Lysimachus manum amiculo in- 
volutam in os leonis immersit, arreptaque lingua feram exani- 
mavit. Quod quum nuntiatum regi esset, admiratio irae suc- 
cessit, carioremque eum propter constantiam # tantae virtutis 5 
habuit. Post mortem regis, quum inter successores ejus pro- 
vinciae dividerentur, ferocissimae gentes, quasi omnium for- 
tissimo, assignatae sunt. 

46. Nova inter Alexandri successores bella oriuntur. 
(Justin. XV. 4.) 

Priusquam bellum inter Ptoleraaeum sociosque ejus adver- 
sus Antigonum committeretur, repente ex Asia majore Se- 
leucus, novus Antigono hostis, accessit. Hujus quoque viri 



50 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

virtus clarissima fuit. Post mortem Alexandri, occupato regno 
Orientis, urbem condidit, patris nomine Antiochiam vocatam, 
et campos urbi vicinos Apollini dicavit, a quo generis originem 
ducebat. Multa in Oriente post divisionem inter socios regni 
Macedonici bella gessit. Principio Babyloniam cepit : inde 
auctis ex victoria viribus Bactrianos expugnavit. Compositis 
deinde in Oriente rebus, in bellum cum Antigono descendit. 
Conjunctis igitur omnium sociorum copiis, proelium 1 committi- 
tur; in eo Antigonus occiditur; Demetrius filius ejus in fugam 
vertitur. Sed socii, profligato hostili bello, denuo in semet 
ipsos arma verterunt; et, quum de praeda non conveniret, 
iterum in duas factiones diducuntur. Seleucus Demetrio, 
Ptolemaeus Lysimacho junguntur. Cassandro defuncto Phi- 
lippus filius succedit. Sic quasi ex integro nova Macedoniae 
bella nascuntur. 

47. Regnum Macedoniae, parricidiis inquinatae, Demetrius 
occupat. (Justin. XVI. 1.) 

' Post Cassandri regis, filiique ejus Philippi continuas mortes, 2 
Thessalonice, uxor Cassandri, non multo post tempore, ab 
Antipatro filio occiditur. Causa parricidii fuit, quod, post mor- 
tem mariti, in divisione inter fratres regni, in alterum fllium 
Alexandrum videbatur fuisse propensior. Quod facinus eo 
gravius visum est, quod nullum maternae fraudis vestigium fu- 
it. Ob haec igitur Alexander, in ultionem maternae necis ges- 
tionis cum fratre bellum, auxilium a Demetrio petit : nee De- 
metrius, spe invadendi Macedonici regni, moram fecit. Cujus 
advent um verens Lysimachus persuadet genero Antipatro, ut 
malit cum fratre suo in gratiam red ire, quam paternum hos- 
tem in Macedoniam .admitti. Inchoatam igitur inter fratres 
reconciliationem quum praesensisset Demetrius, per insidias 
Alexandrum interfecit, regnumque Macedoniae occupavit. 
Lysimachus quoque, quum bello Dromichaetis, regis Thra- 
cum, premeretur, tradita ei 3 altera parte Macedoniae, quae An- 
tipatro ejus genero obvenerat, pacem cum eo fecit. 

48. Demetrius a Pyrrho, Epiri rege, Macedonia pellitur. 
(Justin. XVI. 2.) 

Igitur Demetrius, totius Macedoniae viribus instructus, 
Asiam occupare statuit. Sed Ptolemaeus, Seleucus et Ly- 
simachus, pacta societate conjunctisque copiis, bellum ad- 
versus Demetrium transferunt in Europam. His comitem se 
jungit Pyrrhus, rex Epiri, sperans, Demetrium non diffici- 
lius amittere Macedoniam posse, quam acquisierat. Nee 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 51 

spes frustrafuit; quippe, exercitu ejus corrupto, ipsoque in 
fugam acto, regnum Macedoniae occupavit. Demetrius au- 
tem, a tot exercitibus circumventus, quum posset honeste mo- 
ri, turpiter se dedere Seleuco maluit. Finito beilo, Ptole- 
maeus cum magna rerum gestarum gloria moritur, regno mi- 
nimo natu ex fi] iis 1 relicto. 

49. Lysimachus et Seleucus, ultimi commilitonum Alexandria 
pereunt. (Just. XVI. 3. XVII. i, 2.) 

Sed mox inter Lysimachum et Pyrrhum, socios paullo ante 
adversus Demetrium, bellum exarsit. Victor Lysimachus, 
pulso Pyrrho, Macedoniam occupavit. Inde Thraciae bel- 
lum intulit. Mox post varia ostenta, quae Lysimacho dira 
portendebant, Agathoclem, filium, Arsinoe noverca veneno in- 
terfecit. Hoc parricidium principum secuta est caedes, lu- 
entium supplicia, quod occisum juvenem dolebant. Itaque 
et hi, qui caedibus superfuerant, et hi, qui exercitibus prae- 
erant, certatim ad Seleucum deficiunt, eumque compellunt, 
ut bellum Lysimacho in ferret. Ultimum hoc certamen com- 
militonum Alexandri fuit. Lysimachus quatuor et septua- 
ginta annos natus erat ; Seleucus septem et septuaginta. 
Sed in hac quoque aetate utrique juvenilis erat animus, 
imperiique cupiditatem insatiabilem gerebant. Lysimachus in 
eo bello strenue* moritur, 3 amissis ante variis casibus quinde- 
cim liberis. Seleucus autem, solum se de cohorte Alexandri 
superesse gavisus, post septem menses a Ptolemaeo Cerauno, 4 
cujus sororem Lysimachus in matrimonio habuerat, per insi- 
dias circumventus, occiditur, regnumque Macedoniae, quod 
Lysimacho eripuerat, cum vita pariter amittit. 

50. Motus in Graecia. (Justin. XXIV. 1.3.) 

Paulo post, dissidentibus inter se Ptolemaeo Cerauno et 
Antiocho 5 et Antigono 6 regibus, omnes fermc Graeciae civi- 
tates, ducibus Spartanis, ad spem libertatis erectae, in bel- 
lum prorumpunt ; et, ne Cum Antigono, sub cujus regno 
erant, bellum cepisse viderentur, socios ejus Aetolos aggredi- 
untur, causam belli praetendentes, quod sacratum Apollim 
campum Cirrhaeum 7 per vim occupassent. Conjuncto ex- 
ercitu, Aetolorumque finibus devastatis, magnam clad em passi 
sunt. Deinde, Spartanis bellum reparantibus, auxilium mul- 
tae gentes negaverunt, existimantcs, dominationem eos, non 
libertatem Graeciae quaerere. Intcrca inter reges bellum 
finitur. Nam Ptolemaeus, pulso Antigono, quum regnum to- 

PART II. G 



52 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

tius Macedoniae occupasset, pacem cum Antiocho facit, affi- 
nitatemque cum Pyrrho, data ei in matrimonium filia sua, 
jungit. Sed brevi post, incredibilibus commissis sceleribus, 
a Gallis regno spoliatus captusque, vitam ferro, ut meruerat, 
amisit. 

51. Galli in Graeciam penetrant. (Just. XXIV. 4, 5.) 

Namque Galli, abundante multitudine, quum eos non ca- 
perent terrae, quae genuerant, trecenta milHa Jiominum ad 
sedes novas quaerendas miserunt. Ex his portio in Italia 
consedit, quae et Romam incendit, 1 alia .portio in Illyricos 
sinus penetravit, et in Pannonia 2 consedit, ubi per multos an- 
nos bella cum finitimis gesserunt. Hortante deinde succes- 
su, divisis agminibus, alii Greciam, alii Macedoniam peti- 
vere. Tantusque terror Gallici nominis fuit, ut etiam reges 
non lacessiti ultro pacem ingenti pecunia mercarentur. So- 
lus rex Macedoniae Ptolemaeus adventum Gallorum intre- 
pidus audivit, hisque cum paucis et incompositis, quasi parri- 
cidiorum furiis agitatus, occurrit. Proelio commisso Mace- 
dones caeduntur. Ptolemaeus multis vulneribns saucius ca- 
pital* ; caput ejus amputatum et lancea fixum circumfertur. 
Paucos ex Macedonibus fuga servavit : caeteri aut capti aut 
occisi. 

52. Galli Brenno duce Delphos petunt. (Justin. XXIV. 6.) 

Paullo post Brennus, quo duce portio Gallorum in Graeci- 
am se efTuderat, cum centum et quinquaginta millibus pedi- 
tum et quindecim millibus equitum in Macedoniam irrumpit, 
Victo exercitu, totius regionis agros depraedatur. Turn Del- 
phos iter vertit ad Apollinis templum spoliandum. Hoc tem- 
plum positum est in monte Parnasso, in rupe undique impen- 
dente, cujus praecipitiis, ut naturali praesidio, defenditur. 
Multa ibi et opulenta regum populorumque visuntnr munera, 
quaeque magniflcentia sua et gratam hominum voluntatem, et 
Apollinis veracitatem manifestant 

53. Cum ingenti clade repelluntur. (Just. XXIV. 7.) 

Brennus quum in conspectu haberet templum, ad acuendos 
suorum animos, praedae ubertatem militibus ostendebat, sta- 
tuasque cum quadrigis, quarum ingens copia procul viseba- 
tur, solido auro fusas esse affirm abat. Q.ua asseveratione 
incitati Galli, simul et mero saucii, 3 sine respectu periculorum 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 53 

in bellum ruebant. Habebat Brennus lecta ex omni exercitu 
peditum sexaginta quinque millia ; Delphorum sociorumque 
nonnisi quatuor millia militum erant. Hi plus in Deo, quam 
in viribus spei ponentes, cum contemtu hostium resistebant, 
Gallosque scandentes e summo montis vertice partim saxo, 
partim armis obruebant. Inter haec templorum antistites, 
sparsis crinibus, cum insignibus et infulis, in primam pug- 
nantium aciem procurrunt, eos hortantes, ne cunctarentur 
diis antesignanis 1 hostem caedere. Quibus vocibus incensi 
omnes certatim in proelium prosiliunt. Praesentiam Dei sta- 
tim sensere. Nam et terrae motu portio montis abrupta Gal- 
lorum stravit exercitum, et tempestas insecuta grandine et 
frigore saucios absumsit. Dux ipse Brennus, quum dolorem 
vulnerum ferre non posset, pugione vitam fmivit. Alter ex 
ducibus cum decern millibus sauciorum citato agmine Graecia 
excedit. Sed nee fugientibus fortuna aequior fuit ; nullus sine 
labore et pericuio dies ; assidui imbres et gelu, nix, fames, 
lassitudo, et pervigiliae miseras infelicis belli reliquias obtere- 
bant. Quo pacto evenit, ut brevi 2 ex tanto exercitu nemo su- 
peresset. 

54. Clade in Macedonia accepta, Galli in Asiam trajiciunt 
(Justin. XXV. 1, 2.) 

Pace inter duos reges, Antigonum Gonatam, Demetrii fili- 
um, et Antiochum regem Syriae, statuta, 3 quum in Macedo- 
niam Antigonus reversus esset, Gallorum exercitus, qui a 
Brenno ad fines tuendos relictus erat, in Macedoniam irrupit. 
Qui quum classemin Hellespont litoribus collocatam incau- 
tius diripiunt, a remigibus et ab exercitus parte, quae eo cum 
conjugibus et liberis confugerat, trucidantur ; tantaque cae- 
des Gallorum fuit, ut opinio 4 hujus victoriae Antigono pacem, 
non a Gallis .tantum, verum etiam a fmitimis praestaret. Pos- 
tea Galli, a Bithyniae rege in auxilium vocati, parta victoria 
regnum cum eo diviserunt; eamque regionem Gallograeciam 
cognominaverunt. 

55. Pyrrhus rex Epiri Macedoniam invadit (Justin. 

XXV. 3.) 

Interea Pyrrhus ex Sicilia 5 in Epirum reversus fines Mace- 
doniac invadit; cui Antigonus cum exercitu occurrit, victus- 
que proelio in fugam vertitur. Atque ita Pyrrhus Macedo- 
niam in deditionem accipit ; Antigonus autem cum paucis 
equitibus Thessalonicam se recepit, ut inde cum conducta 
Gallorum manu bellum repararet. Rursus a Ptolemaeo, Pyr- 



54 MACEDONUM IMFERIUM. 

rhi filio, fimditus victus, cum septem cornitibus fugiens salutis 
latebras in solitudine quaerit. 

56. Argos oppugnans occiditur. . (Just. XXV. 4, 5.) 

Pyrrhus autem, in tanto fastigio regni collocatus, Graeciae 
Asiaeque imperium meditatur. Primum illi bellum ad versus 
Spartanos fuit : ubi majore mulierum quam vir or um virtu te 
exceptus, Ptolemaeum filium, et exercitus partem robustissi- 
mam amisit. Ptolemaeus in oppugnatione urbis usque in me- 
diam urbem procurrerat, ubi concursumultitudinisinterfectus 
est. Cujus corpus ut relatum est patri, dixisse Pyrrhum fe- 
runt, aliquanto tardius eum, quam timuerit ipse, vel temeritas 
ejus merucrit, occisum esse. Ipse Pyrrhus quum a Spartanis re- 
pulsus Argos petiisset, ibi inter confertissimos violentissime di- 
micans saxo de muris ictus occiditur. Satis constans inter om- 
nes auctores fama est, nullum nee ejus, nee superioris aetatis 
regem comparandum Pyrrho fuisse. Nam et vitae sanctitate 
atque justitia optimos quosque aequabat ; scientia rei militaris 
plurimos superabat, patriamque suam angustam et ignobilem, 
fama rerum gestarum toto orbe illustrem reddidit. 

57. Antigonus Gallos magno proelio fundit. Bella inter Ma- 
cedonas et Epirotas. (Just. XXVI. 1, 2, 3.) 

Post mortem Pyrrhi non in Macedonia tantum, verum 
etiam in Asia Graeciaque magni bellorum motus fuere ; civi- 
tatesque mutuis inter se odiis in bellum ruebant. Inter hos 
motus Antigonus, qui in Macedoniae regnum redierat, quum 
multiplici bello et Ptolemaei 1 regis et Spartanorum premere- 
tur, novusque ei hostis, Gallograeciae exercitus, afTTuxisset, 2 
parva manu adversus caeteros relicta, adversus Gallos totis 
viribus proficiscitur. Galli, quum hostiae ante pugnam cae- 
sae infaustum pugnae exitum portenderent, in furorem versi 
conjuges et liberos suos trucidant, cruentique ex recenti suo- 
rum caede in proelium proflciscuntur. Omnes occidione 
caesi. Post hujus pugnae eventum, Ptolemaeus et Spartani 
victorem hostium exercitum declinantes, in tutiora se recipi- 
unt. Antigonus ubi eorum discessum videt, bellum Atheni- 
ensibus infert. In quo quum occupatus esset, Alexander, 
rex Epiri, ulcisci mortem patris Pyrrhi cupiens, fines Mace- 
doniae depopulatur. Adversus quern quum reversus a Grae- 
cia Antigonus esset, transitione militum destitutus, 3 regnum 
Macedoniae cum exercitu amittit. Hujus filius Demetrius, 
puer admodum, absente patre, reparato exercitu, non solum 



MACEDONTJM IMPERIUM. 55 

amissam Macedoniam recipit, verum etiam Epiri regno Aiex- 
andrum spoliat. Tanta fortunae varietas erat ! Paullo post 
tamen Alexander, non minore Epirotarum desiderio, quam 
suorum auxilio, in regnum restituitur. 

58. Seleuci et Antiochi, fratrum, flagitia. (Justin. 
XXVII. 1, 2.) 

Mortuo Syriae rege Antiocho, Seleucus, qui in ejus locum 
successerat, parricidio novercae, Ptolemaei sororis, inquinatus, 
a Ptolemaeo terra marique victus est. Quum, quo se verte- 
ret, non haberet, Antiochi fratris auxilium implorat, oblata ei 
Asia inter fines Tauri montis, in praemium latae opis. Antio- 
chus 1 autem, quum esset annos quatuordecim natus, supra 
aetatem regni avidus, 2 occasione arrepta fratrem regno spoliare 
conatus est. Ea tempestate omnia bella in exitium Asiae 
gerebantur. Seleucus et Antiochus fratres bellum propter 
Asiam gerebant; Ptolemaeus, rex Aegypti, sub specie soro- 
riae ultionis, Asiae inhiabat : hinc Bithynus Eumenes, inde 
Galli Asiam depopulabantur. Victo Antiocho, quum Eumenes 
majorem Asiae partem occupasset, ne tunc quidem fratres a 
bello abstinuerunt. Antiochus victus, quum profugo nusquam 
tutus locus esset, ad Ptolemaeum hostem confugit. Sed 
Ptolemaeus eum servari arctissima custodia jubet. Hinc opera 
cujusdam mulieris, quam familiarius noverat, custodibus decep- 
tis, elabitur, fugiensque a latronibus interficitur. Seleucus quo- 
que iisdem ferme diebus, amisso regno, 3 equo praecipitatus 
obiit. Sic fratres, ambo exsules, ambo regno privati, similibus 
casibus, scelerum suorum poenas luerunt. 



59. Antigonus, Philippi tutor, regnum Macedoniae admini- 
strat. (Justin. XXVIII. 3.) 

Circa ilia tempora Demetrius, rex Macedoniae, Antigoni 
Gonatae filius, relicto filio Philippo admodum parvulo deces- 
sit. Cui Antigonus Doson 4 tutor datus, accepta in matrimo- 
nium matre pupilli, regem se constitui laborabat. Inter jecto 
deinde tempore, quum seditione minaci Macedonum clausus 
in regia teneretur, in publicum sine satellitibus procedit, pro- 
jectoque in vulgus diademate ac purpura, dare haec eos alteri 
jubet, qui aut imperare illis nesciat, aut cuiparere ipsi sciant. 
Commemorat deir.de beneficia sua, ut defectionem sociorum 
vindicaverit : ut Dardanos? Thessalosque exsultantes morte 
Demetrii regis cempescuerit ; ut deniqve dignitatem Mace.rfo- 
6* 



56 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

num no7i solum defenderit, verum eliam auxerit. Quorum si 
illos poeniteat, deponere se imperium et redder e Mis munus 
suum ; ipsi regem quaerant, cui imperent. Gluum populus 
pudore motus recipere eum regnum juberet, tamdiu recusavit, 
quoad seditionis auctores supplicio traderentur. 

60. Spartanos superat. Horum in malis virtus. (Justm. 

XXVIII. 4.) 

Post haec bellum Spartanis infert, qui soli adhuc Macedo- 
num arma contemnebant Inter duas nobilissimas gentes sum- 
mis viribus pugnabatur ; quum hi pro vetere Macedonum 
gloria, illi non solum pro illibata libertate, sed etiam pro salute 
certarent. Victi Laced aemonii 1 non ipsi tantum, sed etiam 
conjuges liberique magno animo fortunam tulere. Nemo 
quippe in acie saluti 2 pepercit ; nulla amissum conjugem fie- 
vit ; iiliorum mortem senes laudabant ; patribus in acie caesis 
fllii gratulabantur ; suam vic.em omnes dolebant, quod non et 
ipsi pro patriae libertate cecidissent. Inter haec nullus in urbe 
strepitus, nulla trepidatio : magis omnes publicam quam pri- 
vatum fortunam lugebant. Inter haec Cleomenes rex, post 
multas hostium caedes, toto corpore suo pariter et hostium cru- 
ore madens, supervenit ; ingressusque urbem non humi conse- 
dit, non cibum aut potum poposcit, non armorum onus depo- 
suit, sed acclinis parieti, quum quatuor millia sola ex pugna 
superfuisse conspexisset, hortatur, ut se ad meliora tempora 
reipublicae reservarent. Turn cum conjuge et liberis Aegyp- 
turn ad Ptolemaeum 3 proflciscitur, a quo honorifice suseeptus, 
diu in summa dignatione vixit. Postremo post Ptolemaei 
mortem a fllio ejus 4 cum omni familia interficitur. Antigonus 
autem fortunam tantae urbis miseratus a direptione milites 
prohibuit, veniamque his, qui superfuerunt, dedit. Nee mul- 
to post jpse decessit, regnumque Philippo pupillo, annos qua- 
tuordecim nato, tradidit. 

61. Multa imperia nova regum successione mutantur. 
(Justin. XXIX. 1.) 

Iisdem ferme temporibus prope universi orbis imperia nova 
regum successione mutata sunt. Nam et-in Macedonia Phi- 
lippus, mortuo Antigono, regnum suscepit ; et in Asia, inter- 
fecto Seleuco, 5 impubes adhuc rex Antiochus 6 constitutus est. 
Aegyptum, patre ac matre interfectis, occupaverat Ptole- 
maeus, cui ex crimine facinoris cognomen Philopdtor 1 fuit. 
Etiam Spartani in locum Cleomenis sufTecere Lycurgum; et 



MACEDONTTM IMPER1UM. 57 

apud Carthaginienses aetate immatura dux Hannibal constitui- 
tur, non penuria seniorum, sed odio Romanorum, quo eum 
a pueritia sciebant imbutum. In his regibus pueris magna 
indoles virtutis enituit. Solus Ptolemaeus, sicut scelestus in 
occupando regno, ita et segnis in administrando fuit. 

62. Philippics cum Hannibale societatem contra Romanos 
jungit. (Justin. XXIX. 2. 4.) 

Philippus quum, Dardanis aliisque finitimis superatis, Aeto- 
lis bellum infer re gestiret, a Demetrio, Illyriorum rege, im- 
pulsus est, ut Romanos aggrederetur. Q,uerebatur ille Ro- 
manorum injuriam, qui non contenti Italiae t er minis imp erium 
totius orbisspe complexi, 1 bellum cum omnibus regibus gererent. 
Se cedere illi regno 1 quod Romajii occupaverint, profitetur ; gra 
tius habiturus? siin possessions imperii sui socium potius quam 
hostes viderit. Hujusmodi oratione impulit Philippum, ut, omis- 
sis Aetolis, bellum Romanis inferret, minus negotii 4 existiman- 
tem, quod jam victos ab Hannibale apud Trasimenum 5 lacum 
audierat. Itaque ne eodem tempore multis bellis distineretur, 
pacem cum Aetolis facit, navesque fabricare coepit, quibus in 
Italiam trajiceret. Legatum deinde ad Hannibalem, jungen- 
dae societatis gratia, cum epistolis mittit; qui a Romanis 
comprehensus et ad senatum perductus, incolumis dimissus est, 
non in honorem regis, sed ne, dubius adhuc, indubitatus hostis. 
redderetur. 



63. Pacem cum Romanis facere cogiiur. 
(Justin. XXIX. 4.) 

Paullo post autem quum Romanis nuntiatum esset, Philip- 
pum in Italiam copias trajectururn, Laevinumpraetorem cum 
instructis navibus ad prohibendum transitum mittunt. Qui 
quum in Graeciamtrajecisset, multis promissis impulit Aetolos, 
ut bellum adversus Philippum susciperent. Philippus quoque 
Achaeos in Romanorum bellum sollicitat. Interea et Dardani 
Macedoniae fines vastare coeperunt, et Laevinus praeter, junc- 
ta cum Attalo rege societate, Graeciam populatur. His aliis- 
que rebus distractus rex Macedoniae cum Romanis pacem fa- 
cit, contentis interim bellum Macedonicum distulisse ; Philo- 
poemeni autem, Achaeorum praetori, quern didicerat animos 
sociorum ad Romanos trahere, insidias praetendit. Quibus 
cognitis ille Achaeos auctoritatc sua sx rege Macedoniae pror- 
sus abstraxit. 



58 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 



64. Ptolemaei quaedam gesta. (Just. XXX. 1, 2.) 

Dum haec in Graecia geruntur, Ptolemaeus, qui ad necem 
utriusque parentis fratris quoque caedem adjunxerat, luxuriae 
se tradiderat, nee amici tantum, verum etiam omnis exercitus 
regis exemplum secuti erant. Quibus cognitis, Antiochus, 
rex Syriae, repentino bello multas urbes ejus oppressit, ipsam- 
que Aegyptum aggreditur. Ptolemaeus autem exercitu in 
Graecia conducto, secundum proelium facit, spoliassetque 
regno Antiochum, si fortunam virtute juvisset. Sed conten- 
tus recuperatione urbium, quas amiserat, facta pace, in pris- 
tinam luxuriam revolutus, regrium perditissimis hominibus 
tanquam praedam permisit. Eo mortuo Alexandrini, suppli- 
cio de praedonibus illis sumto, legatos miserunt ad populum 
Romanum, rogantes, ut tutelam pupilli susciperent, tuerentur- 
que regnum Aegypti, quod jam Philippum et Antiochum, fac- 
ta inter se pactione, inter se divisisse dlcebant. 

65. Romani helium contra Philippum suscipiuni. 
(Justin. XXX. 3, 4.) 

Grata legatio Romanis fait, causam belli adversus Philip- 
pum quaerentibus, qui ipsis, belli Punici temporibus, insidia- 
tus fuerat. Mittuntur itaque legati, qui Antiocho et Philippo 
denuntient,. regno Aegypti abstineant. Mittitur et M. Lepi- 
dus in Aegyptum, qui tutorio nomine regnum pupilli adminis- 
traret. Dum haec aguntur, legationes Attali et Rhodiorum, 
injurias Philippi 1 querentes, Romam venerunt. Quae res 
omnem cunctationem Macedonici belli senatui exemit. Sta- 
tion igitur titulo 2 ferendi sociis auxilii, bellum adversus Phi- 
lippum decernitur, legionesque cum consule in Macedonian! 
mittuntur. Nee multo post tempore tota Graecia, flducia 
Roman orum ad spem pristinae libertatis erecta, bellum Phi- 
lippo intulit ; atque ita quum rex undique urgeretur, pacern 
petere compellitur. Repudiata a Senatu pace, proelium 
commissum est apud Cynoscephalas in Thessalia inter Phi- 
lippum et Flaminium, Romanorum ducem. Macedonas Ro- 
mana fortuna vicit. Fractus itaque bello Philippus, pace ac- 
cepta, nomen quidem regium retinuit ; sed omnibus Graeciae 
urbibus extra terminos antiquae possessions amissis, solam 
Macedoniam retinuit. 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 59 



66. Antiochum, Hannibalis consiliis adjutum, Romani aggre- 
diuntur. (Justin. XXXI. 1, 2. 4.) 

Interea Antiochus, rex Syriae, Aegyptum occupare statuit. 
ltaque Phoenicen, caeterasque Syriae quidem, sed juris Ae- 
gypti civitates, qaum invasisset, legatos ad eum Senatus mi- 
sit, qui denuntiarent ei, abstineret 1 regno pupiili populi Ro- 
mani, postremis patris precibus iidei suae traditi. Q,uibus 
spretis, bellum ei denuntiatum est. Eodem tempore Nabis, 
Lacedaemoniorum tyrannus, multas Graeciae civitates occu- 
paverat. Igitur Senatus, ne uno tempore duplici bello Ro- 
manae vires distinerentur, scripsit 2 Fiaminino, si ei videretur, 
sicuti Macedoniam a Philippo, ita Graeciam a Nabide libe- 
raret. Terribile quippe Antiochi bellum nomen Hannibalis 
fecit, quern aemuli ejus cum Antiocho inisse societatem apud 
Romanos criminabantur. Qui quum sibi a Romanis insidias 
strui intellexisset, clam nave conscensa, cursum ad Antiochum 
direxit. Ad hunc quum pervenisset, negabat opprimi Roma- 
nos nisi in Italia posse. Cujus consilia quum regi placerent, 
Romani ad Antiochum legatos misere, qui et regis apparatum 
specularentur, et Hannibalem assiduo colloquio 3 suspectum 
invisumque redder ent. Hie dolus bene illis successit. Quip- 
pe Antiochus reconciliatam ejus cum Romanis gratiam 4 exis- 
timans, eum veluti hostem proditoremque sui odisse coepit. 

67. Eum pugnanavali superant. (Just. XXXI. 6.) 

Dum igitur Antiochus, falsa suspicione deceptus, omnem 
belli apparatum temere et negligenter agit, Acilius, Romanus 
consul, omnia bello necessaria summa industria parat. lta- 
que prima belli congressione 5 rex victus et fugatus castra di- 
tia victoribus reliquit. Deinde quum in Asiam fugiendo per- 
venisset, poenitere neglecti consilii coepit, revocatoque in 
amicitiam Hannibale, omnia ex sententia ejus agere. Inte- 
rim nuntiatur, Aemilium, Romanum ducem, cum octoginta 
rostratis navibus adventare. ltaque, priusquam sociae civi- 
tates ad hostes deficerent, decernere navali proelio statuit, 
sperans cladem in Graecia acceptam nova posse victoria 
aboleri. Tradita igitur Hannibal i classe, proelium committi- 
tur. 6 Sed nee Asiani milites Romanis, neque naves eorum 
pares rostratis navibus fuerunt ; minor tamen clades ducis 
solertia fuit. 



60 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 



68. Antiochus pads leges, a Roma?iis dictatas, repudiat. 
(Justin. XXXI. 7.) 

Novae hujus victoriae fama nondum Romam venerat, quum 
jam Lucius Scipio consul creatus esset, qui^bellum in Asia ge- 
reret. Huic datur legatus frater Africanus, cui Poeni et Han- 
nibal superati nomen fecerant. Trajicientibus autem in Asiam 
exercitum Scipionibus, jam utrobique prorogatum bellum nun- 
tiatum est, victumque Antiochum terrestri, Hannibalem navali 
bello invenerunt. Primo igitur adventu eorum legatos pacem 
petentes ad eos Antiochus mittit, peculiare donum Africano 
ferentes ipsius filium, quern rex parvo navigio trajicientem ce- 
perat. Leges pacis dicuntur : Ut rex Asia Romanis cederet, 
contentus regno Syriae esset, naves universas trader et, sumtum- 
que omnem belli Romanis restitueret. Quae quum nuntiata 
Antiocho essent, nondum ita se victum esse respondit, ut spoli- 
ari se regno pateretur. 

69. Magno proelio vinciiur. (Justin. XXXI. 8.) 

Igitur quum ab utrisque bellum pararetur, ingressique 
Asiam Romani Ilion 1 venissent, mutua gratulatio Iliensium 
ac Romanorum fuit, Iliensibus, Aeneam caeterosque duces cum 
eo a se profectos ; Romanis, se ab his procreatos, referentibus 
Tantaque laetitia omnium fuit, quanta esse post longum tem- 
pus inter parentes et liberos solet. Profectis ab Ilio Roma- 
nis, Eumenes rex cum auxiliis occurrit ; nee multo post 
proelium cum Antiocho commissum. 2 Quum in dexteriore 
cornu. pulsa legio Romana ad castra fugeret, M. Aemilius, 
tribunus militum, ad tutelam castrorum relictus, armare se 
milites suos et extra vallum progredi jubet, strictisque gladiis 
fugientibus minari, morituros, nisi in proelium revertantur ; in- 
festioraque sua, quam hostium castra, inventuros. Attonita 
tarn ambiguo 3 periculo legio in proelium revertitur, magna- 
que caede edita, initium victoriae fuit. Caesa hostium quin- 
quaginta millia, capta undecim. Antiocho pacem petenti 
nihil ad superiores conditiones additum. Captas civitates inter 
socios divisere Romani. 

70, Aetoli a Romanis victi. Achaeorum et Messeniorum bella. 
(Justin. XXX 4. XXXII. 1.) 

Aetoli, 4 qui Romanis ofFensi, quod non omnem Macedoni- 
an! Philippo ademtam ipsis dedissent, Antiochum in bellum 



MACEDOXUM IMPERIUM. 61 

impulerant, illo victo soli remanserunt. Nee multo post 
victi, libertatem, quam adversus domination em Atheniensium 
et Spartanorum inter tot Graeciae civitates soli retinuerant, 
amiserunt. Sub idem tempus bello inter Messenios et Achae- 
os exorto, Achaeorum imperator Philopoemen, in transitu 
fossae equo praecipitatus, a multitudine hostium oppressus 
est. Hunc, velut in illo omne bellum confecissent, 1 in mo- 
dum triumphi per universam civitatem circumduxerunt. De- 
inde in carcerem ducto venenum dederunt ; quod ille laetus, 
ac si vicisset, accepit, quaesito 2 prius, an Lycortas, praefectus 
Achaeorum, .quern secundum a se esse sciebat, incolumh 
effugisset ? Quern ut accepit effugisse, non in totum, dicens, 
consul turn* male Achaeis, exspiravit. Nee multo post reparato 
bello, Messenii vincuntur, poenasque interfecti Philopoemenia 
pependerunt. 

7 1 . Regia Philippi Macedonis parricidio inquinatur. (Just, 

XXXII. 2.) 

Interim regis Macedonum domus intestinis malis agitaba- 
tur. Nam quum Demetrius, Philippi filius, a patre Romam 
missus, ob insignem pudorem 4 multa favoris documenta a 
senatu accepisset, patri invisus esse coepit, indignanti, plu3 
momenti apud senatum personam filii, quam auctoritatem 
patris habuisse. Igitur Perseus, major filiorum regis, per- 
specta patris aegritudine, quotidie absentem Demetrium apud 
eum criminari, et primo invisum, mox etiam suspectum red- 
dere ; nunc amicitiam Romanorum, nunc proditionem ei pa- 
tris objectare. Ad postremum insidias sibi ab eo paratas con- 
fingit, ad cujus criminis probationem immittit indices, testes- 
que subornat. Quibus rebus patrem impulit, ut supplicium 
de innocente sumeret. 

72. Philippics morilur. (Justin. XXXII. 3.) 

Occiso Demetrio sublatoque aemulo non negligentior tan- 
tum Perseus in patrem, verum etiam contumacior erat ; nee 
heredem regni, sed regem se gerebat. His rebus ofTensus 
Philippus impatientius in dies mortem Demetrii dolebat, et, 
denique fraude cognita, non minus scelere Persei, quam in- 
noxii Demetrii morte cruciabatur. Brevi post tempore, mor- 
bo ex aegritudine animi contracto decessit, relicto magno 
belli apparatu adversus Romanes, quo postea Perseus usus 
est. 



62 MACEDGKUM IMFF-IIIUM. 



* 



73. Ultima Hannibalis fata. (Justin. XXXII. 4. Corn. 

Nep. Vita Hannib. c. 12.) 

Hannibal, quum ab Antiocho Romani, inter caeteras con- 
ditiones pacis, deditionem ejus deposcerent, admonitus a 
rege, Cretam confugit. Ibi quum se propter nimias opes in- 
vidiosum 1 videret, contendit ad Prusiam, regem Bithyniae. 
Qui quum terrestri proelio ab Eumene victus esset, et bei- 
lum in mare transtulisset, Hannibal novo commento auctor 
victor iae fuit. Quippe omne serpen tium genus 2 in fictiles 
lagenas conjici jussit, medioque proelio in naves hostium 
mitti. Id primum illis ridiculum visum. Sed ubi serpenti- 
bus repleri naves coepere, ancipiti periculo circumventi, 
hosti victoriam cessere. Quae ubi Romam nuntiata sunt, 
senatus legatos misit, qui utrumque regem in pacem coge- 
rent, Hannibalemque deposcerent. His Prusias, quod pete- 
bant, negare non ausus, rogavit, ne id a se fieri postularent, 
quod adversus jus hospitii esset ; ipsi, si possent, compre- 
henderent ; locum, ubi esset, facile inventuros. Hannibal 
enim uno loco se tenebat in castello, quod ei a rege datum 
erat muneri, idque sic aedificarat, ut in omnibus partibus 
aedificii exitum sibi haberet; semper verens, ne usu eveni- 
ret, quod accidit. Hue quum legati Romanorum venissent, 
ac multitudine domum ejus circumdedissent, puer a janua 
prospiciens Hannibali dixit, plures praeter consuetudinem ar- 
matos apparere. Qui imperavit ei, ut omnes fores aedificii 
circumiret, ac propere sibi renuntiaret, num eodem modo un- 
dique obsideretur. Puer quum omnes exitus occupatos os- 
tendisset, sensit id non fortuito factum, sese peti, neque sibi 
diutius vitam esse retinendam. Quam ne alieno arbitrio 
dimitteret, memor pristmarum virtutum, venerium, quod sem- 
per secum habere consueverat, sumsit. 

74. Perseus a Romanis victus; Macedonia in provinciae 

Rom. for mam redacta. (Just. XXXIII. 1, 2.) 

Jam Macedonicum bellum summa* omnium virium conten- 
tione a Romanis geri coeptum est. Prima equitum congres- 
sio fuit, qua Perseus victor suspensam 3 omnium exspecta- 
tionem in sui favorem traxit ; misit tamen legatos ad consu- 
lem, qui pacem peterent, quam patri suo Romani etiam victo 
dedissent, impensas belli lege victi 4 suscepturus. Sed consul 
Sulpicius non minus graves, quam victo, 5 leges dixit. Dum 
haec aguntur, Romani Aemilium Paulum consulem creant, 
eique extra oramem Macedonicum bellum decernunt; qui 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 63 

quum ad exercitum venisset, non magnam moram pugnae fe- 
cit. Pridie, quam proelium 1 consereretur, luna nocte defe- 
cit ; quod ostentum Perseo cladem finemque Macedonici regni 
portendere vaticinabantur. Quod vaticinium non fefellit. Per- 
seus rex fuga cum decern millibus talent urn Samothraciam 2 
defertur ; quern Cnaeus Octavius ad persequendum missus a 
consule, cum duobus flliis, Alexandro et Philippo, cepit, cap- 
tumquead consulem duxit. Macedonia Romanorum ditioni 
addita. Aetolorum, nova semper bella in Graecia excitantium 
principes Romam missi, ibique, ne quid in patria novarent, diu 
detenti sunt. Tandem per multos annos legationibus civita- 
tium senatu fatigata, in suam quisque patriam remissus est. 

75. Romani in Achaeos causas belli quaerunt. (Justin. 

XXXIV. 1.) 

Macedonibus subactis, Aetolorumque viribus debilitatis, 
soli adhuc ex uni versa Graecia Achaei nimis potentes tunc 
temporis Romanis videbantur, non propter singularum civi- 
tatium nimias opes, sed propter conspirationem 3 universarum. 
Namque Achaei, licet per civitates divisi, unum tamen im- 
perium habent, singularumque urbium pericula mutuis viri- 
bus propulsant. Quaerentibus igitur Romanis causas belli, 
tempestive fortuna querelas Spartanorum obtulit, quorum 
agros Achaei propter mutuum odium populabantur. Sparta- 
nis a senatu responsum est, legatos se ad inspiciendas res 
sociorum in Graeciam missuros. Legatis clam mandatum 
est, ut corpus Achaeorum dissolverent. Hi itaque omnium 
civitatium principibus Corinthum evocatis, decretum senatus 
recitant, dicentes, expedire omnibus, ut singulae civitates sua 
jura et suas leges habeant. Quod ubi omnibus innotuit, ve- 
lutin furoremversi universumperegrinumpopulum trucidant; 
legatos quoque ipsos Romanorum violassent, nisi hi, audito tu- 
multu, trepidi fugissent. 

76. Achaeis victis Corinthus diripitur. (Justin. XXXIV. 2.) 

Haec ubi Romae nuntiata sunt, statim senatus Mummio 
consuli bellum Achaicum decernit, qui, omnibus strenue pro- 
visis, pugnandi copiam hostibus fecit. Sed apud Achaeos 
omnia neglecta et soluta fuerunt. Itaque praedam, non proe- 
lium agitantes, 4 vehicula ad spolia hostium reportanda, se- 
cum duxerunt, et conjuges liberosque suos ad spectaculum 
certaminis in montibus posuerunt. Sed proelio commisso 5 

Part II.— 7 



64 RES PARTHORUM. 

ante oculos suorum caesi sunt. Conjuges quoque et hberi 
eorum praeda hostium fuere. Urbs Corihthus diruitur : popu- 
lus omnis sub corona venditur ; ut hoc exemplo ceteris civita- 
tibus metus novarum rerum 1 imponeretur. 

77. Atimo defuncto, Asia fit Romanorum. 
(Justin. XXXVI. 4.) 

Non ita multo post etiam Asia Romanorum facta est. Atta- 
lus 2 ibi florentissimum ab Eumene patruo acceptum regnum 
caedibus amicorum et cognatorum suppliciis foedabat. Post 
multa scelera squalidam vestem sumit, barbam capillumque in 
modum reorumsummittit: 3 non in publicum prodire, non popu- 
lo se ostendere, non domi laetiora conviviainire,prorsusutpoe- 
nas scelerum pendere videretur. Omissa deinde regni adminis- 
tratione, hortos fodiebat, gramina seminabat, et noxia innoxiis 
permiscebat, eaque omnia veneni succo infecta, velut pecu- 
liare munus, amicis mittebat. Postea aerariae artis fabricae 
se tradidit, cerisque fingefldis et aere fundendo et procuden- 
do oblectabatur. Matri deinde sepulcrum facere instituit: 
cui operi intentus, morbum ex solis fervore contraxit, et sep- 
tima die decessit. Hujus testamento populus Romanus heres 
regni est institutus. 



F. RES PARTHORUM. 

1. Parthorum origines. (Justin. XLI. 1.) 

Parthi, 4 penes quos nunc Orientis imperium est, Scytharum 
exsules fuere. Hoc etiam ipsorum nomine manifestatur ; nam 
Scythico sermone Parthi exsules dicuntur. Hi et Assyriorum 
et Medorum temporibus inter Orientis populos obscurissimi 
fuerunt. Postea quoque quum imperium Orientis a Medis ad 
Persas translatum est, veluti vulgus sine nomine, praeda vic- 
torum fuere. Postremo Macedonibus servierunt. A Roma- 
nis autem, binis bellis, 5 per maximos duces, florentissimis tem- 
poribus, lacessiti, soli ex omnibus gentibus non pares solum, 6 
verum etiam victores fuere. 

2. Parthorum mores. (Justin. XLI. 2.) 

Administratio gentis post defection em Macedonici imperii 
sub regibus fuit Proximus regibus populi ordo est : ex hoc 



RES PARTHORUM. 65 

duces in bello, ex hoc rectores in pace habent. Sermo inter 
Scythicum et Medicum medius et ex utrisque mixtus. Vestis 
olim sui moris ] l posteaquam accessere opes, ut Medis, pellu- 
cida ac fluida. 2 Exercitum non, ut aliae gentes, liberorum, 
sed majorem partem servorum habent. Hos pari ac liberos 
suos cura habent, et equitare ac sagittare magna industria do- 
cent. Locupletissimus ut quisque est, ita plures in bello equites 
regi suo praebet. Cominus in acie proeliari, aut obsessas ex- 
pugnare urbes nesciunt. Pugnant autem procurrentibus equis, 
aut terga dantibus ; saepe etiam fugara simulant, ut incautio- 
res adversus vulnera insequentes habeant. 3 Diu pugnare 
nequeunt ; et sane intolerandi forent, si, quantus est impetus, 
vis tanta et perseverantia esset. Plerumque in ipso ardore 
certaminis proelia deserunt, et paullo post pugnam ex fuga 
repetunt ; ut, quum maxim e te vicisse putes, turn tibi discri- 
men subeundum sit maximum. Munimentum ipsis equisque 
loricae plumatae sunt, quae utrumque toto corpore tegunt, 
Auri argentique nullus in armis usus. 

3. Continuatio. (Justin. XLI. 3.) 

Uxores singuli plures habent, iisque non convivia tantum 
virorum, verum etiam conspectum inter dicunt. Carne nonnisi 
venatibus quaesita vescuntur. 4 Equis omni tempore vectantur ; 
illis 5 bella, illis convivia, illis publica ac privata officia obeunt; 
super illos ire, consistere, mercari, colloqui. Hoc denique dis- 
crimen inter servos liberosque est, quod servi pedibus, liberi 
nonnisi equis incedunt. Sepultura vulgo aut avium aut ca- 
num laniatus est. Nuda demum ossa terra obruunt. In su- 
per stitionibus 6 praecipua amnibus veneratio est. Caeterum 
ingenia genti tumida, seditiosa, fraudulenta, procacia ; natura 
taciti'; 7 ad faciendum, quam ad dicendum, promtiores. Prin- 
cipibus metu, non pudore 8 parent. Fides dictis promissisque 
nulla, nisi quatenus expedit. 

4. Arsaces Parthosin libertatem vindicat. (Justin. XLI. 4.) 

Post mortem Alexandri Magni quum inter successores ejus 
Orientis regna dividerentur, prinTum Stasanori cuidam sunt 
traditi, quum nullus Macedonum Parthorum imperium dig- 
naretur accipere. Postea diductis Macedonibus in bellum 
civile, alios post alios habuere dominos. Tandem Arsaces 
vir incertae originis sed magnae virtutis, Seleuco, 9 ad quern 
Parthorum populus per aliquod tempus pertinuerat, a Gallis 



66 RES PARTHORUM. 

in Asia victo, cum praedonum manu Parthos ingressus, rnipe- 
num gentis invasit. Non magno deinde post tempore Hyrca- 
norum quoque regnum occupavit, et Seleucum ad defectores 
persequendos venientem, proelio vicit. Q,uem diem Parthi 
exinde solemnemjtelut initium libertatis, observant. 

5. Regnum firmat. (Justin. XLI. 5.) 

Revocato deinde Seleuco novis motibus in Asiam, Arsaces 
dato laxamento, regnum Parthicum format, militem legit, cas- 
tella munit, civitates firmat. Urbem quoque nomine Daram, in 
monte Zapaortenon condit, cujus loci ea conditio est, ut neque 
munitius quidquam esse, neque amoenius possit. Nam prae- 
ruptis montibus ita cingitur, ut tutela loci nullis defensoribus 
egeat ; et soli circumjacentis tanta ubertas est, ut propriis opi- 
bus expleatur. Sic Arsaces, quaesito simul constitutoque regno 
non minus memorabilis Paj^iis, quam Persis Cyrus, matura 
senectute decedit. CujuJRemoriae hunc honorem Parthi 
tribuerunt, ut omnes exindereges suos Arsacis nomine nuncu- 
pent. Hujus nepos, Arsaces et ipse nomine dictus, quindecim 
annis in regno actis decessit, relictis duobus fi liis, Mithridate 
et Phrahate ; quorum major Phrahates more gentis, heres 
regni, Mardos, validam gentem, bello domuit, nee multo post 
decessit, multis filiis relictis ; quibus praeteritis, 1 fratri potissi- 
mum Mithridati, insignis virtutis viro, reliquit imperium, pa- 
triae potius quam liberis consulendum ratus. 

6. Mithridates regni fines profert. (Justin. XLI. 6.) 

Hie vir spem de se conceptam non fefellit. Bello inter 
Parthos et Medos orto, post varios utriusque populi casus, ad 
postremum victoria penes Parthos fuit His viribus auctus 
Mithridates Mediae Bacasin praeponit, ipse in Hyrcaniam pro- 
ficiscitur. Unde reversus bellum cum Elymaeorum 2 rege 
gessit, quo victo hanc quoque gentem regno adjecit, impe- 
riumque Parthorum a monte Caucaso, multis populis in di- 
tionem redactis, usque ad flumen Euphratem protulit. His 
actis adversa valetudine cflrreptus, non minor Arsace proavo, 
gloriosa senectute decessit. 

7. Regum Parthicorum successio. (Just. XLII. 1, 2, 3.) 

Huic Phrahates Alius successit. Qui cum Scythis bellum 
gerens a Graecis militibus, quibus in bello captis et crudeliter 
tractatis, imprudentius, ut suis, utebatur, in pugna relictus at- 



RES PARTHORUM. 67 

que occisus est. In hujus locum Artabanus, patruus ejus, rex 
substituitur ; qui bello Thogariis 1 illato, in brachio vulneratus, 
statim decedit. Huic Mithridates filius succedit, cui res gestae 
Magni cognomen dedere: quippe claritatem parentum animi 
magnitudine supergreditur. Multa belli cum finitimis magna 
virtute gessit, multosque populos Parthico regno addidit. Ed- 
am cum Scythis prospere aliquoties dimicavit. Ad postremum 
Ortoadisti, Armeniorum regi, bellum intulit; quo debellato 
propter crudelitatem a Senatu Parthico regno pellitur. 

8. Romariorum le giones a Par this trucidantur . 
(Justin. XLII. 4.) 

Vacans regnum occupavit Orodes, Mithridatis frater. Qui 
quum Babyloniam, quo Mithridates confugerat, diu obsideret, 
oppidanos fame coactos in deditionem compulit. Mithridates 
quoque, fiducia cognationis, ultro se in protestatem Orodis 
tradit. Sed Orodes plus hostem, quam fratrem, cogitans, in 
conspectu suo eum trucidari jussit. Post haec bellum cum 
Romanis "gessit, Crassumque imperatorem cum rilio et omni 
exercitu Romano del evit. Hujus filius Pacorus, missus ad 
persequendas Romani belli reliquias, magnis rebus in Syria 
gestis, patri suspectus in Parthiam revocatur ; quo absente, 
exercitus Parthorum relictus in Syria a Cassio, quaestore 
Crassi, cum omnibus ducibus trucidatur. 

9. Romani Parlhos magno proelio vincunt. 
(Justin. XLII. 4.) 

His ita gestis non multo post tempore, apud Romanos inter 
Caesarem et Pompejum civile bellum exarsit, in quo Parthi 
Pompejanarum partium fuere. Victis partibus Pompejanis, 
et Cassio et Bruto auxilia adversus Augnstum et Antonium 
misere, et post belli hnem rursum, Pacoro duce, Syriam et 
Asiam vastavere, castraque Ventidii, qui absente Pacoro ex- 
ercitum Parthicum fuderat, magna mole aggrediuntur. Sed 
ille simulato timore, diu continuit sc, et insultare* Parthos ali- 
quantisper passus est. Ad postremum in securos laetosque 
partem legionum emisit, quarum impetu fusi Parthi in diversa 
abiere. Pacorus quum fugientes suos abduxisse secum legio- 
nes Romanas putaret, castra Ventidii, velut defensoribus pri- 
vata, aggredilur. Turn Ventidius, reliqua parte legionum 
emissa, universam Parthorum manum cum rege ipso Pacoro 
interfecit. Nullo bello Parthi unquam majus vulnus acce- 
perunt. 7 * 



68 RES PARTHORUM. 

10. Orodis, regis Parthorum, de mortefilii Indus. 

(Justin. 1 c.) 

Haec quum in Parthia nuntiata essent, Orodes, pater Pa- 
cori, qui paullo ante vastatam Syriam, Asiam a Parthis occu- 
patam esse auarilrat, victoremque Pacorum Romanorum 
gloriabatuf, repente filii morte et exercitus clade audita, ex 
dolore in furorem vertitur. 1 Multis diebus non alloqui quem- 
quam, non cibum sumere, non vocem mittere, ita ut etiam 
mutus factus videretur. Post multos deinde dies, ubi dolor 
vocem laxaverat, 2 nihil aliud quam Pacorum vocabat, ilium 
videre, ilium audire se putabat. Post longum deinde luctum 
alia sollicitudo miserandum senem invadit, quern ex numero 
triginta filiorum in locum Pacori regem destinet. Multae 
pellices, ex quibus generata tanta juventus erat, pro suis 
quaeque sollicitae, animumsenisobsidebant. Sed fatum Par- 
thiae fecit, ut sceleratissimus omnium, et ipse Phrahates no- 
mine, rex statueretur. g 

11. Phrahatis saevitia et exilium. (Just. XLII. 5.) 

Hie itaque, beneficium parricidio rependens, patrem inter- 
fecit ; fratres quoque ad unum omnes trucidat. Jam quum 
infestos sibi optimates propter assidua scelera videret, ne esset, 
qui in suum locum nominari rex posset, adultum filium interfici 
jubet. Huic Antonius bellum cum sedecim validissimis legio- 
nibus intulit, sed graviter multis proeliis vexatus, a Parthia 
refugit. Qua victoria insolentior Phrahates redditus, quum in 
dies magis saeviret, in exilium a populo pellitur. Exilii impa- 
tiens, quum diu finitimas civitates, ad postremum Scythas pre- 
cious fatigasset, Scytharum maxime auxilio in regnum resti- 
tuitur. Eo absente regem Parthi Tiridaten quemdam const j- 
tuerant ; qui, audito adventu Scytharum, cum magna amicorum 
manu ad Gaesarem, 3 in Hispania bellum tunc temporis geren- 
tem, profugit, obsidem Caesari minimum filium Phrahatis fe~ 
rens, quern negligentius custoditum rapuerat. 

• 12. Augustus Phrahatem terret. (Justin. 1. c.) 

Quo cognito, Phrahates statim ad Caesarem legatos mittit, 
servum suum Tiridaten et filium remitti sibi postulat. Qua 
legatione audita, Caesar, neque Tiridaten dediturum se Par- 
this, dixit, neque adversus Parthos Tiridati auxilia daturum. 
Simul Phrahati filium sine pretio remisit, et Tiridati, quoad 
manere apud Romanos vellet, opulentum sumtum praeberi 



RES SICILIAE. 69 

jussit. Post haec finito Hispaniensi bello, quum in Syriam 
ad componendum Orientis statum venisset, metum Phrahati 
incussit. Quare hie ut bellum a Parthiae finibus averteret, 
omnes captivos ex Crassi et Antonii legionibus colligi jussit, 
eosque simul cum signis militaribus 1 i^M^sto remisit. Sed 
et filii nepotesque Phrahatis obsides JBPisto dati, plusque 
Caesar magnitudine sui nominis fecit, quam armis alius im- 
perator facere potuisset. 



G. RES SICILIAE. 



1. Siciliae origines. (Justin. IV. 2.) 

Siciliae primo Trinacriae 2 nomen fuit: postea Sicania 3 
cognominata est. Haec a principio patria Cyclopum fuit, 
quibus exstinctis Cocalus regnum insulae occupavit; post 
quern singulae civitates in tyrannorum imperium concesserunt, 
quorum nulla terra feracior fuit. Horum ex numero Anaxilaus 
justitia cum caeterorum crudelitate certabat ; cujus moderatio- 
nis haud mediocrem fructum tulit. Quippe decedens quum 
Alios parvulos reliquisset, tutelamqueeorum Micytho,spectatae 
fidei servo, commisisset, tantus amor, memoriae ejus apud 
omnes fuit, ut par ere servo, quam carere regis filiis mallent, 
principesque civitatis, obliti dignitatis suae, regni majestatem 
administrari per servum paterentur. 

2. Carthaginienses in Sicilia. (Justin. IV. 2.) Dionysius 
major. (Ibid. XX 1. 5.) 

Imperium Siciliae etiam Carthaginienses tentavere; diuque 
varia fortuna cum tyrannis dimicatum. Ad postremum 
amisso Hamilcare imperatore cum exercitu, aliquantisper 
quievere victi. Insequenti tempore Dionysius, Carthagini- 
ensibus victis, totius insulae imperium occupavit. Turn, de- 
sidiam exercitus sui timens, copias in Italiam trajecit. Prima 
illi militia adversus Graecos fuit, qui proxima Italici maris 
litora tenebant ; quibus devictis, fmitimos quosque aggredi- 
tur, omnesque Graeci nominis, 1 Italiam possidentes, hostes 
sibi destinat ; quae gentes non partem, sed universam ferme 
Italiam ea tempestate occupaverant. Expugnatis Locris, 



70 RES SICILIAE. 

Crotonieiises aggreditur, qui cum parvis copiis fortiter restite- 
runt. Hoc bello occupatum Dionysium legati Gallorum, qui 
paucos ante menses Romam incenderant, 1 societatem amici 
tiamque petentes adeunt. Grata legatio Dionysio fuit. Ita 
pacta societate, ejtitedliis Gallorum auctus, bellum velut ex 
integro restau rattled eum in Siciliam adventus Carthagi- 
niensium revocavit, qui, reparato exercitu, bellum auctis viri- 
bus repetebant. Nee multo post Dionysius, assiduis bellis 
victus fractusque, ad postremum suorum insidiis interficitur. 

3. Dionysius minor patri succedit. (Just. XXL 1.) 

Eo exstmcto milites maximum natu ex flliis ejus, nomine 
Dionysium, in ejus locum suffecere. Qui, ut popularium am- 
nios inter initia regni sibi conciliaret, nexorum 2 tria millia e 
carcere dimittit ; tributa populo intra triennium remittit, et, 
quibuscunque delinimentis potest, animos omnium sollicitat. 3 
Tunc fratrum suorum avunculos, veluti aemulos imperii sui, 
hortatoresque puerorum ad divisionem regni, sustulit, ipsos- 
que paullo post fratres interficit. 

4. Regno pellitur. (Just. XXI. 2.) 

Sublatis aemulis in segnitiem lapsus, saginam corporis ex 
nimia luxuria, oculorumque valetudinem contraxit, adeo ut non 
solem, non pulverem, non denique splendorem ferre lucis posset. 
Propter quae dum contemni se putat, saevitia grassatur, civita- 
temque caedibus implet. Qxiae saevitia quum eum omnibus 
invisum reddidisset, et bellum denique Syracusani adversus 
eum decrevissent, diu dubitavit, 4 imperium deponeret an bello 
resisteret. Sed a militibus, praedam ex urbis direptione spe- 
rantibus, descend ere in proelium cogitur. Plus semel victus, 
legatos ad Syracusanos mittit, spondens, se depositurum tyran- 
nidem, si mitterent ad eum, quibuscum sibi de pace conveniret. 
In quam rem missos primores in carcere retinet, 5 atque ita, in- 
cautis omnibus nee quidquam hostile metuentibus, exercitum 
ad delendam civitatem mittit. Fit igitur in ipsa urbe anceps 
proelium ; in quo, oppidanis multitudine superantibus, Diony- 
sius pellitur, qui quum obsidionem arcis timeret, cum omni 
regio apparatu in Italiam profugit tacitus. 



• 



RES SICILIAE. 71 



5. Post tyrannidem in Locrenses exercitam Syracusas redit 

(Justin. XXI. 2, 3.) 

Exul a Locrensibus sociis exceptus, velut jure regnaret, ar- 
cem occupat, solitamque sibi saevitiam exercet. Opulentiores 
interfecit, matronas etiam nonnullas ad prodendas virorum pe- 
cunias torquet. Quum his artibus per annos sex regnasset, 
conspiratione Locrorum 1 civitate pulsus, in Siciliam redit. Ibi 
Syracusas, securis omnibus, post longam intercapedinem pa- 
ds, per proditionem recipit. 

6. A Timoleone pulsus Corinthum concessit. (Justin. XXI. 

5. Conf. Corn. Nep. Vita Timol. 2.) 

Ibi quum gravior crudeliorque in dies civitati esset, iterata 
conspiratione obsidetur. Petiverant autem ejus adversarii 
opem a Corinthiis, ducemque, quo in bello uterentur, postula- 
verant. Ab illis Timoleon missus, incredibili felicitate Dio- 
nysium tota Sicilia depulit. Tunc, deposito imperio, Corin- 
thum in exilium proficiscitur. Ibi, humillima quaeque tutis- 
sima existimans, in sordidissimum vitae genus descendit; in 
publico vagabatur et potabat; totis diebus in popinis deside- 
bat, cum perditissimo quoque de minimis rebus disceptabat, 
pannosus et squalidus incedebat ; quae omnia facere videbatur 
ut contemnendus magis quam metuendus videretur. Denique, 
ludimagistrum professus, pueros in trivio docebat. 

7. Agathoclis tyranni genus et vita. (Just. XXII. 1.) 

Paucis annis interjectis Agathocles ex humili genere ad 
regnum Syracusarum totiusque Siciliae pervenit. Q,uippe in 
Sicilia patre figulo natus, juveniles annos omni infamiae gene- 
re inquinavit, latrocinia quoque exercuit. Interjecto tempore 
quum Syracusas concessisset, diu sine fide fuit f dcinde gre- 
gariam militiam sortitus, non minus tunc seditiosa, quam an- 
tea turpi vita, in omne facinus promtissimus erat. Nam et 
manu strenuus, et in concionibus perfacundus habebatur. 
Brevi itaque centurio, ac deinceps tribunus militum factus est. 
Jam quum in diversis proeliis insignem fortitudinem praesti- 
tisset, dignus est habitus, qui in locum defuncti ducis Damas- 
conis sufficeretur. Turn bis occupare imperium Syracusarum 
vol u it, bis in exilium actus est. 



72 RES SICILIAE. 

8. Tyrannidem Agathocles occupat. (Just. XXII. 2.) 

Quum apud Murgantinos 1 exularet, ab his odio Syracusa- 
norum primo praetor, mox dux belli creatur. In eo bello et 
urbem Leontinorom' 2 capit, et patriam suam Syracusas obsi- 
dere coepit. Sed quum videret, fortius defendi urbem, quam 
oppugnari, precibus per intemuntios Hamilcarem exorat, ut 
inter se et Syracusanos pacis arbitrium suscipiat. Quo inter- 
cedente non pax tantum Agathocli eonciliatur, verum etiam 
praetor Syracusis constituitur. Quo facto, acceptis ab Ha- 
milcare quinque millibus Afrorum, potentissimos quosque ex 
principibus interficit, senatum trucidat, et ex plebe quoque lo- 
cupletissimos et promtissimos tollit. 

9. Agathoclis bellacum Poenis. (Just. XXII. 3 — 6.) 

His ita gestis militem legit exercitumque conscribit ; quo 
instructus finitimas civitates, nihil hostile metuentes, ex im- 
proviso aggreditur. Deinde quum adversus Poenos arma 
movisset, Poenique victores Syracusas obsidione cinxissent, 
mira prorsus audacia bellum in Africam transferre statuit. 
Itaque oppidan is ad obsidionis necessitatem frumento in- 
structs, comitibus duobus adultis filiis, Archagatho et Hera- 
clida, cursum in Africam direxit. Quo quum venisset, uni- 
versas naves, consentiente exercitu, incendi jubet, ut omnes 
scirent, auxilio fugae ademto, 3 aut vincendum aut moriendum 
esse. Deinde quum omnia, quacunque ingrederentur, pros- 
ternerent, villas castellaque incenderent, obvius ei fuit cum 
triginta millibus Poenorum Hanno ; sed, proelio commisso, 
duo 4 de Siculis, tria millia de Poenis cum ipso duce cecidere. 
Hac victoria et Siculorum animi eriguntur et Poenorum fran- 
guntur. Castra deinde in quinto lapide a Carthagine statuit, 
ut vastitatem agrorum et incendia villarum de muris ipsius ur- 
bis specularentur. 5 

10. Agathocles Poenos e Sicilia pellit (Justin. XXII. 7, 8.) 

His Poenorum malis etiam deletus in Sicilia cum impera- 
tore exercitus accessit. Nam post profectionem Agathoclis 
Poeni in obsidione urbis segniores redditi, ab Antandro, fra- 
tre Agathoclis, occidione caesi nuntiabantur. 6 Itaque quum 
domi forisque eadem fortuna Carthaginiensium esset, non 
tributariae tantum ab his urbes, sed etiam socii reges deficie- 
bant. Quorum copiis auctus, 7 Carthaginienses gravi proe- 



RES SICILIAE. 73 

lio superat duo facto, tradito exercitu filio Archagatho, in 
Siciliam rediit, nihil actum existimans, si amplius Syracusae 
obsiderentur. Nam post occisum Hamilcarem, Gisgonis fili- 
um, novus eo a Poenis missus exercitus fuerat. Statim igi- 
tur primo adventu ejus Siciliae urbes, auditis rebus, quas in 
Africa gesserat, certatim se ei tradunt, atque ita pulsis e Si- 
cilia Poenis, totius insulae imperium occupavit. In Africam 
deinde reversus, seditione militum excipitur. Nam stipen- 
diorum solutio in adventu m patris dilata a filio fuerat. Igi- 
tur ad concionem vocatos blandis verbis permulsit : stipendia 
illis dicens ab hoste quaerenda esse : communem victoria m 
communem praedam futuram. Sedato itaque militari tumul- 
tu, ad castra hostium exercitum ducit ; ibi inconsultius proe- 
lium committendo, majorem partem exercitus perdidit. Quum 
itaque in castra fugisset, militesque ob stipendium non solu- 
tum metueret, concubia nocte solus cum Archagatho filio 
profugit. Arehagathus tamen, qui a patre noctis errore 1 
discesserat, a militibus comprehensus reducitur. Turn pac- 
tione cum hostibus facta, milites, interfectis Archagathi libe- 
ris, Carthaginiensibus se tradidere; Arehagathus ipse ab 
Arcesilao, amico antea patris, occisus est. Post haec Poeni 
ad persequendas belli reliquias duces in Siciliam miserunt, 
cum quibus Agathocles pacem aequis conditionibus fecit. 

11. Agathocles moritur. (Justin. XXIII. 2.) 

Brevi post tempore," Agathocles, auum spe ampliandi 2 reg- 
ni in Italiam trajecisset, gravi morbo correptus est. Quum 
jam nulla spes esset, eum hoc malo liberari posse, bellum 
inter filium ejus nepotemque oritur, regnum jam quasi mortui 
vindicantes, occisoque filio, regnum nepos occupavit. Inter 
haec domestica mala rex moritur. Carthaginienses autem, 
cogni'tis quae in Sicilia agebantur, occasionem totius insulae 
occupandae datam sibi existimantes, magnis viribus 3 eo tra- 
jiciunt, multasque civitates subigunt. 

12. Pyrrhus Siciliam occupat el amittit. 
(Justin. XXIII. 3.) 

Eo tempore Pyrrhus, rex Epiri, adversus Romanos bellum 
gerebat : 4 qui imploratus a Siculis in auxilium, quum Syracu- 
sas venisset, multasque civitates subegisset, rex Siciliae 
appellatur. Post haec multa secunda proelia cum Carthagi- 
niensibus facit. Interjecto deinde tempore, quum legati ab 
Italicis sociis venissent, nuntiantes, Romanis resisti non posse, 



74 DE HISPANIA. 

deditionemque futuram, nisi subveniat victorem exercitum in 
Italiam trajecit. Quo facto socii in Sicilia ab eo defecerunt, 
et imperium Siciliae tarn cito amisit, quam facile quaesierat. 
Sed nee in Italia meliore felicitate usus in Epirum revertitur. 

13. Hiero, Hieroclis filius, imperium Siciliae adipiscitur. 
(Justin. XXIII. 4.) 

Post profectionem a Sicilia Pyrrhi, magistrates Hiero 1 crea- 
tur, cujus tanta moderatio fuit, ut, consentiente omnium ci vita- 
turn favore, dux adversus Carthaginienses primum, mox rex, 
crearetur. Hujus futurae magnitudinis multa fuerunt omina. 
Q,uippe genitus patre Hierocle, nobili viro, a patre, quod ex 
ancilla natus esset, expositus erat. Sed parvulum apes multis 
diebus aluerunt. Ob quam rem responso aruspicum admoni- 
tus pater, qui regnum infanti portendi canebant, puerum rece- 
pit, omnique studio ad spem majestatis, quae promittebatur, 2 
instituit. Eidem, in ludo inter aequales discenti, lupus, in 
turba puerorum repente conspectus, tabulum eripuit. Ado- 
lescenti quoque, prima bella ineunti, aquila in clypeo, noctua 
in hasta consedit. Denique adversus provocatores saepe 
pugnavit, semperque victoriam reportavit. A Pyrrho rege 
multis militaribus donis donatus est. Pulcritudo ei corporis 
insignis, vires quoque in homine admirabiles fuere; in alloquio 
blandus, in negotio Justus, in imperio moderatus, prorsus ut 
nihil ei regium deesse, praeter regnum, videretur. 



H. DE HISPANIA QUAEDAM. 
1. Hispaniae descripto. (Justin. XLIV. 1.) 

Hispaniam veteres ab Ibero amne primum Iberiam, postea 
ab Hispano 3 Hispaniam cognominaverunt. Haec, inter Afri- 
cam et Galliam posita, Oceani freto et montibus Pyrenaeis 
clauditur. Sicut minor utraque terra, ita utraque fertilior. 
Nam neque, ut Africa, violento sole torretur, neque, ut Gallia, 
assiduis ventis fatigatur, sed media inter utramque in omnia 
frugum genera fecunda est, adeo ut non ipsis tantum incolis, 
verum etiam Italiae urbique Romanae cunctarum rerum abun- 
dantiam suppeditet. Hinc enim magna copia est frumenti, 



DE HISPANIA. 75 

vini, mellis et olei ; nee ferri solum materia praecipua est, sed 
et equorum pernices greges ; nee summae tantum terrae lau- 
danda bona, 1 verum et abstrusorum metallorum felices divitiae. 
Jam lini spartique vis ingens ; minii certe nulla feracior terra. 
In nac cursus amnium non tor rentes rapidique, ut noceant, sed 
lenes, et vineis campisque irrigui, 2 plerique etiam divites auro. 
Uno tantum Pyrenaei montis dorso adhaeret Galliae, reliquis 
partibus undique mari cingitur. ^Salubritas coeli per omnem 
Hispaniam aequalis, quia aeris spiritus nulla paludum gravi 
nebula inficitur. Hue accedunt et marinae aurae undique- 
versus assidui flatus, quibus omnem pro vdnciampenetrantibus, 
eventilato terrestri spiritu, praecipua hominibus sanitas reddi- 
tur. 

2. Hispanorum mores. Viriathus dux. (Ibid. 2.) 

Corpora hominum ad inediam 3 laboremque, animi ad mor- 
tem parati. Bellum quam otium malunt ; si extraneus 4 deest, 
domi hostem quaerunt. Velocitas genti pernix, inquies ani- 
mus ; plurimis militares equi, et arma sanguine ipso cariora. 5 
Nullus in festos dies epularum apparatus. In magna tamen 
saeculorum serie nullus illis dux magnus, praeter Viriathum, 
fuit, qui annis decern Romanos varia victoria fatigavit. Cujus 
ea virtus et continentia fuit, ut, quum consulares exercitus fre- 
quenter vicerit, tantis rebus gestis non armorum, non vestis 
cultum, non denique victum mutaret, sed in eo habitu, quo 
primum bellare coepit, perseveraret ; ut quivis gregarius miles 
ipso imperatore opulentior videretur. 

3. Gallaecorum divitiae et mores. (Just. XLIV. 3.) 

Pars Hispaniae, quae Gallaecia vocatur, aeris ac plumbi 
uberrima; tumet minio, quod etiam vicino flumini nomen dedit, 
et auro quoque ditissima adeo, ut etiam aratro frequenter 
glebas aureas exscindant. In hujus gentis finibus sacer mons 
est, quern ferro violari nefas habetur : sed si quando fulgure 
terra proscissa est, detectum aurum, velutf dei munus, colligere 
permittitur. Feminae res domesticas agrorumque culturam 
administrant ; ipsi 6 armis et rapinis serviunt. 7 Praecipua his 
quidem ferri materia, nee tamen ullum apud eos telumproba- 
tur, quod non aut Bilbili fluvio aut Chalybe tinctum sit 



PART II. 8 



76 RES MASSILIENSItJlfci. 



4. CarthaginiensiuminHispania imperium. 
(Justin. XLIV. 5.) 

Mature Carthaginienses imperium Hispaniae occupavere. 
Nam quum Gaditan^a Tyro, unde et Carthaginiensibus origo 
est, sacra Herculis in Hispaniam transtulissent, urbemque ibi 
condidissent, finitimi incrementis novae urbis invidentes, Ga- 
ditanos bello lacessiverunt. Consanguineis Carthaginienses 
auxilium miserunt. Ibi felici expeditione et Gaditanos ab in- 
juria vindicaverunt, et majorem partem Hispaniae imperio suo 
adjecerunt. Postea quoque, hortante primae expeditionis suc- 
cessu, Hamilcarem imperatorem cum magna manu ad occu- 
pandam provinciam misere, qui, magnis rebus gestis, dum for- 
tunam inconsultius sequitur, in insidias deductus occiditur. In 
hujus locum gener ipsius Hasdrubal mittitur ; qui et ipse a 
servo Hispani cujusdam, ulciscente domini injustam necem, in- 
terfectus est. Major utroque Hannibal, Hamilcaris Alius, suc- 
cessit. Hie universam Hispaniam domuit ; inde bello Roma- 
nis illato, Italiam per annos sexdecim variis cladibus fatigavit ; 
quum interea Romani, missis in Hispaniam Scipionibus, primo 
Poenos provincia expulerunt, postea cum ipsis Hispani s gravia 
bella gesserunt. N ec prius Hispani jugum potuerunt accipere 
quam Caesar Augustus, perdomito orbe terrarum, victricia ad 
eos arma transtulit, populumque barbarum et ferum, legibus a* 
cultioris vitae usum traductum, in formam provinciae redegit 



1. RES MASSILIENSIUM. 



1. Phocaeenses Massiliam condunt. (Just. XLIII. 3.) 

Temporibus Tarquinii Superbi, Romanorum regis, ex Asia 
Phocaeensium juventus, patria profuga, Massiliam inter Li- 
gures 2 et feras gentes Gallorum condidit, et, dum se armis 
adversus Gallicam feritatem tuentur, magnas res gesserunt. 
Duces classis Simos et Protis fuerunt. Hi regem Segobri- 
giorum, Nannum nomine, in cujus finibus urbem condere 
gestiebant, conveiiiunt. Forte eo die rex occupatus in ap- 
paratu nuptiarum Gyptis filiae erat ; quam more gentis, elec- 
to inter epulas genero, nuptum tradere illic 3 parabat. Itaque 



RES MASSILIENSIUM. 77 

quum ad nuptias invitati omnes proci essent, rogantur etiam 
Graeei hospites ad convivium. Introducta deinde virgo quum 
juberetur a patre aquam porrigere- ei, quern virum eligeret, 
tunc, omissis omnibus, ad Graecos conversa, aquam Proti 
porrigit ; qui factus ex hospite gener, locum condendae urbis 
a socero accepit. Condita igitur est Massilia prope ostia 
Rhodani amnis, in remoto sinu, velut in angulo maris. Sed 
Ligures, incrementis urbis invidentes, Graecos assiduis bellis 
fatigabant. 1 Qui pericula propulsando in tantum 2 enituerunt, 
ut, victis hostibus, in captivis agris multas colonias constitu- 
erent. 



2. Massiliensibus afinitimis struuntur msidiae. 
(Justin. XLIII. 4.) 

Ab his igitur Galli et usum vitae cultioris et agrorum cul- 
tus, et urbes moenibus cingere didicerunt. Tunc et legibus, 
non armis vivere, tunc et vitem putare, tunc olivam serere 
consueverunt. Mortuo rege Nanno Segobrigiorum, a quo 
locus condendae urbis acceptus fuerat, quum regno filius ejus 
Comanus successisset,affirmat Ligur quidam, Massiliam, quan- 
doque* finitimis populis exitio futuram, in ipso ortu opprimen- 
dam esse. Subnectit etfabulam: canem gravidam aliquando a 
pastore locum petisseprecario, in quo pareret; quern quum ob- 
tinuisset, iterato petisse, ut sibieducare eodem inloco catulos h- 
ceret; ad postremum, adultis catulis, past or em illam,domestico 
praesidio fortem,* depellere non potuisse. His incitatus rex in- 
sidias Massiliensibus struit. Itaque solemni Floraliorum 5 die 
multos fortes et strenuos viros hospitii jure inurbem misit; plu- 
res etiam frondibus tectos vehiculis induci jussit. Ipse cum ex- 
ercitu in proximis montibus delitescit, ut, quum nocte portae 
apertae forent, 6 tempestive adesset, urbemque somno ac vino se- 
pultam 7 armis invaderet. Sed has insidias mulier quaedam, 
regis cognata, prodidit, quae Graecum adolescentem, cujus 
amore tenebatur, miser ata formae et fortunae ejus, periculum 
declinare jussit. Ille rem statim ad magistratus defert ; atque 
itapatefactis insidiis, cuncti Ligures comprehenduntur. Quibus 
interfectis, insidianti regi insidiae tenduntur. Caesa sunt cum 
ipso rege hostium septem millia. Exinde Massilienses festis 
diebus portas claudere, vigilias agere, peregrinos recognos- 
cere, 8 ac veluti bellum habeant, urbem custodire. 



78 RES MASSILIENSIUM. 

3. Massiliensium bella. (Justin. XLII1. 5.) 

Post haec magna illis cum Liguribus, magna cum Gallis 
fuere bella ; quae res urbis gloriam auxit Graecorumque vir- 
tutem celebrem inter finitimos reddidit. Carthaginiensium quo- 
que exercitus, quum bellum, captis piscatorum navibus, ortum 
esset, saepe fuderunt, pacemque victis dederunt ; cum His- 
panis amicitiam junxerunt; cum Romanis prope ab initio 
conditae urbis foedu?summafidecustodieruDt,auxiliisquein omni- 
bus bellis industrie socios juverunt. Quae res illis et virium 
fiduciam auxit, et pacem ab hostibus praestitit. 

4. Finitimis impetum in eos facientibus, deorum cur a servan- 
ts. (Ibid.) 

Quum igitur Massilia fama rerum gestarum, et abundantia 
opum, et virium gloria floreret, repente rmitimi populi ad no- 
men Massiliensium 1 delendum, veluti ad commune exstinguen- 
dum incendium, concurrunt. Dux consensu omnium Catu- 
mandus regulus eligitur, qui, quum magno exercitu lectissi- 
morum virorum urbem hostium obsideret, per quietem specie 
torvae mulieris, quae se deam dicebat, exterritus, ultro pacem 
cum Massiliensibus fecit ; petitoque, 2 ut intrare illi in urbem et 
deos eorum adorare liceret, quum in arcem Minervae venisset, 
conspecto simulacro deae, quam per quietem viderat, repente 
exclamat, illam esse, quae se nocte exterruisset ; illam, quae 
recedere ab obsidione jussisset, gratulatusque Massiliensibus, 
quod animadverteret, eos ad curam deorum immortalium perti- 
nere, 3 torque aureo donata dea, in perpetuum amicitiam cum 
Massiliensibus junxit. Parta pace et securitate fundata legati 
Massiliensium, revertentes a Delphis, quo missi munera Apol- 
lini tulerant, audierunt urbem Romanam a Gallis captam in- 
censamque, 4 Quam rem domi nuntiatam publico funere 5 
Massilienses prosecuti sunt ; aurumque et argentum publicum 
privatumque contulerunt, ad explendum pondus Gallis, aqui- 
bus redemtam pacem cognoverant. Ob quod meritum et im- 
munitas illis decreta et locus spectaculorum in senatu datus et 
foedus aequo jure percussum est 



BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 



1. Cicero puer. 

Marcus Tullius Cicero natus est Arpini, U. C. ann, 
DCXLVIL, matre Helvia, ex honesta et nobili gente prog- 
nata, patre, Equite Romano, qui in amoenissima ad. Arpinum 
regione habebat praedium, a majoribus acceptum. Ibi ado- 
levit et educatus est Cicero. Pater ejus, quum bene perspi- 
ceret, quanta m vim in omnem vitam haberet recte instituta 
liberorum educatio, mature filios optimis praeceptoribus eru- 
diendos tradidit. Jam quum Tullius, in quo alacre ingenium 
cum eximia assiduitate conjunctum mature elucescebat, bona 
in litterarum studiis incrementa cepisset, a patre Romam mis- 
sus est, ubi celeberrimorum Graecorum scholis interesset. 
Quod quidem tanto successu tantaque cum praeceptorum, turn 
caeterorum discipulorum, admiratione factum est, ut, quum 
fama de insigni Ciceronis ingenio et doctrina ad alios quoque 
manasset, non pauci, qui ejus videndi et audiendi gratia scholas 
adirent, reperti fuisse dicantur. Idem, quum forte eodem tem- 
pore Romae commoraretur Graecus quidam, Archias, poetica 
facultate excellens, familiaritatem cum eo junxit, ej usque prae- 
ceptis et exemplo ita profecit, ut ipse turn carmen, Pontius 
Glaucus inscriptum, multa arte componeret. 

2. Cicero adolescens. 

Sic educatus et omni litterarum genere egregie instructus 
decimum sextum aetatis annum agebat Cicero. Mos fuit 
apud Romanos, ut ii, qui hunc aetatis annum consecuti es- 
sent, toga virili induta, in forum prodirent, ibique populi con- 
cionibus, judiciis et orationibus, quibus publicae causae de- 
fenderentur, adessent. Praeterea juvenes Romani, ut atten- 
8* 



80 BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATION ES. 

tius ad ea, quae e re sua essent, animos adVerterent, senator! 
cuidam nobiliori, cujus nutu et auctoritate regerentur eorum 
studia, commendari solebant. Cicero igitur, toga virili sum- 
ta, a patre deductus est ad Q,. Mucium Scaevolam augurem, 
tam rerum publicarum et civilium scientia, quam ingenio et 
doctrina, longe praestantissimum. Quern quidem quum Ci- 
cero, quod adolescentes honoris causa solebant facere, dedu- 
ceret in forum, reduceretque, nee unquam ab ejus latere dis- 
cederet ; non solum consilia, quae rogatus ille dabat, cupide 
arripiebat et animo recondebat, sed etiam vel commode, vel 
acute, vel prudenter ab eo dicta et disputata diligenter me- 
moriae mandabat. Hinc factum est, ut brevi tempore et le- 
gum, et omnium, quae a bono causarum patrono exiguntur, 
cognitionem sibi pararet accuratissimam. Sed quum nulla 
re magis ad summos in republica honores viam muniri posse 
intelligeret, quam arte dicendi et eloquentia, toto animo in 
ejus studium incubuit ; in quo quidem ita versatus est, ut non 
solum eos, qui in foro et judiciis causas perorarent, studiose 
sectaretur, sed privatim quoque, tam graecas orationes in la- 
tinam linguam vertendo, quam, quae ipse commentatus esset, 
declamando, diligentissime se exerceret. At ne in hoc qui- 
dem exercitationis gen ere acquievit. Nam eodem tempore 
non solum carmina, quibus Scaevolam et Atticum mirifice 
delectatos esse legimus," conscripsit, sed etiam philosophiae, 
Phaedro Epicureo inprimis duce, operam dedit 

3. Cicero miles. 

Postquam juvenes Romani assidua in rebus forensibus ex- 
ercitatione, et vario offlciorum genere, senatus populique fa~ 
vorem atque gratiam sibi collogerant, turn, ut foris pariter ac 
domi de republica bene merere discerent, togam cum sago 
mutare, sive castra sequi, et virtutis bellicae documenta ede- 
re, debebant. Itaque Cicero, ut faceret et tentaret omnia, 
quibus in republica ad summos honores enitendum erat, mi- 
litaris quoque artis scientiam sibi parare constituit. Nee de- 
erat ei ad hanc rem occasio. Saeviente enim turn bello So- 
ciali sive Marsico, quum consul Pompejus Strabo, Pompeji 
Magni pater, exercitum duceret contra hostiles copias, facile 
ab eo, ut in ejus comitatu sibi esse liceret, impetravit. In 
quo quidem bello, quamvis ad pacis magis, quam ad belli 
artes, natus esse videbatur Cicero, tamen nulli strenui mi- 
litis defuit officio, et omnino ita se gessit, ut bellicae quoque 
virtutis laudem inde referret. 



BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATtONES. 81 



4. Cicero post militiam in urbem reversus. 

Q,uum rerum publicarum status graviter turn concuteretur 
Sullae et Marii certaminibus, Cicero, ab omni partium stu- 
dio alienus, oratoribus, qui turn excellebant, vacabat, vel ipse 
cogitata mentis litteris mandabat. Sed multum ille in hac 
re discrepabat a nostrae aetatis hominum ingenio. Non enim 
protrusit et evulgavit statim, quae juvenis litteris consignave- 
fat, sed ad maturiorem aetatem reposuit, et, quae minus turn 
probarentur ejus judicio, aut emendavit, aut plane delevit. 
Ad oratores autem, quorum exemplo et disciplina adjuta turn 
imprimis sunt Ciceronis studia, pertinent Philo Academicus 
et Molo Rhodius, Mithridatis furore atque violentia cum mul- 
tis aliis e Graecia exacti. His quidem et Diodoto Stoico 
(quern recepit adeo in domum suam) eo impensius dedit ope- 
ram, quo major ei inter Romanos oratores eminendi fuit cu- 
piditas. Accenderat inprimis Ciceronis studia exemplum 
Hortensii, omnium oratorum, qui turn Romae florebant, elo- 
quentissimi. Hunc igitur tanto animi ardore aemulatus est, 
ut brevi tempore non aequaret tantum ejus laudem, sed etiam 
superaret 

T- 
5. Cicero in causa publico, primum orator, prodit 

Cicero, viginti et sex annos natus, postquam in privatis 
causis jam pluribus operam suam commodaverat, nunc in 
publica causa eloquentiae suae copias expromendi occasio- 
nem nactus est. Nam quum Roscium quendam ex Ameria, 
parricidii accusatum, ob Chrysogoni, qui in ejus adversary's 
fuit, potentiam nemo defendere auderet ; tanta eloquentiae 
vi et animi libertate eum defendit Cicero, ut jam turn in arte 
dicendi nullus ei par esse videretur. Ipse Cicero saepius 
magna cum animi voluptate hujus orationis et partae sibi per 
earn laudis meminit, quamvis idem, se nimium passim in hac 
oratione juvenili fervori indulsisse et fines, intra quos contineri 
debuisset, transiluisse, in maturiore aetate constitutus haud 
dissimulat. 

6. Cicero peregrinatur. 

Anno post ad corporis male affecti valetudinem reficien- 
dam Cicero in Asiam profectus est. Quum primum Athenas 
venisset, adeo hujus urbis commodis et opportunitatibus cap- 
tus est, ut per sex menses ibi commoraretur. Nihil autem 



82 BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 

opportunius et jucundius in hac celebratissima Musarum sede 
obtingere potuit Ciceroni nostro, quam quod ei cum Antiocho, 
philosopho Academico, non versari tantum, sed etiam apud 
eum habitare liceret. Sic enim nactus fuerat non solum ami- 
cum, quocum familiariter viveret, sed etiam magistrum, ad 
cujus praecepta philosophiae studia moderari posset. Ad vi- 
tae jucunditatem, qua Cicero Athenis fruebatur, multum con- 
fer ebat Pomponii Attic i, veteris amici et aequalis, quern ibi con- 
vener at, consuetudo ; quae quidem ita turn aucta et conflrmata 
est, ut per totam reliquam vitam alter alteri exsisteret amici§- 
simus. Eodem tempore apud Demetrium Syrum, veterem et 
haud ignobilem dicendi magistrum, studiose Noster in arte 
rhetorica se exercuit. 



7. Cicero Asiam peragrat. 

Athenis relictis Cicero iter flexit in Asiam, ibique cum 
principibus oratoribus, ad quos se applicaverat, Menippo Stra- 
tonicensi, Dionysio Magnete, Aeschylo Cnidio, Xenocle Adra- 
mytteo et aliis versatus est et nobilissimas Asiae urbes per- 
agravit. Delatus deniqueestRhodum, ubi, quern jam Romae 
audiverat, Moloni denuo operam dedit. Insignes, quos Cicero 
in arte dicendi inter ea fecerat, progressus mirabatur quidem 
Molo, sed idem vitia, quae vitanda essent oratori bono et gravi, 
libere ei indicavit. Nam quum res, quas Noster in orationibus 
describendas sibi sumserat, nimia verborum copia exaggeraret, 
et sententiarum lumina ingenii ostentandi causa minis coacer- 
varet ; humaniter eum monuit Molo, ut hunc juvenilem im- 
petum reprimere, et, quae redundarent, quasi extra ripas difflu- 
entia, coercere studeret. Cujus quidem praecepti veritatem se 
bene jam turn percepisse, ipse grato animo profitetur. — Posido- 
nium quoque, philosophum, qui Rhodi erat, diligenter audivit, 
eumque in philosophiae studio ducem adhibuit. 



8. Cicero ex peregrinatione redux in urbem f actus. 

Biennio post quum Cicero Romam se recepisset, ibi, sicut 
ante peregrinationem, in foro versari atque causas perorare 
coepit. Ad eos, quorum causas turn Ciceronem defendisse 
constat, pertinet Roscius Comoedus, vir tarn arte histrionica, 
quam ingenio et aliarum virtutum laude florentissimus. Quo 
crebrior autem causarum dicendarum oblatafuit Ciceroni oc- 
casio, eo luculentius exsplendescere coepit ejus fama atque 



BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 83 

gloria, et eo magis ad summos honores sonsequendos via ei 
aperta atque munita est. 

9. Cicero Quaestor in Sicilia. 

Quum Cicero trigesimum primum aetatis annum ageret, 
quo anno secundum leges Romanas magistratum ei capessere 
licebat, ab omnibus tribubus sine ulla suffragiorum varietate 
Quaestor creatus est. Jam vero quum creati Quaestores de 
provincia, quam quisque administraret, sortiri solerent, sorti- 
tione facta evenit Nostro Sicilia. Profectus igitur in provin- 
ciam tanta diligentia tantaque prudentia omnes ac singulas 
demandati sibi muneris partes explevit, ut non solum senatus 
populique Romani favorem et gratiam, sed etiam Siculorum 
amorem atque benevolentiam sibi conciliaret. Romanis qui- 
dem, frumenti penuria et caritate hoc anno laborantibus, com- 
meatu ex Sicilia subvecto egregie prospexit ; Siculis vero tarn 
mitem, comem, humanum et officiosum se praebuit, ut dece- 
dentem ex provincia inauditis, ut ipse testatur, honoribus orna- 
rent, et, quocunque modo possent, gratum animum ei declara- 
rent. — Caeterum quicquid temporis, a publicis negotiis vacui, 
ei datum fait in Sicilia, id exercitationibus, ad artem dicendi 
spectantibus, sacravit. 

10. Cicero sepulchrum Archimedis investzgat. 

Priusquam Cicero ex Sicilia decederet, totam insulam per- 
agrare, et, quicquid rerum memorabilium ibi reperiretur, cog- 
noscere et oculis usurpare constituit. Quum Syracusis esset, 
principes quosdam, quibus ducibus in celeberrima ilia urbe 
lustranda utebatur, ut sibi Archimedis sepulchrum monstra- 
rent, rogavit. Illi quid em, se nihil plane unquam de Archime- 
dis sepulchro inaudivisse ajebant, imo, ilium Syracusis sepul- 
tum esse, omnino negabant. At Cicero, quum ei succurrerent 
versus quidam, Archimedis sepulchro inscripti, qui sphaeram 
cum cylindro in summo sepulchro positam esse declarabant, ab 
mvestigandi studio haud abstitit. Delatus igitur in locum, ubi 
magna veterum sepulchrorum frequentia fuit, quum omnia 
oculis collustrasset, ecce ! animadvertit columellam, non mul- 
tum e dumis et vepribus eminentem, in qua sphaerae et cylin- 
dri figura conspiciebatur. Statim locum circa columellam 
falcibus purgari et aperiri jubet ; ace edit ad columellam, et 
ipsos illos versus, quos memoria tenebat, adversae basi inscrip- 
tos invenit. 



84 BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES; 



11. Cicero e Sicilia Romam reversus. 

Cicero, Quaestoris munere insigni laude perfunctus, e Si- 
cilia rediit Romam, gravissimis turn bellis pressam et disten- 
tam. Ibi per quinque annos in causis dicendis ita excelluit, 
ut inter omnes causarum patronos et esset et haberetur prin- 
ceps. Jam vero quum ad earn aetatem pervenisset, (triginta 
et septem annos turn natus erat,) quae praestituta fuit aedilita- 
tem vel praeturam petituris, nomen suum inter candidatos 
aedilitatis professus est eo successu, ut, praelatus eaeteris can- 
didatus omnibus, uno ore omnium Aedilis Curulis crearetur. 

12. Cicero Verrem accusat. 

Priusquam aedilitatem adibat Cicero, opportuna, qua summi 
oratoris artem ostenderet, oblata ei est occasio Verris accu- 
sations Homo iste, qui primum Quaestor, turn Praetor per 
tres deinceps annos in Sicilia fuerat, tanta avaritia et impu- 
dentia non privata tantum, sed etiam publica bona, diripuerat, 
ut Siculi, inaudita impudentia ab isto spoliati et expilati, diem 
ei Romae dicere constituerent. Q,uo magis autem illi jam 
olimnon solum summum Ciceronis in causis dicendis ingenium 
et eloquentiam, sed etiam insignem ejus animi integritatem, 
humanitatem et benevolentiam perspexerant, eo vehementius 
nunc eum rogabant, ut accusationem contra Verrem suscipe- 
ret. Nee defuit ille eorum precibus. Imo nefandam, qua in 
Siculorum bona grassatus fuerat Verres, avaritiam tanta 
orationis gravitate et animi libertate in judicio perstrinxit et 
ante omnium oculos posuit, ut iste, argumentorum vi convic- 
tus, sponte in exilium, ubi reliquam vitae partem transegit, 
abiret. 

13. Cicero Aedilis Praetor, 

Cicero, aedilitatem ingressus, solemnem ilium morem, quo 
munera, sive ludos populo edere solebant novi Aediles, haud 
neglexit quidem, sed in eorum sumtibus faciendis sapienter 
modum tenuit, honestiorem rationem, qua populi gratiam et 
amorem sibi conciliaret, secutus. Nam, quum populus turn 
premeretur annonae caritate, splendidissima a Siculis sibi 
oblata munera impendebat eo, ut viliore annona veniret pre- 
tio. duo quidem honesto liberalique studio populi in Cicero 
nem favor adeo auctus est, ut, quum post aedilitatem Prae 



BREVES E CICERONI.: VITA N AR71 ATTGNES. 85 

Ions munus peteret, inter octo Praeiores, qui creabantur, 
prae multis aliis competitoribus totius populi surTragiis primus 
crearetur. Nee vana fuit populi de Ciceronis praetura ex- 
spectatio. Nam sicut summam diligentiam, humanitatem, 
prudentiam et honestatem in quaesturae aedilitatisque ob- 
eundis officiis probaverat, ita in Praetoris munere gerendQ 
summae justitiae, aequitatis, sanctitatis et temperantiae laude 
excelluit. Dum Praetor erat Cicero, cum alias orationes 
habuit, turn inprimis oration em pro Lege Manilia. Nam 
quum Manilius, tribunus plebis, legem rogasset, qua Pompejo 
summum belli Mithridatici imperium decerneretur ; Cicero in 
oration e ilia Pompeji virtutes, summo duci proprias, tanta 
ubertate, gravitate atque elegantia descripsit et exposuit, ut, 
faciendum omnino esse, quod in lege Manilia suaderetur, om- 
nes ac singuli judicarent. 

14. Cicero post Praetur 'am. 

Praetura perfunctis provincia, quam Propraetores a^dmmis- 
trarent, decerni solebat. Sed Cicero, neque divitiarum in 
provincia parandarum, neque rerum foris gerendarum admo- 
dum cupidus, detrectata provincia, Romae manere, et ibi re- 
rum civilium scientiae et earum artium, quibus viam ad con- 
sulatum sibi aperiret, operam navare maluit. Itaque per duos 
post praeturam annos, (tantum enim temporis a praetura usque 
ad consulatus petitionem intercedere debebat,) quolibet officio- 
rum genere populi favorem colligere, et hujus collecti favoris 
aura vela quasi sua ita implere studuit, ut fieri non posset, 
quin metam, h. e. consulatum, secundo cursu attingeret 

15. Cicero Consul. 

Cicero igitur, tanto studio tantaque virtutum laude ad sum- 
mos honores grassatus, aetatis anno quadragesimo tertio, quo 
secundum leges consulatum peti licebat, non tabellis, quibus 
alias suffragia in comitiis Consularibus dari solebant, sed vo- 
ce universi populi Romani honorificentissime Consul creatus, 
et sex aliis competitoribus, in quibus L. Sergius Catilina fuit, 
praelatus est. Consulatum gerere incipienti negotium facesse- 
bat P. Rullus, tribunus plebis, homo seditiosus, qui, dumleiris 
agrariae rogationem, veterem istam gravissimarum discordia- 
rum causam, agitabat, non parum reipublicae infestus fieri 
coepit. Sed Cicero perniciosos Rulli conatus tribus oratio- 
nibus agrariis tanta sententiarum vi et gravitate repressit at- 



86 BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 

que retudit, ut ipse populus legi tarn populari, pauperiorum 
magis, quam universae reipubiicae commodis respondenti forti- 
ter resisteret. 

16. Cicero detecta et compressor Catilinae conjuratione servat 

rempublicam. 

L. Sergius Catilina, quern inter consulatus competitores 
fuisse modo commemoravimus, quum $pe consulatus conse- 
quendi se dejectum videret, obnixe faciebat omnia, ut proxi- 
mis certe comitiis obtineret, quod frustra adhuc petierat. Sed 
Cicero, quum praeciperet animo, quantum malorum ab im~ 
mensa Catilinae libidine dominandique cupiditate reipubiicae 
immineret, nefandas artes atque callida consilia, quibus ille 
consulatum adfectabat, eludere atque irrita reddere studuit. 
Hinc tanta in Ciceronem accensus est ira Catilina, ut fere 
palam illi mortem minaretur. Et vere ipso die comitiali, 
quern caedi destinaverat, perpetraturus fuisset illud facinus, 
nisi Cicero re comperta sibi providisset et firmissimo se con- 
tra vim» sibi paratam munivisset praesidio. Itaque quum lo- 
ricatus et fortissimorum virorum cohorte stipatus in Campum 
Martium prodiisset, Catilina non solum a vi facienda prohibi- 
tus, sed etiam a consulatu, quern appetebat, repulsus est. 
Sed ne sic quidem a proposito deterritus est. Vi enim et ar- 
mis consecuturus, quod arte et consilio consequi non potuerat, 
sociis, in do-num Leccae cujusdam convocatis, rationem, qua 
ferro ignique rerum potirentur, descripsit atque proposuit. 
Ante omnia autem consilio Ciceronem e medio tollendi intentus 
fuit. Sed frustra fuerunt, quas Ciceronis vitae ^truxerat, insi- 
diae ! frustra bellici ab uno conjuratorum, Manlio, in Etruria 
contra patriam facti apparatus ! frustra omnia, quae Catilina 
cum conjuratis inierat, consilia ! Ne multa ! unius Ciceronis 
prudentia et vigilantia gravissima calamitas a bonorum capi- 
tibus et ab universa civitate depulsa est. 

17. Cicero vir Consularis 

Cicero, postquam consulatu, tanta laude et gloria gesto 
abierat, vir consularis inter principes senatores, h. e. inter 
eos, qui primum in senatu rogarentur sententiam, locum ob- 
tinere, et in urbe publicae saluti invigilare maluit, quam 
Proconsul in provinciam sibi decretam discedere. Primum 
quidum misere vexabatur ab adversariis, nimiam inprimis po- 
testatem, qua ille Consul indicta causa cives supplicio afTe- 
cisset, in crimen vocantibus. Contra hos igitur, inprimis 



BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 87 

contra Metellum, egregie se defendit, et tela in se conjecta 
retudit. Nee de populi, quo fruebatur, favore quicquam de- 
tractum estadversariorum criminatione et invidia. Bello enim 
cum nonnullis gentibus Gallicis exorto, (V. C. DCXCIII.) 
quum inter legatos, qui quietos adhuc populos a bello dehor- 
tatum mitterentur, primus sorte electus esset Cicero ; nullo 
modo vigilantissimum hunc publicae salutis custodem ex urbe 
mittendum esse, universus populus judicavit. 

18. Cicero scriptor et- poeta. 

Eo fere tempore de gravioris momenti rebus in consulatu a 
se gestis, scripsit commentarios, et quidem oratione graeca, 
ad Isocratis scribendi genus confo^mata et composita. Hos 
commentarios non solum per Atticum suum, ad quern eos 
miserat, in Graecia vulgari cupiebat, sed eosdem communi- 
cavit cum Posidonio Rhodio, rogans eum, ut de iisdem rebus 
pulchrius quid et uberius scriberet. At Posidonius, se per- 
lectis illis commentariis magis deterritum esse respondebat, 
quam ut simile quid de illis rebus moliri auderet. Unde fa- 
cile, quanta Ciceroni in graece scribendi arte fuerit facultas 
atque peritia, intelligi potest. Post aliquod tempus latino 
quoque carmine rerum a se gestarum historiam complexus 
est ;. quod opus interjecto demum aliquo tempore evulgavit. 
Paulo post, ut specimen ederet de ea, quam in rebus publi- 
cis et civilibus sibi parasset, peritia atque prudentia, potiores, 
quas Consul habuit, orationes, sub titulo Consular es, exire 
atque in vulgus emanare jussit. Sub eadem tempora edidit 
Arati, poetae Graeci, carmen de Sideribus, quod juvenis in 
latinum sermonem converterat. 

19. Cicero sponte in exsilium abit. 

P. Clodius, nobili loco natus, sed ferox et procax adoles- 

cens, quum per Ciceronem inprimis in lucem protracta es- 

sent occulta ejus flagitia, tantam in eum concepit iram animo, 

ut ea non nisi illius ruina atque pernicie expiari posse vide- 

retur. Fraude igitur et malis artibus tribunus plebis factus, 

(quum enim patricius esset, in gentem plebejam, ut sic jus 

tribunatus petendi adipisceretur, se adoptandum curaverat,) 

rogavit legem, qua ei, qui civem Romanum, non populi ju- 

7 icio damnatum, supplicio affecisset, aqua et igni interdicere- 

%r. -Aperte hac lege petebatur Cicero, qui de quibusdam 

'atilinae conjuratis, haud populi judicio damnatis, supplici- 

um sumserat. Itaque Cicero, ut, populi miseratione mota, 

PART II. — 9 



88 BREVIS E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 

poenam in lege ista constitutam a se amoliretur, sordidatus, 
ut reus, per vias incedebat, adolescentibus eum ex omni no- 
bilitate plus viginti millibus comitantibus. Q,uin ipse sena- 
tus pro Cicerone deprecabatur. Sed quum neque senatus, 
neque nobilium, neque populi studiis quicquam effici posset 
apud consul es, Pisonem et Gabinium, in Clodii partem in* 
clinantes; sponte ille solum vertere constituit. Verum enim 
vero ne sic quidem Clodii ira deferbuit. Nam quum in ip- 
sum Ciceronem saevire non posset, in absentis domum et vil- 
las incendio saeviit. 

20. Cicero exsul. 

Gtuum Cicero in exsilium abiret, primum iter djrigebat in 
Siciliam, turn Brundusium et inde in Graeciam, ubi navem 
ad Dyrrhachium appulit. Inde se contulit Thessalonicam 
in Macedonia, ubi a Cn. Plancio admodum benigne exceptus 
et quovis humariitatis et liberalitatis genere per septem men- 
ses ornatus et cumulatus est, Interea Romae totus fere po 
pulus ingenti desiderio flagitare coepit Ciceronis reditum 
Post acerrima igitur, quibus senatus populusque Romanus 
contra Clodium exsurrexerant, certamina, Cicero tandem se- 
cundum peculiarem legem, a Lentulo rogatam, et insigni po- 
puli favore jussam, revocatus est in patriam. Nihil autem 
per totam vitam Ciceroni itinere, quo in patriam rediit, acci- 
dit jucundius. Quocunque enim veniebat, voces ei -acclama- 
bantur laetissimae, - et, quum ipsi urbi propior factus esset, 
omnes fere incolae obviam ei ruebant, et suam de ejus reditu 
laetitiam faustissimis declarabant signirlcationibus. 

21. Cicero post reditum ex exsilio. 

Cicero, quum in urbem rediisset, sicuti statim domos vil 
lasque suas, nefario scelere a Clodio direptas atque dirutas 
reflciendas atque restituendas curavit, ita pristinum de re- 
publica et aliis bene merendi studium retractare et de integro 
exercere coepit. Quicunque eum consuleret, vel ejus in 
causa aliqua patrocinium peteret, hunc tarn consilio suo, 
quam eloquentia sustentavit, et tutum ab injuria praestitit. 
Quinquaginta et quatuor annos natus in Collegium Augurum 
adoptatus est. Paulo post P. Clodius, Ciceroni infestissi- 
mus, in fortuito concurs-u a Milone interfectus est. Defen- 
debat quidem Cicero accusatum de hac caede Milonem, sed 
ejus eloquentiam adeo pervincebat et obtundebat ferox et 
incondita Clodii sociorum vociferatio, ut, quo minus in exsi- 



BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 89 

lium exigeretur Milo, haud impedire posset. Ciceronis, quae 
adhuc exstat, pro Milone oratio, scripta, demum est turn, quum 
is jam exsul viveret Massiliae. 

22. Cicero Proconsul in provinciam proficiscitur. 

Cicero, ut supra commemoravimus, repudiavit, quam post 
consulatum statim administraret, provinciam. Sed duodecim 
ferme annis post ex senatusconsulto provinciae Ciliciae et fini- 
timis locis Proconsul praeesse jussus est. Q,uum in provinciam 
proficisceretur, et ad Ephesum in terram escenderet, ingens 
Graecorum, tantum virum videre gestientium, undique confluxit 
copia. Inde properavit in provinciam, ubi, quum variis rebus 
melius rectiusque constituendis egregiam dedisset operam, 
tanto successu contra Parthos dimicavit, ut non solum Impe- 
ratoris nomine ornaretur, sed in ejus honorem etiam suppli- 
catio Romae decerneretur. Exacto anno exprovincia, Q,uaes- 
tori Coelio tradka, Romam decessit. 

23. Ciceronis post reditum ex provincia studia. 

Cicero, in urbem ex provincia redux, suavissime quidem 
afficiebatur insigni i]lo, quo totus populus Romanus eum ac- 
cipiebat, favore et observantia, sed ejusdem simul animus 
rerum, quae turn Romae movebantur, consideratione graviter 
perturbabatur. Tantae enim inter Julium Caesarem et Pom- 
pejum ortae erant inimicitiae, ut res non nisi bello dirimi 
posse videretul? Cicero quidem studiose et obnixe faciebat 
omnia, ut utrumque inter se reconciliaret, et a belli civilis 
calamitatibus deterreret; sed quum neutrum ad pacem in- 
eundam permovere posset, Pompeji partes amplexus cum op- 
timatum exercitu in Graeciam profectus est. Mox in campis 
Pharsalicis commissum est memorabile illud proelium, non 
exercitui tantum Pompeji, sed ipsi quoque, paulo post occiso, 
funestissimum. Cicero igitur prudenter reditum acceleravit 
in Italiam, ubi, omni rerum publicarum cura ex animo dimis- 
sa, sibi et litteris vivere constituit. Turn primum rhetoricam 
et philosophiam latinae orationis luce illustrare coepit, scrip- 
sitque cum alia, turn Partitiones Oratorias ; Brutum sive de 
claris oratoribus ; tres libros de Oraiore ; Catonem sive Lau- 
dem M. Catoms Uticensis. — Sexaginta et duos annos natus 
de filiae dilectissimae, Tulliae, morte dolorem suscepit longe 
acerbissimum. Primum quidem dolor ille omnia sapientiae 
praecepta ex ejus pectore excussisse videbatur, sed deinde, 
quum sensim sensimque eum ferre didicisset, conscripsit li* 



90 BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 

brum de Consolatione, qui tamen, quod valde dolendum, tem- 
poris injuria nobis ereptus est. Nam liber ille, qui sub hoc 
nomine in quibusdam Ciceronis editionibus exhibetur, satis 
aperte alienam manum prodit. Eodem fere tempore plura, 
quae ad philosophiam spectant, commentatus est, e quibus 
quinque libri de Finibus bonorum et malorum et totidem Tus- 
culanarum Quaestionum ad nostra tempora propagati sunt. 

24. Cicero post caedem Caesaris. 

Caesare interfecto, Cicero cum ejus interfectoribus, a quo- 
rum societate et consiliis prudenter adhuc refugerat, se con- 
tulit in Capitolium. Post tres dies, quum inde descendisset, 
venit in senatum, et, quicquid ad pacem quietemque servan- 
dam conferre videretur, gravi oratione suasit et proposuit. 
Sperans igitur, fore, ut eorum, quae suasisset, a senatu po- 
puloque haberetur ratio, secessit ex urbe in Tusculanum 
suum, ibique fessus pertaesusque publicarum curarum omne 
tempus in litterarum studiis contrivit. Ad ea, quae litteris 
consignavit in otio illo rusticano, referendi sunt libri : de 
Natura Deorum ; de Divinatione ; de Senectute ; de Amici- 
tia; de Officiis. 

25. Cicero Antonii lacessitur insolentia. 

Quum novi motus Romaeconcitarentur, Cicero imminentem 
tempestatem.itinere, quod in Graeciam facturus erat, effugere 
tentavit. Sed idem deinde, praesentia sua fortafcse motus istos 
componi posse ratus, ex itinere jam incepto Romam regressus 
est. Vix autem eo venerat, quum insolenter et contumeliosetrac- 
taretur a consul e Antonio. Gluod quidem tarn aegre tulit Cice- 
ro, ut in prima Oratione Philippica graviter in consulis insolen- 
tiam et inhumanitatem invectus de moderatione erga se adhi- 
benda ageret. Sed tantum abfuit, ut haec oratio mitigaret mu- 
taretque Antonii animum, ut public e nunc se Ciceronis inimi- 
cum profiteretur. Turn Cicero ex urbe in villain suam ad Nea- 
polin se recepit, ibique secundam orationem Philippicam, in 
qua omne virus acerbitatis in Antonium effudisse videtur, com- 
posuit. Sed brevi tempore post quum Antonius, ut Dec. Brutum 
e Gallia Cisalpina pelleret, ex urbe profectus esset, Cicero, ut, 
hac liberius agendi occasion e usus, labefactato liberae rei- 
publicae statui, quae posset, fulcra subderet, celeri pede Ro- 
mam reversus est. Et vere paulo post, Antonio ad Mutinam 
victo, nova spes liberae. reipublicae affulgere coepit ; sed in 
breve tantum tempus. Octaviano enim et Q,. Pedio consuli- 



BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES 91 

bus notissimus iste triumviratus inter Antonium, Octavianum 
et Lepidum in quinque annos junctus atque constitutus est, 
eo consilio, ut pari potestate conjunct im imperium exercerent, 
et liberae reipublicae defensores, .^rimis Ciceronem, e medio 
tollerent. 

26. Cicero occiditur. 

Cicero jam expers publicarum curarum et toto ammo in lit- 
terarum studiis defixus in Tusculano suo delitescebat, quum, 
se inter proscriptos relatum esse, audiret. Quo nuntio primum 
quidem ejus animus adeo perculsus est, ut inops consilii modo 
hue modo illuc fugere tentaret ; dein, quurh paululum se re- 
cepisset ejus animus, capto consilio cum vetere amico Bruto 
se conjungendi, navem, qua in Macedonian! veheretur, con- 
scendit. Verum enim vero ne in hoc quidem exsequendo per- 
stitit consilio. Nam quum subiret eum cogitatio, se honestius 
in patria vitam depositurum esse, nave ad Cajetam appulsa in 
villam suam Formianam se contulit. Ibi placide aliquamdiu 
dormientem servi, qui procul manum militum, dominum exqui- 
rentium, conspexerant, e somno excitabant, eumque partim vi, 
partim precibus, m lectica collocatum, ut vitae periculo eripe- 
rent, littus versus portabant. Sed in media via opprimebantur 
ab Antonii militibus,. Cicero, quum intelligeret, se periculum 
effugere non posse, lecticam deponi jussit. Mox, conspecto 
hor urn militum duce, Popilio Laenate, novam salutis spem con- 
cepit animo. Hunc enim, quern aliquando in causa capitali a 
supplicio liberaverat, vix tarn inhuman um fore existimabat, ut 
ei vitam sustineret eripere, cui suam debebat. Sed ille veteris 
beneficii immemor caput et manum dextram Ciceroni vel ipse 
detruncavit, vel milites suos detruncare jussit, et utrumque, ut 
perpetratae caedis mercedem acciperet, Romam ad Antonium 
deportavit. Turn Antonii uxor, Fulvia, ira et furore abrepta, 
sum mi oratoris linguam acu perfodit ; Antonius autem Cice- 
ronis caput atque manum, tanquam tropaeum aliquod, publice 
in Rostris conspectui hominum exponi jussit. 



92 CAPUT PRIMUS. 



CAPUT PRIMUM. 

NARRATIONES BREVIORES EX CICERONIS OPERIBUS EX- 

CERPTAE. 

1. Verae divitiae. 

1. INunquam ego bona perdidisse dicam, si qui pecus aut 
supellectilem amiserit ; neque non laudabo sapientem ilium, 
Biantem, qui numeratur in septem : cujus quum patriam Pri- 
enen cepisset hostis, caeterique ita fugerent, ut multa de suis 
rebus secum asportarent, quum esset admonitus a quodam, ut 
idem ipse faceret : Ego vero, inquit, facio ; nam omnia mea 
porto m,ecum. Ille haec ludibria fortunae, ne sua quidem puta- 
vit, quae nos appellamus etiam bona. (Paradoxa c. 1.) 

2. Socrates in pompa quum magna vis auri argefctique fer- 
retur, quam multa non desidero, inquit. (Tusc. Q,u. V. 32.) 

3. Xenocrates, quum legati ab Alexandra quinquaginta ei 
talenta attulissent, quae erat pecunia temporibus illis, Athenis 
praesertim, maxima, abduxit legatos ad coenam in Acade- 
miam : iis apposuit tantum, quod satis esset, nullo apparatu. 
Quum postridie rogarent eum, cui numerari juberet, quid ? vos 
hesterna, inquit, coenulanon intellexistis, me pecunia none gere? 
duos quum tristiores vidisset, triginta minas accepit, ne asper- 
nari regis liberalitatem videretur. (Tusc. Q,u. V. 32.) 

4. At vero Diogenes liberius, ut Cynicus,Alexandro roganti, 
ut diceret, si quid opus esset, nunc quidem paululum, inquit, a 
sole! OfFecerat videlicet apricanti. (Tusc. Q,u. V. 32.) 

5. Et hie quidem disputare solebat, quanto regem Persarum 
vita fortunaque superaret ; sibi nihil deesse ; illi nihil satis un- 
quam fore ; se ejus voluptates non desiderare, quibus nunquam 
satiari ille posset; suaseum consequi nullo modo posse. (Tusc. 
Qu. V. 32.) 

6. Themistocles quum consuleretur, utrum bono viro pau- 
per i, an minus probato diviti filiam collocaret, ego, inquit, mala 
virum qui pecunia egcat, quam pecuniam quae viro. ( De Offic. 
II. 20.) 

II. Sapientiae praestantia. 

1. Xenocratem ferunt, nobilem imprimis philosophum, 
quum quaereretur ex eo, quid adsequerentur ejus discipuli 



NARRATIONES BREVIORES. 93 

respondisse, ut id sua sponte facerent, quod cogerentur facere 
legibus. (De Republ I. 2.) 

2. Eleus Hippias quum Olympiam venisset, maxima ilia 
quinquennali celebritate ludorum, gloriatus est, cuncta paene 
audiente Graecia, nihil esse ulla in arte rerum omnium, quod 
ipse nesciret, nee solum has artes, quibus liberales doctrinae 
atque ingenuae continerentur, geometriam, musicam, littera- 
rum cognitionem et poetarum, atque ilia, quae de naturis re- 
rum, quae de hominum moribus, quae de republica diceren- 
tur, sed annulum, quern haberet, pallium, quo amictus, soc- 
cos, quibus indutus esset, sesua manu confecisse. (De Ora- 
tor. III. 32.) 

3. Scipioni interroganti Laelium, quid ? Laeli, turn quum 
tu es iratus, permitiis illi iracundiae domination animi tui ? 
Non mehercule, respondit ille, sed imitor Archytam ilium Ta- 
rentinum, qui quum ad vill am venisset, et omnia aliter offen- 
disset ac jusserat, te infelicem, inquit villico, quern necassem 
jam verberibus, nisi iratus essem. (De Republ. I. 38.) 

4. Publium Scipionem, eum, qui primus Africanus appel- 
latus est, dicer e solitum scripsit Cato, qui fuit fere ejus aequa- 
lis, nunquam se minus otiosum esse, quam quum otiosus esset. 
Magnifica vero vox et sapiente digna, quae declarat, ilium et 
in otio de negotiis cogitare, et in solitudine secum loqui soli- 
tum; ut neque cessaret unquam, et interdum colloquio alteri- 
us non egeret. Itaque duae res, quae languorem afferunt 
caeteris, ilium acuebant, otium et solitudo. (De Offic. III. 

!•)• . 

5. Diogenes Cynicus projici se jussit inhumatum. Turn 

amici : xolucribusne et feris? Minime vero, inquit; sed bacil- 
lum propter me, quo abigam, ponitote. Qui poteris ? illi ; 
non enim senties. Quid mihiigitur ferarum laniatus oberit, 
nihil sentienti? (Qu. Tusc. I. 43.) 

6. Praeclare Anaxagoras ; qui quum Lampsaci moreretur, 
quaerentibus amicis, velletne Clazomenas in patriam, si quid 
accidisset, auferri ? nihil necesse est, inquit ; undique enim ad 
inferos tantundem viae est. (Qu. Tusc. I. 43.) 

III. Exempla Fortitudinis. 

1. Lacedaemonius quidam mortem tantopere contemsit, 
ut quum acl earn duceretur, damnatus ab ephoris, et esset 
vultu hilari atque laeto, dixissetque ei quidam inimicus, con- 
temnisne leges Lycurgi ? responderet, ego vero illi maximam 
gratiam habeo, qui me ea poena multaverit, quam sine mutua- 
tione et sine versura possem dissolvere. O virum Spafta dig- 



94 CAPUT PRIMUM. 

num ! ut mihi quidem, qui tarn magno animo fuerit, irmocens 
damnatus esse videatur. (Qu. Tusc. 1/42.) 

2. Tales innumerabiles nostra civitas tulit. Sed quid duces 
et principes nominem, quum legiones scribat Cato saepe ala- 
cres in eum locum profectas, unde redituras se non arbitra- 
rentur? (Tusc. Qu. I.e.) 

3. Pari animo Lacedaemonii in Thermopylis occiderunt, 
is quos Simonides : 

Die, hospes, Spartae, nos te hie vidisse jacentes, 
Dum Sanctis patriae legibus obsequimur. 

E quibus unus, quum Perses hostis in colloquio dixisset glo- 
rians : Solem prae jaculorum multitudine et sagittarum non 
videbitis. — In umbra igitur, inquit, pugnabimus. (Tusc. 
Qu. 1. c.) 

4. Viros commemoro: qualis tandem Lacaena? Quae 
quum filium in proelium misisset, et interfectum audisset, id- 
circo, inquit, genueram, ut esset, qui pro patria mortem non 
dubitaret occumbere. (Tusc. Qu. 1. c.) 

5. Lacedaemonii, Philippo minitante per litteras, se omnia 
quae conarentur prohibiturum, quaesiverunt : num se esset 
etiam mori prohibiturus ? (Qu. Tusc. V. 15.) 

6. Fortes et duri Spartiatae ; magnam habet vim reipubh- 
cae disciplina. Quid? Cyrenaeum Theodorum,.philosophum 
non ignobilem, nonne miramur % Cui quum Lysimachus rex 
crucem minaretur, istis, quaeso, inquit, ista horribilia minitare 
purpuratis tuis ! Theodori quidem nihil interest, humine an 
sublime putrescat. (Tusc. Qu. I. 43.) 

7. Illustris mors Epaminondae, illustris Leonidae. Quo- 
rum alter quum vicisset Lacedaemonios apud Mantineam si- 
mulque ipse gravi vulnere exanimari se videret, ut primum 
dispexit, quaesivit, salvusne esset clypeus ? Quum salvum 
esse flentes sui respondissent, rogavit, essentne fusi hostes ? 
Quumque id quoque, ut cupiebat, audivisset, evelli jussit 
earn, qua erat transfixus, hastam. Ita multo sanguine profuso 
in laetitia et in victoria est mortuus. Leonidas autem, rex 
Lacedaemoniorum, se in Thermopylis trecentosque eos, quos 
eduxerat Sparta, quum esset proposita aut fuga turpis aut glo 
riosa mors, opposuit hostibus. Praeclarae mortes sunt impe 
ratoriae. (De Finib. II. 30.) 

8. Clarae mortes pro patria oppetitae, non solum gloriosae 
rhetoribus, sed etiam beatae videri solent. Repetunt ab 
Erechtheo, cujus etiam filiae cupide mortem expetiverunt pro 
vita civium : Codrum, qui se in medios immisit hostes veste 
famufari, ne posset agnosci, si esset ornatu regio ; quod ora- 



NARRATIONES BREVIORE. 95 

culum erat datum, si rex interfectus esset, victrices Athenas* 
fore. Menoeceus non praetermittitur, qui oraculo edito largiius 
est patriae suum sanguinem. Iphigenia Aulide duci se immo- 
landam jubet, ut hosiium sanguis eliciatur suo. Veniunt inde 
ad propiora. Harmodius in ore et Aristogiton, Lacedaemo- 
nius Leonidas, Thebanus Epaminondas vigent. Nostros non 
norunt ; quos enumerare magnum est : ita sunt multi, quibus 
videmus optabiles mortes fuisse pro patria. (Tusc. Qu. I. 48 
ei 49.). 

9. Quam me delectat Theramenes ! quam elato animo est! 
etsi enim rlemus quum legimus, tamen non miserabiliter vir 
clarus emoritur. Qui quum conjectus in career em triginta 
jussu tyrannorum, venenum ut sitiens obduxisset, reliquum 
sic e poculo ejecit, ut id resonaret ; quo sonitu reddito, arri- 
dens, propino, in quit, hoc pulchro Critiae ; qui in eum fuerat 
teterrimus. Graeci enim in conviviis solent nominare, cui 
poculum tradituri sint. Lusit vir egregius extremo spiritu, 
quum jam praecordiis conceptam mortem contineret : vereque 
ei, cui venenum praebiberat, mortem est earn auguratus, quae' 
brevi consecuta est. (Tusc. Qu. I. 40.) 

IV. Opiniones de Diis impietdtisque exempla. 

1. Natura duce intelligebant veteres deum esse, sed non 
conveniebat inter illos, quid deus esset. Itaque quum tyrannus 
Hiero quaesivisset de Simonide, non poeta solum suavi, verum 
etiam docto sapienteque, quid deus esset, deliberandi causa sibi 
unum diem postulavit. Quum idem ex eo postridie quaereret, 
biduum petivit. Quum saepius duplicaret numerum dierum, 
admiransque Hiero requireret, cur itafaceret, quia quanto, in- 
nuit, diutius consider o, tanto mihi res videtur obscurior. (De 
Nat. Deor. I. 22.) 

2. Protagoras Abderites, sophistes temporibus belli Pelo- 
ponnesiaci vel maximus, quum in principio libri sui sic posu- 
isset : de Diis nequeut sint, frequent non sint, habeodicere, Athe- 
niensium jussu urbe atque agro est exterminatus, librique ejus 
in concione combusti. (De Nat. Deor. I. 23.) 

3. Diagoras quum Samotbraciam venisset, Atheos (30***) 
ille qui dicituf, atque ei quidam amicus, tu qui deos putas 
humana negligere, nonne animadvertis ex tot tabulis pictis, 
quam multi votis vim tempestatis effugerint, in-portumque sal- 
vi pervenerint ? Ita sit, inquit : illi enim nusquam picti sunt, qui 
naufragia fecerunt, in marique perierunt. — Idemquequum ei 
navigantivectores, ad versa tempestate timidi et perterriti, dice- 
rent, non injuria sibi illud accidere, qui ilium in eandem navem 



96 , CAPUT PRIMUM. 

fecepissent: ostendit eis in eodemcursu multas alias laborantes; 
quaesivitque, num etiam in his navibus Diagoram vehi crede- 
rent. (De Nat. Deor. III. 37.) 

4. Diogenes Cynicus dicere solebat, Harpalum, qui tem- 
poribus illis praedo felix habebatur, contra deos testimonium 
dicere, quod in ilia fortuna tarn diu viveret. (De Nat. Deor. 
III. 34.) 

5. Dionysius quum fanum Proserpinae Locris expilavisset, 
navigabat Syracusas : isque quum secundissimo vento cur- 
sum teneret, ridens, videtisne, inquit, amici, quam bona* a diis 
immortalibus navigatio sacrilegis detur ? Idem quum ad Pe- 
loponnesum classem appulisset, et in fanum venisset Jovis 
Olympii, aureum ei detraxit amiculum grandi pondere, quo 
Jovem o mar at ex manubiis Carthaginiensium tyrannus Gelo. 
Atque in eo etiam cavillatus est, aestate grave esse aureum 
amiculum, hieme frigidum, eique laneum pallium injecit, quum 
id esse ad omne anni tempus diceret. Idemque Aesculapio 
Epidauri barbam auream demi jussit : neque enim convenire, 
barbatum esse filium, quum in omnibus fanis pater imberbis 
esset. (De Nat. Deor. 1. c.) 

6. Mensas argenteas idem de omnibus delubris jussit au- 
ferri : in quibus quod more veteris Graeciae inscriptum es- 
set, Bonorum Deorurn, uti se eorum bonitate velle dicebat. 
Idem Victoriolas aureas, et pateras coronasque, quae simula- 
crorum porrectis manibus sustinebantur, sine dubitatione tolle- 
bat, eaque se accipere, non auferre dicebat. Esse enim stulti- 
tiam, a quibus bona precaremur, ab iis porrigentibus et danti- 
bus nolle sumere. 

7. Eundemque ferunt haec, quae dixi, sublata de fanis in 
forum protulisse, et per praeconem vendidisse, exactaque 
pecunia edixisse, ut, quod qu isque a sacris haberet, id ante 
diem certam in suum quodque fanum referret. Ita ad im- 
pietatem in deos, in homines adjunxit injuriam. (De Nat. 
Deor. 1. c.) 

V. Exempla praesagiorum de rebus futuris. 

1. Apud Agathoclem scriptum inhistoria est, Hamilcarem 
Carthaginiensem, quum oppugnaret Syracusas, visum esse au- 
dire vocem, se postridie coenaturum Syracusis ; quum autem 
is dies illuxisset, magnam seditionem in castris ejus inter 
Poenos et Siculos milites esse factam: quod quum sensissent 
Syracusani, improviso eos in castra irrupisse, Hamilcaremque 
ab iis vivum esse sublatum. Ita res somnium comprobavit. 
(De Divinat. I. 24.) 



NARRATIONES BREVIORES. 97 

2. Simonides quum ignotum quendam projectum mortuum 
vidisset, e'umque humavisset, haberetque in animo navem 
conscendere, moneri visus est, ne id faceret, ab eo, quern se- 
pultura affecerat : si navigasset, eum naufragio esse peritu- 
rum. Itaque Simonidem rediisse dicunt, periisse caeteros, qui 
turn navigassent. (De Divinat. I. 27.) 

3. Midae Phrygio, quum puer esset, dormienti formicae 
in os tritici grana congesserunt. Divitissimum fore praedic- 
tum est : quod evenit. At Platoni*quum in cunis parvulo dor- 
mienti apes in labellis consedissent, responsum est, singular i 
ilium suavitate orationis fore : ita futura eloquentia provisa in 
infante est. (De Divinat. 1. 36.) 

4. Quid ? amores et deliciae tuae, Roscius, num aut ipse, 
aut pro eo totum Lanuvium mentiebatur? Qui quum esset 
in cunabulis, educareturque in Solonio, qui est campus agri 
Lanuvini, noctu, lumine apposito, experrecta nutrix animad- 
vertit puerum dormientem circumplicatum serpentis amplexu: 
quo adspectu exterrita clamorem sustulit. Pater autem Ros- 
cii ad haruspices retulit : qui responderunt, nihil illo puero 
clarius, nihil nobilius fore. (De Divin. I. 36.) 

5. L. Paullus consul iterum, quum ei bellum ut cum rege 
Perse gereret obtigisset, ut ea ipsa die domum ad vesperum 
rediit, filiolam suam Tertiam, quae turn erat admodum parva, 
osculans animadvertit tristiculam. Quid est, inquit, mea Ter- 
tia ? quid tristis es ? Mi pater, inquit, Persaperiit. Turn ille 
arctius puellam complexus, accipio, inquit, meafilia, omen. 
Erat autem mortuus catellus eo nomine. (De Divin. I. 46.) 

6. Bello illo maximo, quod Athenienses et Lacedaemonii 
summa inter se contentione gesserunt, Pericles ille et auctori- 
tate et eloquentia et consilio princeps civitatis suae, quum ob- 
scurato Sole tenebrae factae essent repente, Atheniensiumque 
animos summus timor occupavisset, docuisse cives suos dici- 
tur, id quod ipse ab Anaxagora, cujus auditor fuerat, accepe- 
rat, certo illud tempore fieri et necessario, quum tota se Luna 
sub orbem Solis subjecisset ; idque fieri non posse nisi certo 
intermenstruo tempore. Quod quum disputando rationib us- 
que docuisset, populum liberavit metu: erat enim tunc haec 
nova et ignota ratio, Solem Lunae oppositum solere deficere ; 
quo Thaletem Milesium primum vidisse dicunt. (De Republ. 
I. 16.) 



98 CAPUT PRIMUM. 

VI. Graecorum studia. 

• 

1. Honos alit artes, omnesque incenduntur ad studia gloria, 
jacentque ea semper, quae apud quosque improbantur. Sum- 
mam eruditionem Graecia sitam censebant in' nervorum vo- 
cumque cantibus. Igitur et Epaminondas, princeps meo ju- 
dicio Graeciae, fldibus praeclare cecinisse dicitur. Themisto- 
clesque aliquot ante annis quum in epulis recusasset lyram, 
habitus est indoctior. Ergo* in Graecia musici floruerunt, dis- 
cebantque id omnes, nee qui nesciebat satis excultus doctrina 
putabatur. (Tusc. Q,uaest. I. 2.) 

2. Secundis suis rebus unusquisque volet mori : non enim 
tarn cumulus bonorum jucundus esse potest, quam molesta 
decessio. Hanc sententiam significare videtur Laconis ilia 
vox, qui, quum Rhodius Diagoras, Olympionices nobilis, uno 
die duo suos filios victores Olympiae vidisset, accessit ad se- 
nem, et gratulatus, morere, Diagora, inquit, non enim in coe- 
lum adscensurus es. — Magna haec, et nimium fortasse Graeci 
putant, vel turn potius putabant ; isque qui hoc Diagorae dixit, 
permagnum existimans, tres Olympionicas una e domo pro- 
dire, cunctari ilium diutius in vita, fortunae objectum, inutile 
putabat ipsi. (Tusc. Q,u. I. 46.) 

VII. Acute dicta nonnulla. 

1. Nasica quum ad poetam Ennium venisset, eique ab 
ostio quaerenti Ennium ancilla dixisset, domi non esse: Nasi- 
ca sensit, illam domini jussu dixisse, et ilium intus esse. Pau- 
cis post diebus quum ad Nasicam venisset Ennius, et eum a 
janua quaereret : exclamat Nasica : se domi' non esse. Turn 
Ennius : Quid ? ego non cognosco vocem, inquit, tuam ? — Hie 
Nasica: homo es impudens : ego quum te quaererem, ancillae 
tuae credidi, te domi non esse : tu mihi non credis ipsi ? (De 
Orator. II. 68.) 

2. Scipioni majori coronam sibi in cohvivio ad caput ac- 
commodanti, quum ea saepius rumperetur, P. Licinius Varus, 
noli mirari, inquit, si non convenit : caput enim magnum est. 
(De Orator. II. 61.) 

3. Orator quidam malus quum in epilogo misericordiam 
se movisse putaret, postquam assedit, rogavit Catulum : vide- 
returne misericordiam movisse? Ac magnam quidem, in- 
quit : neminem enim puto esse tarn durum, cui non oratio tua 
miser ofnda visa sit. (De Orator. II. 69.) 

4. Q,u. Catulus quum a Philippo interrogaretur, quid latra- 
ret? furem se videre, respondit. (De Orator. II. 54.) 



NARRATI0NE5 BREVIORES. . 99 

5. Theophrastus moriens accusasse naturam dicitur, quod 
cervis et cornicibus vitam diutumam, quorum id nihil interes- 
set, hominibus, quorum maxime interfuisset, tarn exiguam 
vitam dedisset : quorum si aetas potuisset esse longinquior, 
futurum fuisse, ut omnibus perfectis artibus, omni doctrina 
hominum vita erudiretur. Querebatur igitur, se turn, quum 
ilia videre coepisset, exstingui. (Q,u. Tusc. III. 28.) 

6. Siculus quidam, cui praetor patronum causae dabat 
hospitem suum, hominem nobilem, sed admodum stultum: 
qwaeso, inqu.it, praetor, adversario meo da istumpatronum, de- 
lude mihi neminem dederis. (De Orator. II. 69.) 

7. Granius patrono malo, quum vocem in dicendo obtudis- 
set, suadebat, ut mulsum frigidum biberet, simulac domum 
rediisset : Per dam, inquit ille, vocem, si id fecero. — Melius 
est, inquit, quam reum. (De Orator. II. 70.) 



CAPUT SECUNDUM. 

NARRATIONES QUAEDAM VARII GENERIS. 

I. Generosus Fabricii animus, 

Q,uum rex Pyrrhus populo Romano bellum ultro intulisset, 
quumque de imperio certamen esset cum rege generoso ac 
potente ; perfuga ab eo venit in castra Fabricii, eique est pol- 
licitus, si praemium sibi proposuisset, se, ut clam venisset, 
sic clam in Pyrrhi castra rediturum, et'eum veneno necatu- 
rum. Hunc Fabricius reducendum curavit ad Pyrrhum : id- 
que factum ejus a senatu laudfttum est. (De Offic. III. 22.) 

II. Athenienses auctore Aristide honestatem utilitati praefe- 

runt 

Themistocles post victoriam ejus belli, quod cum Persis 
fuit, dixit in concione: se habere consilium reipubiicae sa- 
lutare, sed id sciri opus non e Postulavit, ut aliquem po- 

pulus daret, quocum communicaret. Datus est Aristides. 
Huic ille : classem Lacedaemoniorum, quae subducta esset 
ad Gythium, clam incendi posse, quo facto frangi Lacedaemo- 
niorum opes necesse esset. Quod Aristides quum audisset, 

Part II.— 10 



100' CAPUT SECUNDUM. 

in concionem magna cum exspectatione venit, dixitque : per 
utile esse consilium, quod Themistocles afferret, sed minime 
honestum- Itaque Athenienses,* quod honestum non esset, 
id ne utile quidem putaverunt, totamque earn rem, quam ne 
audierant quidem, auctore Aristide repudiaverunt. (Offic. 
III. 11.) 

III. Titi Torquati pietas. 

Lucio Manlio, quum Dictator fuisset, Marcus Pomponms 
tribunus plebis, diem dixit, quod is paucos sibi dies ad Die- 
taturam gerendam addidisset. Criminabatur etiam, quod Ti- 
tum filium, qui postea est Torquatus nominatus, ab homini- 
bus relegasset, et rure habitare jussisset. Quod quum audi- 
visset adolescens films negotium exhiberi patri, ' accurrisse 
Romam, et cum prima luce Pomponii domum venisse dicitur. 
Cui quum esset nuntiatum, quod ilium iratum allaturum ad se 
aliquid contra patrem arbitraretur, surrexite lectulo,remotisque 
arbitris, ad se adolescentem jussit venire. 

At ille, ut ingressus est, confestim gladium destrinxit, ju- 
ravitque, se ilium statim interfecturum, nisi jusjurandum sibi 
dedisset, se patrem missum esse facturum. Juravit, hoc co- 
actus terrore, Pomponius. Rem ad populum detulit : docuit, 
cur sibi causa desistere necesse esset : Manlium missum fe- 
cit. Tantum temporibus illis jusjurandum valebat. (Offic. 
III. 31.) 

IV. Reguli in jurejurando conservando religio. 

Attilius Regulus, primo Punico bello captus a Poenis, ju- 
ratus missus est ad senatum Romanum, ut, nisi redditi essent 
Poenis captivi nobiles quidam, rediret ipse Carthaginem. Is, 
quum Romam venisset, in senatu mandata exposuit, sed red- 
di captivos, negavit esse utile : . illos enim adplescentes esse, 
et bonos duces, se jam confectum senectute. Cujus quum 
valuisset auctoritas, captivi retenti sunt: ipse Carthaginem 
rediit ; neque eum caritas patriae retinuit, nee suorum. Ne- 
que vero turn ignorabat, se ad crudelissimum hostem, et ad 
exquisita supplicia proficisci: sed jusjurandum conservandum 
putabat. (Offic. III. 26.) 

V. Studio et disciplines vinci possunt innata vitia. 

Stilponem, Megareum philosophum, acutum sane homi- 
nem et probatum temporibus illis accepimus. Hunc scri- 



NARRATIONES QUAEDAM VARII GENERIS. 101 

bur* ipsiuS familiares, et ebriosum et mulierosum fuisse : ne- 
que b^c scribunt vituperantes, sed potius ad laudem. Vitio- 
sam enlm naturam ab eo «ic edomitam et compressam esse 
doctrina, ut nemo unquam vinolentum ilium, nemo in eo li- 
bidinis vestigium viderit. Quid? Socratem, nonne legimus, 
quemadmodum notarit Zopyrus, physiognomon, qui se pro- 
fitebatur hominum mores naturasque ex corpore, oculis, vul- 
tu, fronte pernoscere ? Stupidum esse Socratem dixit et bar- 
dum, quod jugula concava non haberet ; addidit etiam, mulie- 
rosum : in quo Alcibiades cachinnum dicitur sustulisse. Haec 
ex natural ib us causis vitia nasci possunt : exstirpari autem et 
funditus tolli, ut is ipse, qui ad ea propensus fuerit, a tantis vf- 
tiis avocetur, non est id positum in naturalibus causis, sed in 
voluntate, studio, disciplina. (Fat. 5.) 

VI: Lahore et studio superantur impedimenta naturae. 

Orator futurus imitetur ilium, cui sine dubio summa vis di- 
cendi conceditur, Atheniensem Demosthenem, in quo tantum 
studium fuisse tantusque labor dicitur, ut primum impedimenta 
naturae diligentia industriaque superarit ; quumque ita balbus 
esset, ut ejus ipsius artis, cui studeret, primam litteram non 
posset dicere, perfecit meditando, ut nemo planius eo locutus 
putaretur: deinde quum spiritus ejus esset angustior, tantum 
continenda anima in dicendo est assecutus, ut una continua- 
tione verborum (id quod ejus scripta declarant) binae ei con- 
tentiones vocis et remissiones continerentur : qui etiam, ut 
memoriae proditum est, conjectis in os calculis, summa. voce 
versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare consuescebat, neque jd 
consistens in loco, sed inambulans, atque adscensu ingrediens 
arduo. (DeOrat. I. 61.) 

VII. Exemplum spectatae amicitiae. 

Damonem et Pythiam, Pythagoreos, ferunt hoc animo inter 
se fuisse, ut, quum eorum alteri Dionysius tyrannus diem ne- 
cis destinavisset, et is, qui morti addictus esset, paucos sibi 
dies commendandorum suorum causa postulavisset, vas factus 
sit alter ejus sistendi ; ut, si ille non revertisset, moriendum 
esset ipsi. Qui quum ad diem se recepisset admiratus eorum 
fidem tyrannus petivit, ut se ad amicitiam tertium ascribe- 
rent. (Offic. III. 10.) 



102 CAPUT SECUNDUM. ^ 



VIII. Timothei de coena apud Platonem judicium'. 1 ' 

Timotheum, clarum hominem Athenis, et principem civita- 
tis, ferunt, quum coenavisset apud Platonem, eoque convivio 
admodum delectatus esset, vidissetque eum postridie, dixisse, 
vestrae quidem coenae non solum in praesentia, sed etiam pos- 
tero die jucundae sunt. (Tusc. Qu. V. 35.) 

IX. Philippus filio suo Alexandro largitionem exprobrat. 
• 

Praeclare epistolaquadam Alexandrum filium Philippus ac- 
cusat, quod largitione benevolentiam Macedonum consectetur. 
Quae te, malum, inquit, ratio in istam spem induxit, ut eos 
tibi fideles putares fore, quos pecunia corrupisses ? An tu id 
agis, ut Macedones non te regem suum, sed ministrum et 
praebitorem sperent fore?.' (De Offic. II. 15,) 

X. Socratis de beatitudine sententia. 

Socrates, quum esset ex eo quaesitum, Archelaum, Perdic- 
cae filium, qui turn fortunatissimus haberetur, nonne beatum 
putaret ? haud seio, inquit ; nunquam enim cum eo collocu- 
tus sum. — Ain' tu ? an tu aliter id scire non potes ? — Nullo 
modo. — Tu igitur ne de Persarum quidem rege magno potes 
dicere, beatusne sit? — An ego possim, quum ignorem, quam 
sit doctus, quam vir bonus ? — Quid ? tu in eo sitam vitam bea- 
tam putas ? — Ita prorsus existimo, bonos, beatos ; improbos, 
miseros. — Miser ergo Archelaus? — Certe, si injustus. (Q,u. 
Tusc. V. 12.) 

XI. Phormio coram Hannibale de imperatoris officio disputat. 

Quum Hannibal Carthagine expulsus Ephesum ad Antio- 
chum venisset exsul, proque eo, quod ejus nomen erat magna 
apud omnes gloria, invitatus esset ab hospitibus suis, ut Phor- 
mionem, peripateticum, si vellet, audiret; quumque se non 
nolle dixisset ; locutus esse dicitur homo copiosus, aliquot flo- 
ras de imperatoris officio, et de omni re militari. Turn, quum 
caeteri, qui ilium audierant, vehementer essent delectati, quae- 
rebant ab Hannibale, quidnam ipse de illo philosopho judi- 
caret. Poenus non optime Graece, sed tamen libere respon- 
disse fertur, multos se deliros senes saepe vidisse : sed qui 
magis, quam Phormio, deliraret, vidisse neminem. Neque 
mehercule injuria. Quid enim aut arrogantius, aut loquacius 



NARRATIONES QUAEDAM VARII GENERIS. 103 

fieri potuit, quam Hannibali, qui tot annos de imperio cum po- 
pulo Romano omnium gentium victore certasset, Graecum 
hominem, qui numquam hostem, numquam castra vidisset, 
numquam denique minimam partem ullkis publici muneris 
attigisset, praecepta de re militari dare? (De Orat. II. 18.) 

XII. Cibi et potionis condimenta fames et sitis. 

Quis non videt, desideriis condiri epulas? Darius in fuga, 
quum aquam turbidam, et cadaver ibus inquinatam, bibisset, 
negavit umquam se bibisse jucundius. Numquam videlicet 
sitiens biberat. Nee esuriens Ptolemaeus ederat : cui quum 
peragranti Aegyptum, comitibus non consecutis, cibarius in 
casa panis datus esset, nihil visum est illo pane jucundius. 
Socratem ferunt, quum usque ad vesperum contentius ambu- 
laret, quaesitumque esset ex eo, quare id faceret ; respondis- 
se, se, quo melius coenaret, opsonare ambulando famem. 
Quid ? victum Lacedaemoniorum in phiditiis nonne videmus? 
ubi quumtyrannus coenavisset Dionysius, negavit se jure ill^ 
nigro, quod coenae caput erat, delectatum. Turn is, qui ilia 
coxerat: minime mirum: condimenta enim defuere. Quae 
tandem? inquit ille. Labor in venatu, sudor, cursus ad Eu- 
rotam, fames, sitis. His enim rebus Lacedaemoniorum epu- 
lae condiuntur. (Qu. Tusc. V. 34.) 

XIII. Splendida tyrannorum miseria. 

Dionysius major, Siciliae tyrannus, ipse indicavit, quam 
esset beatus. Nam quum quidam ex ejus assentatoribus, 
Damocles, commemoraret, in sermone copias ejus, opes, ma- 
jestatem dominatus, rerum abundantiam, magnificentiam aecli- 
um regiarum, negaretque, unquam beatiorem quemquam fu- 
isse: visne igitur, inquit, Damocle,' quoniam haec te vita de- 
lectat, ipse eandem degustare, et fortunam experiri meam ? 
Quum se ille cupere dixisset, collocari jussit hominem in au- 
reo lecto, strato puleherrime textili stragulo, magnificis ope- 
ribus picto, abacosque complures ornavit argento auroque 
caelato. Turn ad mensam eximia forma pueros delectos jus- 
sit consistere, eosque nutum illius intuentes diligenter minis- 
trare. Aderant unguenta, coronae: incendebantur odores, 
mensae conquisitissimis epulis exstruebantur. Fortunatus 
sibi Damocles videbatur. In hoc medio apparatu fulgentem 
gladium, e lacunari seta equina aptum, demitti jussit, ut im- 
penderet illius beati cervicibus. Itaque nee pulchros illos 
ministratores adspiciebafr; nee plenum artis argentum : nee 
10* 



104 CAPUT SECUNDUM. 

manum porrigebat in mensam. Jam -ipsae defiuebant coro 
nae. Denique exoravit tyrannum, ut abire liceret, quod jam 
beatus nollet esse. Satisne videtur declarasse Dionysius, 
nihil esse ei beatum, cui semper aliquis terror impendeat? 
(Tusc. au. V. 21.) 

XIV. Dionysii tyranni ingenium. 

Duodequadraginta annos tyrannus Syracusanorum run 
Dionysius, quum quinque et viginti annos natus dominatum 
occupavisset. Qua pulchritudine urbem, quibus opibus prae- 
ditam servitute oppressam tenrait civitatem ! Atqui de hoc 
homine a bonis auctoribus sic scriptum accepimus, summam 
fuisse ejus in victu temperantiam, in rebusque gerendis virum 
acrem et industrium, eundem tamen maleficum natura et in- 
justum. Ex quo omnibus, bene veritatem intuentibus, viderj 
necesse est miserrimum. Ea enim ipsa, quae concupierat, 
ne turn quidem, quum omnia se posse censebat, consequeba- 
tur. Q,ui quum esset bonh parentibus atque honesto loco 
natus (etsi id quidem alius alio modo tradidit,) abundaretque 
aequalium familiar itatibus et consuetudine propinquorum : 
credebat eorum nemini : sed iis, quos ex familiis locupletum 
servos delegerat, quibus nomen servitutis ipse detraxerat, 
et quibusdam convenis et feris barbaris, corporis custodiam 
committebat. Ita propter injustam dominatus cupiditatem in 
carcerem quodammodo se ipse incluserat. Quin etiam, ne 
tonsori collum committeret, tondere fllias suas docuit. Ita 
sordido ancillarique artificio regiae virgines, ut tonstriculae, 
tondebant barbam et capillum patris. Et tamen ab iis ipsis, 
quum jam essent adultae, ferrum removit, instituitque, ut 
candentibus juglandium putaminibus barbam sibi et capillum 
adurerent. Quumque duas uxores haberet, sic noctu ad eas 
ventitabat, ut omnia specularetur, et perscrutaretur ante. Et, 
quum fossam latam cubiculari lecto circumdedisset, ej usque 
fossae transitum ponticulo ligneo conjunxisset: eum ipsum, 
quum forem cubiculi clauserat, detorquebat. Idemque quum 
in communibus suggestis consistere non auderet, concionari 
ex alta turri solebat. Atque is, quum pila ludere vellet (stu- 
diose enim id factitabat) tunicamque poneret : adolescentulo 
tradidisse gladium dicitur. Hie, quum quidam familiaris 
jocans dixisset : Huic quidem certe vitam tuam commiltis, ar- 
risissetque adolescens : utrumquejussitinterfici: alterum, quia 
viam demonstravisset interimendi sui, alterum, quia id dictum 
risu approbavisset. Atque eo facto sic doluit, ut nihil gravius 
tulerit in vita. Quern enim vehementer amarat, occiderat. 



NARRATIONES QUAEDAM VARII GENERIS. 105 

Sic distrahuntur in contrarias partes impotentium cupiditates. 
(Tusc. au. V. 20.) 

XV. Mors ad divina praemia rejertur. 

Argiae sacerdotis, Cleobis et Biton, filii praedicantur. Nota 
fabula est. Quum enim illam ad solemne et statum sacrificium 
curru vehi jus esset, satis longe ab oppido adfanum, moraren- 
turque jumenta : tunc juvenes ii, quos modo nominavi, veste 
posita, corpora oleo perunxerunt, ad jugum accesserunt. Ita 
sacerdos advecta in fanum, quum currus esset ductus a filiis, 
precata a dea dicitur, ut illis praemium daret pro pietate, quod 
maximum dari posset homini a deo. Pv>st, epulatos cum ma- 
tre adolescentes, somno se dedisse, mane inventos esse mor- 
tuos. — Simili precatione Trophonius et Agamedes usi dicun- 
tur : qui quum Apollini Delphis templum aedificavissent, ve- 
nerantes deum, petierunt mercedem non parvam quidem ope- 
ns et laboris sui, nihil certi, sed quod esset optimum homini. 
Quibus Apollo se id daturum ostendisse dicitur post ejus diei 
diem tertium: qui ut illuxit, mortui sunt reperti. (T. Q,u. T. 
47.) 

XVI. Pythii foeneratoris calliditas. 

C. Canius, eques Romanus, nee infacetus et satis litleratus, 
quum se Syracusas otiandi (ut ipse dicere solebat,) non ne- 
gotiandi causa, contulisset, dictitabat, se hortulos aliquos 
velle emere, quo invitare amicos, et ubi se oblectare sine in- 
terpellatoribus posset. Quod quum percrebuisset, Pythius ei 
quidam, qui argentariam faceret Syracusis, dixit, venales 
quidem se hortos non habere, sed licere uti Canio, si vellet, 
ut suis: et simul ad coenam hominem in hortos invitavit in 
posterum diem. Quum ille promisisset, turn Pythius, qui es- 
set, ut argentarius, apud omnes ordines gratiosus, piscatores 
ad se convocavit, et ab his petivit, ut ante suos hortulos post- 
ridie piscarentur: dixitque, quid eos facere vellet. Ad coe- 
nam tempore venit Canius: opipare a Pythioapparatum con- 
vivium : cymbarum ante oculos multitudo : pro se quisque, 
quod ceperat, adferebat ; ante pedes Pythii pisces abjicie- 
bantur. Turn Canius : Quaeso, inquit, quid est hoc, Pythi ? 
tantiimnepisciuvi, tantumne ffmbarum? Et ille: quid mirum? 
inquit, hoc lorn est, Syracusisquidquid est piscium : haec aqua- 
tio : hac villa isli carere non possunt. Incensus Canius cu- 
piditate contendit a Pythio, ut verideret. Gravate ille primo. 
Quid multa ? impetrat Emit homo cupiduset locuplestanti 



106 CAPUT SECUNDUM. 

quanti Pythius voluit, et emit instructos ; nomina facit, nego- 
tium conflcit. Invitat Canius postridie familiar es suos : venit 
ipse mature: scalmum nullum videt. Quaerit ex proximo 
vicino, num ferijae quaedam piscatorum essent, quod eos nul- 
los videret ? Nullae, quod sciam, inquit ille ; sed hie piscari 
nulli solent. Itaque heri mirabar, quid accidisset. Stomacha- 
ri Canius. Sed quid faceret ? nondum enim Aquillius protu- 
lerat de dolo malo formulas. (Off III. 14.) 

XVII. De insigni Themistoclis memoria. 

* • 

Fertur incredibili quadam magnitudine consilii atque inge- 
nii Atheniensis ille fuisse Themistocles : ad quern quidam 
doctus homo, atque imprimis eruditus accessisse dicitur, eique 
artem memoriae, quae turn primum proferebatur, pollicitus 
esse se traditurum. Quum ille quaesisset, quidnam ilia ars 
efficere posset ? dixisse ilium doctorem, ut omnia memirrisset ; 
et ei Themistoclem respondisse, gratius sibi ilium esse fac- 
turum, si se oblivisci, quae vellet, quam si memmisse, docu- 
isset. Videsne, quae vis in homine acerrimi ingenii, quam 
potens et quanta mens fuerit ? qui ita responderit, ut intelli- 
gere possemus, nihil ex illius animo, quod semel esset infu- 
' sum, unquam effluere potuisse : quum quidem ei fuerit opta- 
bilius, oblivisci posse potius, quod meminisse nollet, quam, 
quod semel audisset vidissetve meminisse. (De Orat. II. 
74.) 

XVIII. Inventor artis memoriae Simonides. 

Gratiam habeo Simonidi illi Ceio, quem primum ferunt ar- 
tem memoriae protulisse. Dicunt enim, quum coenaret 
Crannone in Thessalia Simonides apud Scopam, fortunatum 
hominem et nobilem, cecinissetque id carmen, quod in eum 
scripsisset, in quo multa ornandi causa, poetarum more, in 
Castorem scripta et Pollucem fuissent, nimis ilium sordide 
Simonidi dixisse, se dimidium ejus ei, quod pactus esset pro 
illo carmine, daturum : reliquum a suis Tyndaridis, quos ae- 
que laudasset, peteret, si ei videretur. Paulo post esse fe- 
runt nuntiatum Simonidi, ut prodiret : juvenes stare ad 
januam duos quosdam, qui eum magnopere evocarent : sur- 
rexisse ilium ipsum, prodiisse, vidisse neminem. Hoc in- 
terim spatio conclave illud, ubi epularetur Scopas, concidis- 
se: ea ruina ipsum oppressum cum suis interiisse. duos 
quum humare vellent sui, nee possent obtritos internoscere 
ullo modo: Simonides dicitur ex eo, quod meminisset, quo 



NARRATIONES QUAEDAM VARII GENERIS. 107 

eorum loco quisque cubuisset, demonstrator uniuscuj usque se- 
peliendi fuisse. Hac turn re admonitus invenisse fertur, or- 
dinem esse maxime, qui memoriae lumen afTerret. (De Orat. 
II. 86.) • 



XIX. Delus insula. 

(Memoriae ae Uteris proditum est,) Latonam ex longo erro- 
re, et fuga, gravidam, et jam ad pariendum vicinam, tempori- 
bus exactis, confugisse Delum, atque ibi Apollinem Dianam- 
que peperisse. Qua ex opinione hominum ilia insula eorum 
deorum sacra putatur : tantaque ejus auctoritas religionis et 
est, et semper fuit, ut ne Persae quidem, quum bellum toti 
Graeciae, diis hominibusque, indixissent, et mille numero 
navium classem ad Delum appulissent, quidquam conarentur, 
aut violare, aut attingere. (In Verr. Act. II. I. 18.) 



XX. Lautumiae Syracusanae. 

Lautumias Syracusanas omnes audistis: plerique nostis. 
Opus est ingens, magnificum, regum, ac tyrannorum. Totum 
est ex saxo, in mirandam altitudinem depresso, et multorum 
operis penitus exciso. Nihil tarn clausum ad exitus, nihil tarn 
septum undique, nihil tarn tutum ad custodias, nee fieri, nee 
cogitari potest. In has lautumias, si qui publice custodiendi 
sunt, etiam ex caeteris oppidis Siciliae deduci imperantur. 
(In Verr. Act. II. V. 27.) 

XXI. Mithridates, ex Ponto profugiens, cum Medea com- 

paratus. 

Ex suo regno sic Mithridates profugit, ut ex eodem Ponto 
Medea ilia quondam profugisse dicitur : quam praedicant in 
fuga fratris sui membra in iis locis, qua se parens persequere- 
tur, dissipavisse, ut eorum collectio dispersa, moerorque pa- 
trius, celeritatem persequendi retardaret. Sic Mithridates 
fugiens maximam vim auri atque argenti, pulcherrimarumque 
rerum omnium, quas et a majoribus acceperat, et ipse bello 
superiore ex tota Asia direptas in suum regnum congesserat, 
in Ponto omnem reliquit. Haec dum nostri colligunt omnia 
diligentius, rex ipse e manibus effugit. Ita ilium in perse- 
quendi studio moeror, hos laetitia, retardavit. (Pro Leg. 
Manil. 9.) 



108 CAPUT SECUNDUM. 



XXII. Caedes etfurtum miro indicio deteguniur. 

Strato medicus domi furtum fecit et caedem ejus modi: 
Quum esset in aedibus armarium, in quo sciret esse nummo- 
rum aliquantum et auri : noctu duos conserves dormientes 
occidit, in piscinamque dejecit : ipse armarii fundum exsecuit, 
et sestertium CL et auri quinque pondo abstulit, uno ex servis 
puero, non grandi, conscio. Furto postridie cognito, omnis 
suspicio in eos servos, qui non comparebant, commovebatur. 
Quum exsectio ilia fundi in armario animadverteretur, quaere- 
bant homines, quonam modo fieri potuisset ? Quidam ex ami- 
cis Sassiae recordatus est, se nuper in auctione quandam vi- 
disse in rebus minutis aduncam, ex omni parte dentatam, et 
tortuosam, venire serrulam, qua illud potuisse ita circumse- 
cari videretur. Nemulta: perquiritur a coactoribus. Inveni- 
tur ea serrula ad Stratonem pervenisse. Hoc initio suspicion- 
is orto, et aperte insimulato Stratone, puer ille conscius perti- 
muit : rem omnem dominae indicavit ; homines in piscina in- 
venti sunt : Strato in vincula conjectus est, atque etiam in ta- 
berna ejus nummi, nequaquam omnes, reperiuntur. — Hoc uno 
modo saepe multorum improbitate depressa Veritas emergit, 
et innocentiae defensio interclusa respirat : quod aut ii, qui ad 
fraudem callidi sunt, non tantum audent, quantum excogitant; 
aut illi, quorum eminet audacia atque projecta est, a consiliis 
malitiae deseruntur. Quod si aut confidens astutia, aut calli- 
da esset audacia, vix ullo obsisti modo posset. (Pro Cluentio 
64. et 65.) 



NOTES 



Page 

1. Assyrii, a people of Western Asia. Assyria is now Kurdistan. 1 

2. Bactriana, an extensive country of Northern India, on the 
river Ox as. 

3. Magicas aries.. The Magi were abody of priests among thePer- 
sians, to whom the care of worshipping the gods was consigned. 

4. Morem vestis, i. e. vestitum. 

5. Exinde, ab eo inde tempore. 

6. Semiramis (ob virUem vestitum) profilio Ninya est habita. 

7. Babylonia, the capital of the province Babylonia, on the Eu- 
phrates. 

8. Cocto latere (later), " of bricks." 

9. Aethiopia, a general name for the southern parts of Africa, as 
India for the eastern countries of Asia. 

10. Rerum potita, not rebus. Potiri governs a genitive as well as 
an ablative, especially in the phrase rerum potiri, " to obtain su- 
preme dominion.' 7 

11. Media, an extensive country between Assyria, Armenia, the 
Caspian sea, and Persis,then a province of the Assyrian monarchy. 

1. Feminae, i". e. regi,feminae simiUimo. 2 

2. Negat, &c. i. e. dixit, se non posse obedire ejusmodi regi. 

3. Descendit, Scil. pervenit imperium. 

4. Enatam, (the participle instead of the infinitive,) depends upon 
vidit. 

5. The original race of the Persians was a pastoral people in the 
mountainous parts of Persis, a country of moderate extent between 
Media, the Persicus Sinus, and Carmania. 

1. Alter o servato, i. e. alterumque (filium Mandanae) servaret. 3 

2. Pro, (l instead of." 

3. lngenui. Slaves only were allowed to be beaten, at least ac- 
cording to the custom of the Greeks and Romans. 

4. Tempora, quibus ipse puerum exponi jusserat. 

5. Suo, Harpagi. 

6. Pronam, i. e.facilem patentem, nullis difficultatibus impeditam. 

7. Nihil, instead of non. 

8. Fecissent, scil. ii. qui convocati erant. 

9. Si conditio esset proposita, i.e. si optio data esset. 

1. Summam belli, " the direction of the whole war, the chief com- 4 
mand." 

2. Oblitus, i. e. immemor. 

3. Hyrcania, a province on the eastern coast of the Caspian sea. 

4. Lydia, a country of Asia Minor, on the coast of the Aegean. 

5. Nullo negotio, i. e. facile, levi opera. 

6. Cauponias arks exercere, Gr. K<xirri\titiv, " to exercise a petty 
retail trade." 



110 NOTES. 

Page 

4 7. Artes ludicras, i. e. ad luxuriam magis, quum ad vitae necessi* 
totem pertinentes. 

8. Araxes, a river of Armenia, which empties itself into the Cas- 
pian sea. 

9. Omissis, i. e. neglectis, hostibus. 

10. Insuetos, scil. vini, non adsuetos vvtvo. 

5 1. Cum hac exprobratione, i. e. hac ixprobratione adjecta. 

2. Quern sitisti, i. e. cujusfuisti sitiens. Sitire sanguinem, as sitire 
honor es, instead of, vehementer cupere, avidum esse sanguinis. 

3. Offensus super stitionibus. The Persians abhorred the Egyptian 
custom of worshipping beasts, as indeed all idolatry, since they of- 
fered their adoration only to the Sun, the Moon, and the Elements. 

4. Apis, a god of the Egyptians, worshipped under the form of an 
ox. He had a magnificent temple at Memphis. 

5. Templum. A sacred place in an Oasis of the Libyan desert, 
a resting-place for the caravans, and a famous oracle. 

6. Per quictem, i. e. dormiens, somnians. 

7. Parricidium, " the murder of any near relation." 

8. Cunctantesque,ne. Understood before ne,praemeiu. The idea 
of apprehension is conveyed by the word cunctantes. 

6 1. Fortuna ita regente, i. e.fortunapercussoris ictum ita moderante, 
ut Gobryae corpus non tangeret, sed magum interjiceret. 

2. Haec res, i. e. equi hinnitus ad solis ortum. 

3. Nihil negotii superesse existima, i. e. jam totum illud negotium 
sic uti optas, actum et transactum puta. 

4. Pridie const, diem, i. e. pridie ante const, diem. 

5. Ad eundum locum, where the experiment was to be made. 

6. Firmaturus. Eo consilio, utfirmaret regnum, matrimonio juncto 
cum filia regis, regni Persarum auctoris seu conditoris. 

7. Regi se inopin. offert, i. e. in conspectum regis venit, qui nihil 
tale suspicatus fuerat. 

8. Tranisfugae titulo, i. e. se transfugam esse simul-ans. 

9. Defide, i. e. de veritate eorum, quae nar robot. 

t 1. Scythis. The north of Asia was known to the Greeks and Ro- 
mans by the generic name of Scythia, and divided into Scythia 
intra and extra Imaum, that is, on either side of Mount Imaus. 

2. Ister, the Greek name for the river which the Romans called 
Danubius. The former name was used especially to denote the 
eastern part of the river. 

3. Trepidus, magna cum festinatione, nee timoris expers. 

4. Ionibus. The Ionians were a Grecian colony in Asia Minor, 
on the coast of the Aegaean. 

5. Narrabitur. See within, C. cap. 5, 6. 

6. Campus Marathonius, a plain in Attica. 

7. Et in regno et ante regnum, " both during his reign and pre- 
vious to its commencement." 

8. Susceptis, i. e. natis et educatis. 

9. Domi, i. e. privaiim, not before the usual tribunal. 

10. Contentio. Haec contentio tarn fraterna (i. e. tarn fraternis 
animis decertata) fuit. 

11. Eique apparabur, i.e. eiqueparando. 

12. Dux, emphatically, a leader, such as he ought to be. 

13. Thermopylae, a small pass leading from Thessaly into Locns, 
Phocis, and the southern parts of Greece. It has a part of the chain 
of MountOeta on the west,and the sea on the east,with deep and dan- 
gerous marshes, being m the narrowest part only 25 feet in breadth. 



NOTES 111 

Page 

1. Hortatur, recedant. After hortari and similar verbs ut is often S 
omitted. 

2. Ante congressionem, i. e. antequam cum Graecis navali praelio 
congrederetur. 

3. Delphi, in Phocis, at the footof Mo ant Parnassus, one of the 
most celebrated oracles in Greece. 

4. Quam nullae, &c. ut homines intelligerent, quam vanae nullius- 
que momenti hominum vires essent adversus deos. 

5. Thespiae and Plataeae, towns in Boeotia. 

6. Athenae, the capital of Attica. 

7. Non poterat, scil. grassari. 

8. Salamis, an island in the Saronicus Sinus (now the Gulf of 
Engia), near the coast of Attica. 

9. Statuta, i. e. in statione collocata. 

10. Halicarnassus, a town of Caria, in the south-west of Asia 
Minor ; it was governed by kings, and was tributary to the Persians. 

11. Cumrege, i. e. cumregiis copiis conjuncti. 

12. Hellespontus, now the Dardanelles, a strait between Asia and 
Thrace, connecting the Propontis with the Aegaean. Xerxes had 
built across this a bridge of boats. 

1. Abydos, a town on the Asiatic shore of the Hellespont ; Sestos 9 
was opposite. 

2. Mycale, a promontory of Ionia. 

3. Cimon, son of Miltiades. 

4. Cyprus, an island in the Mediterranean, tributary to the Per- 
sians. 

5. Phoenicia, a country on the coast of the Mediterranean. A 
great part of the Persian fleet consisted of Phoenician ships. 

6. Pausanias, the conqueror of Mardonius at Plataeae. 

1. Darius, an older son of Xerxes. lO 

2. Qui, i. e. hie autem. 

3. Recogniturus, i. e. simulans, se recogniturum esse. 

4. Vindicare caedem is equivalent to ulcisci : vindicare se ab insi- 
diis, is equivalent to servare se, et insidias vitare. 

5. Inclinari, i. e. ad ruinam vergere. 

6. Patris judicium : haecpatris suprema voluntas, testamento pro- 
dita, qua, Artaxerxes, patre adhuc privato genitus, ipse praeferebatur. 

7. In praelio, near Cunaxa, a place of Assyria, 500 stadia from 
Babylon. 

8. Quidem — autem, like the Gr. piv—Si. 

9. Equifuga, i.e. velocitas. 

1. Revertuntur. This is the famous retreat of the ten thousand 1 1 
Greeks, (described by Xenophon), from the interior of Asia to the 
Aegaean, which they made through unknown and hostile nations, 
although constantly harassed by a Persian army. 

2. Parricidii, scil. quod molitus fuerat. 

3. Conjuges. It was customary among the Persians to put to 
death the families of traitors, together with the criminal himself. 

4. Cadusii, a people of the most northerly region of Media, on the 
Caspian sea. 

5. Decora, the consequence instead of the cause, as often laus for 
laudabile factum ; properly ob egregium hoc /acinus, quod ei laudem 
et decora paraverat. 

1. Incrementis,i.e. magnitudine sua, qua fiorentibus jam rebus wis VZ 
utebantur. 

PART II. 1 1 



112 NOT KB, 

Page 

1 2 2. Sordibus. Justin may be considered as alluding here to the 
origin of the Roman state. 

3. Innata solo. They styled themselves avroxQovss, indigenae. 

4. Lanificii et old. The olive was first produced here by Miner- 
va, the tutelar goddess of the Athenians l to her they were also in- 
debted for the art of weaving. 

5. Vini. Bacchus taught the mode of cultivating the vine to the 
Athenian Icarius. 

6. Sererefrumenta. Triptolemus, son of Celeus, king of Eleusis. 
was taught agriculture by Ceres, and made it known throughoui 
the world. Previously mankind had subsisted on acorns and othei 
wild fruits. 

7. Glandem vesci, instead of glande vesci. 

8. Leges et civilis discipline These they considered also as the 
gift of Ceres, whence they styled her Qeafxocpopos. 

9. Superfuerunt, etc. i. e. ii tantum servati sunt, qui in montes se re- 
ceperunt; or, omnes perierunt,praeter eos, qui in montes confugerunt. 

10. Aut. After aut understand qui. 

11. Thessalia, an extensive country in the north of Greece, hav- 
ing on its northern boundary the Cambunii Montes, on the western 
the chain of Pindus, on its southern that of Oeta, and in the north- 
west Olympus. 

12. Initia, (rsXrj) " the sacred rites, or mysteries, of Ceres." 

13. Nodes initiorum sacratae, i. e. mysteria, noctu habenda, insti- 
tuta sunt. 

14. Theseus was distinguished by many glorious actions, but es- 
pecially by the destruction of the Minotaur. 

15. Adversus Trojanos. Homer makes Menestheus, not Demo- 
phoon, leader of the Athenians in the Trojan war. 

16. Dorienses, a branch of the Hellenes, who originally dwelt in 
the north of Hellas near Mt. Oeta. 

17. Superiores, etc. instead of victoriam reportaturos esse (ni in- 
• stead of nisi) si regem non occidisseni. 

18. Custodia regis, i. e. ut caver ent, ne regem Atheniensium occi- 
derent. 

19. Permutato, instead of deposito, alioque (pauperis hominisha- 
bitu) sumto. 

13 1. Regnavit, i. e, rexfuit. After the death of Codrus, the state 
was governed by perpetual Archons, of whom there were thirteen 
in succession. After the death of Alcmaeon, they were appointed 
for ten years; and finally nine archons, instead of one, were ap- 
pointed annually, (annui magistratus). 

2. Nullae leges. The institutions of Draco were not observed on 
account of their excessive severity, so that the state seemed desti- 
tute of laws. 

3. DeformiSj instead of deformalus ; sumto habitu, quo deformis 
videretur. 

4. Vicissitudines. Pisistratus was more than once banished. 
14: 1. Religione. The Lacedaemonians had agreed to send aid to 

the Athenians, but would not march before full moon. They be- 
lieved that this planet had a particular influence on their affairs, and 
could aid them only when in the height of its splendour. 

2. Campi Marathonii, the plains about the village of Marathon, 
a village situated on the eastern coast of Attica. 

3. Locus non aequus, i.e.i?iiquus; as tempus aeqiium instead of 
aptum. 



_^ 



NOTES. 113 

Page 

4. Nee audaciae evenkis defuit, i. e. res bene successit ; eventus 1 4- 
audaci conatui respondit. 

5. Suppressae, i. e. demersae. 

6. Praemium. Combine thus, quale praemium hujusvictoriae i i.e. 
propter hanc victoriam Milliadi sit tributum. 

7. Poecile, HoikIXt], the most remarkable of the Lroai, or porticoes, 
so called from the variety it contained of curious pictures, drawn 
by the greatest masters in Greece. 

8. Decern praetores. Ten commanders, Srpar^ydt, were annually 
appointed, one from each tribe. They were employed not merely 
as leaders in war, but also for many other purposes in the state. 

9. Hortantis. In this picture Miltiades was placed in the front, 
milites hortans, i. e. eo habitu, ut milltes hortari videretur, quum in eo 
esset. ut proelium committeret. 

10. Te?iii£S, i. e. exigui. 

1. Demetrius Pkalereus($a\ripEvs), a celebrated philosopher and 15 
orator, who nourished B. C. 318, and became so popular in conse- 
quence of his munificence, that he was elected decennial archon. 
Notwithstanding this, his enemies raised a sedition against him, 
and he was sentenced to death. He escaped to the court of Ptolemy 
Soter, by whom he was kindly received ; but Philadelphus. whom 

he had displeased, after his father's death, detained him in strict 
confinement. Demetrius, tired with his situation, put an end to his 
life by the bite of an asp, 284 B. C. 

2. Consuluissent, scil. Atkenienses. 

3. Quo valeret, i. e. quid significaret. 

4. Salamina and Troezena.Gveek accusatives. Salamis, see above 
B. cap. 17. 5. Troezen, a town in Argolis in the Peloponnesus. 

6. Arx, the Acropolis (<i<cpd;roA<?, or »} avcondXig, " the upper city"), 
or the citadel of Athens, was built on a hill by Cecrops, from whom 
it was called Cecropia. On it the Parthenon, Uapdevw, or temple of 
Minerva, and temples of the other gods, were built. 

7. Rdiquum oppidum, that part of the city which was not fortified. 

8. Artcmisium, a promontory of Euboea, on the north-western 
side of the island. The coast was called Arlemisium littus. 

. 9. Euboea, a large island on the eastern coast of Greece. 

10. Classiariis rcgiis, instead of militibus classis regiae. 

11. Pari proelio^" with equal advantage." Aequo Marte pug- 
nare, is similar in meaning. 

12. Ancipiti periculo, i. e. ab utraque parte hostium navibus cir- 
cuvivcnti. 

13. De servis suis, quern habuit ftdelissimum, i. e. servorum suorum 
Jldelissimum. 

14. Suis verbis, u in his name." 

15. Longinquiore (more usually applied to space than time) tem- 
pore instead of majore temporis impendio. 

16. Confecturum. With this, and also oppressurum, understand 
esse, and also eum as the accusative of the subject. 

17. Hoc eo valebat, etc. i. e. hoc eo spectabat {eo consilio a Themis- 
tocle factum est) ut Graeci ingratiis, i. e. vel inviti, adpugnam coge- 
rentur. 

18. Barbarus, i. e. rex Persarum. 

1. Alienissimo, i. e. iniquissimo. 16 

2. Quum Phai. — uterentur, instead of quum Plialereusportus, quo 
turn temporis utebantur, neque magnus, ncque bonus esset. 

3. Piraei. Goth Piraeus and Piraecus were used. The former 



114 NOTES. 

Page 

16 is more usaal in the ancient authors. The Greeks wrote UeipaieHs^ 

sometimes also to lieipaiov. 

4. Dignitate, i. e. splendore et magnificentia. 

5. TJltro. The Greeks, who had hitherto acted on the defensive, 
now commenced an offensive war. * 

6. Byzantium,uow Constantinople. situate on the Bosphorus Thra- 
cius, which connects the Propontis with the Euxine. The Persians 
had taken possession of this city. 

7. Eretriensem, "of Eretria," a town of the island Euboea. 

8. Misit. The perfect is used in letters to express an action which 
is present to the writer, but considered as past in relation to the 
reader. Combine thus : Pausanias misit tibi eos, quos Byz. cepe- 
rat, postquam cognovit eos propinquos tuos esse. 

IT 1. Certum, i. e. cui conjiderc possit. 

2. Face (an old form instead of fac, which here renders the sen- 
tence more harmonious than fac would), mittas instead of curaut 
mittas, and this for mitte. 

3. Salute, i. e. libertate recuperata. 

4. Collaudat, i. e. valde laudat. 

5. Sifecerit, etc. i. e. si remperfecerit, nihil esse, quod a se non sit 
impetraturus. 

6. Chalcioecus, " the brazen temple,*' or, ' ' that has a brazen house 
or temple." Quae refers either to aedes or Minerva, and the epi- 
thet x a ^ K ' l0lK °s applies as well to the goddess as to the temple. 

7. Ephbri, the most powerful magistrates at Sparta, who were 
first created by Lycurgus. They were five in number, and held 
their office for a year. They were much the same as the tribunes 
of the people at Rome, appointed to watch with a jealous eye over 
the liberties and rights of the populace. Hence their name B^opoi, 
" overseers," from Ifopav " to oversee, inspect." 

8. Inprimis, etc. i.e. inter primos fuisse, qui lapides afferrent. 

9. Testarum suffragiis, " by the Ostracism" ('Oo-rpaKto-^os, " the act 
of voting with the shells," from oarpoucov, testa, " a tile, a shell,") so 
called from the shells, or earthen tiles, on which the citizens wrote 
their votes. He, whose name was written on a majority of the tiles 
or shells given in, was banished from his country for ten years. * 

10. Argus, (tu "Apyos, in the singular a neuter, in the plural a mas- 
culine), the principal city of Argolis, in the Peloponnesus. 

11. Hoc crimine, i. e. hac criminatione. 

12. In domum tuam, scil. in Xerxem, patrem tuum, et omnino in 
Persas. 

13. Ille expertus est, scil. Xerxes. 

14. De his rebus, i. e. quod attinet ad has res. 

15. Annum temporis, instead of tempus unius anni. 

18 1 . Animi magnitudinem, the courage and resolution which he dis- 
played in throwing himself upon the protection of an enemy. 

2. Omne Mud tempus, the whole year allowed him. 

3. Commodius t i. e. disertius, maj ore facilitate etelegantia. 

4. Asia, Asia Minor. 

5. Magnesia, a town in Lydia. 

6. Desperaret. According to others, because his returning love 
for his native land prevented him from performing his promise. 

7. Acerbitatem, i. e. severitatem. 

8. Confirmavit, li he confirmed in their good will those who were 
well disposed towards the Athenians." 

9. Alienatas, " those who had separated from the Athenians." 



NOTES. 115 

Rmb 

10. Scyros, an island in the Aegean, lying east of Euboea. 18 

11. Civibus, i.e. Atheniensibus eo missis. 

12. Thasos, an island near the southern coast of Macedonia, op- 
posite the mouth of the Nestus. 

13. His manubiis, a concise form of expression for praeda, in his 
expeditionibus facta. 

14. Qua, i. e. ea parte, qua. 

15. Quam, instead of in quam. The preposition is often omitted 
with the relative, when it has been a little before expressed with 
(he demonstrative. 

16. Desiderium, scil. apud Athenienses. 

17. Post annum quintum, quam expulsus crat, i. e. quinto anno post- 
quam expulsus fuer at. 

18. Satius, i. e. melius, utilius. 

19. Contendere, i. e. se conferre. 

20. Sua sponte, opposed to publice, " without a public commis- 
sion, of his own authority." 

1. Ificrementa invidc?itibus. Sparta envied the greatness and pro- 1 9 
gressive increase {incremental of Athens, her rival (aemula urbs), 

for precedence. 

2. Saepius susceptum et dep. est. The Peloponnesian war lasted, 
with various interruptions, from Olymp. 87. 1. to 01. 93. 3. a pe- 
riod of 27 years. 

3. Naxaliproelio, ofTNaupactus. in the Sinus Corinthiacus (G. of 
Lepanto), under the command of Phormio. 

4. Post plures annos. In the ninth year of the war. 

5. Sociorum persona, instead of per socios. 

6. Catina or Catana at the foot of Aetna. The inhabitants of 
this town were called Catanenses, Catinienses, and Catinenses. 

1. Secundo Marte. i. e.fclici successu. 20 

2. De belli inclinato statu, " concerning the unfavourable turn of 
the war." Inclinatus is used in opposition to rectus, firmus. 

3. Quo cognito, i. e. quod quum cognovissent. 

4. Graeciae bellum, i.e. bcllum quod civitates Graeciae inter se ge- 
rebant. 

5. Ex utraque parte, scil. Lacedaemoniorum et Atheniensium. 

6. Inter angustias maris, where the Athenian fleet could not ex- 
tend itself sufficiently. 

1. Elis, a town in a district of the same name in the Peloponnesus. 2 1 

2. Thebae. the capital of Boeotia. 

3. Eumolpidae, the priests of Ceres at the celebration of her fes- 
tivals of Eleusis. The Eumolpidae were descended from Eumolpus, 
akingofThrace,who was made priest of Ceres by Erechtheus king 
of Athens. The priesthood continued in the family for 1200 years. 

4. Decelia, Acacia, on the boundaries of Boeotia and Attica. 

5. Tempus, scil. opportunum, opportunitatem. 

6. Begem fore. The accusative with the infinitive depends upon 
dixit, the idea of which is contained in pcrsuadct. 

7. Ne externis vacct, i. e. he olium Graecis suppetat ad externa hel- 
lo, gerenda. 

8 . Ma lig'oe, i.e. parce. 

9. Samos. one of the Sporades, off the coast of Ionia. At that 
time almost all the Athenian fleet was stationed here. 

1. Impcriumtransfcrtur. This isthe revolution of Pisander. which 22 
occurred, 01. 92. 1. By this revolution the government was taken 
from the people and committed to 400 tyrants, thereby changing the 



116 NOTES. 

Page 

22 previously existing democracy into an oligarchy. After a few 
months the oligarchy was in turn abolished, in the accomplishment 
of which the friends of Alcibiades were particularly active. 

2. Patria liberata, since he had abolished the oligarchy and re- 
stored the democracy. 

3. Viguerant, more expressive than fuerant. 

4. Tribus navalibus, especially in that of Cyzicus, which made 
the Athenians masters of the Hellespont, and compelled the Lace- 
daemonians to abandon the whole sea. 

5. Consilio, i. e. prudentia, "by his prudent conduct." 

6. Adversas superior es, i. e. calamitates, quibus superioribus tem- 
poribus affiicti essent. 

7. Coronis donabatur. Crowns were given, as marks of distinc- 
tion^ citizens who had deserved well of their country. This seems 
to have been practised towards Olympic victors at their home,since 
a state thought itself peculiarly fortunate when one of its citizens 
obtained a prize in the higher games. It was usual in such cases, 
upon the entry of the victor, to heap upon him flowers and wreaths. 

S.Resacrare or r esccr are, liber areab imprecationibus,revocatis dirts. 

23 1. Dumpopulatur. According to others, Alcibiades had left the 
fleet in order to procure subsidies, and the generals, whom he left in 
command, risked an engagement contrary to orders. 

2. Aegos flvmen (Aiyds Trora/jtd?), i. e. " the goat's river," a stream 
in the ThracianChersonese, with a town called Aegos at its mouth. 

3. Inclinata est, i. e. prostrata est. 

4. Nee aliud ditionis Atheniensium, instead of nee quidquam, quod 
in ditione Atheniensiumfuit. 

5. Requirere. The infinitives currere, sciscitari, requirere, are 
used in place of the finite verb. This is called the historical infi- 
nitive, and is much employed in animated narration. 

6. Cum privatis casibus quer. pub. misc. instead of dum de suis 
quisque casibus queritur, etiam'reipublicae calamitatem deflet. 

24 1. Decern viros, " decemvirates," dsKadapx'iai, by which the demo- 
cratical constitution was abolished, and an oppressive aristocracy 
introduced. 

2. Nomen Athen. a circumlocution for the Athenians, like nomen 
Romanum for the Romans. 

3. Negarunt, se passuros, i. e. dixerunt, se non passuros. 

4. Ex duobus oculis. Sparta and Athens were the two eyes of 
Greece. 

5. Longi muri brachia, ra anekri rov (xaicpov reixovs. So they called 
the double walls, which connected the Piraeus with Athens, and 
enclosed the way which led to it. 

6. Triginta rectores, as- if a triple decemvirate. 

7. Mutari. Since the people had lost all their rights, the laws 
were given by an oligarchy, and the execution of their decrees was 
entrusted to mercenaries. 

8. A victoribus, i. e. Lacedaemoniis. • 

9. Exhaustam, etc. urbem bello exhaustam caedibus et rapinis con- 
ficiunt. 

10. Theramenes had been very active in the transactions with 
Sparta, and above all, had co-operated in effecting the adoption of 
the hard conditions proposed by the Lacedaemonians, but at a later 
period resisted the violent measures of his colleagues. 

11. Domesticum terror em, scil. imminentia a tyrannis pericula. 

12. Phrygia, a countrv of Asia Minor, of great extent. 






NOTES. 117 

Page 

13. Critias, the most active and oppressive of the thirty tyrants. 

14. Eatum, i. e.Jirmum,Jlrmatum } " ratified, confirmed," opposed 
to irritum. 

1. Vicinitati, instead of vicinis ; qui homines illius regionis, ubi 25 
Alcibiades habitabat, excitarent. 

2. Negotium dare, i. e. demandare,jubere. 

3. Interficerent. The plural is used in relation to the idea of plu- 
rality contained in the collective noun vicinitati. 

4. Subalare telum, " a dagger," a weapon which maybe carried 
under the arm, {sub ala). 

5. Id quod vestimentorum, instead of omnia vestimenta, quae turn 
aderant. 

6. Mammae vim. The violence of the flames was checked for a 
moment by the clothes which were thrown upon them. 

7. Erectus ad spem ) i. e. syem capiens, spe capta ; erigi and se erigere 
(opposed to dejici } dejectus) are used to denote reanimated courage. 

8. Adu?iatis } i. e. controxtis. 

9. Infinibus Atticae. On the northern boundary, which separates 
Attica from Boeotia. 

10. Piraeus, the town connected with the harbour. The Piraeus 
is now called Porto Leone. 

11. Munychia, a port of Athens. 

12. Jacentem, i. e. interfectum et prostratum. 

13. Eos, qui urbem tenebant, i. e. the army of the oligarchy. 

14. Redder etur depends upon ut } which is contained in the pre- 
ceding ne. 

1. Victoriam. This victory was gained near Cnidus ; by it the 26 
Lacedaemonians lost their naval superiority. 

2. Regi Spartanorum. The Peloponnesus was recovered by the 
Heraclidae about 80 years after the fall of Troy, and 1104 B. C. 
From this period two kings of the race of the Heraclidae reigned 
jointly. 

3. Pietas has reference especially to those duties which one 
owes to the gods, his country, and his friends. 

4. Principes adjust, imp. form. i. e. principes ita informavit, ut 
justa imperia exercerent. 

1. Cornpensatione mercium, " by an interchange of commodities." 2T 

2. In luxuria, i. e. in molli ignavia. 

3. Haec quon.—jingit. Quoniamintelligebat, haec initio dura vi- 
sum iri, ob mores praeserlim hominum, luxuria solutos et corruptos, 
finxit, sibi has leges ab Apolline d,atas esse. Soluti mores is opposed 
to adstricti and severi. Lycurgus had his laws confirmed by the 
oracle at Delphi. 

4. Cretan large island of the Mediterranean,between the Pelopon- 
nesus and Africa ; from it Lycurgus had derived a part of his laws. 

5. Messenia, a province of the Peloponnesus, lying west of Laco- 
nia. Its capital was Messene. 

G. Poenarum, i.e.malorum et calamitalum. 

1. Carmina, in quibus conscrips. Carmina, in quibus Spar- 

tanos ad virtutem hortabatur, propter damna, quae perpessi erant, 
solabatur, consilia denique dabat, quornodo bellum gerendum essct. 
Some of these poems are still extant. 

1. Unumque, scil. the Peloponnesian war. 28 

2. Hunc adversus, instead of adversus hunc. Versus and tenus 
are placed after their cases. 



118 NOTES. 

Page 

28 3. Boeotios. The inhabitants of Boeotia were called Boeotii and 
Boeoti. So in Greek Boturioi and Boiwroi. 

4. Institutis patriae, i. e. the laws which required that he should 
obey the command of the Ephori. 

29 1. Ex eo, scil. Agesilao. 

2. Debilitatae viderentur, instead of debilitatae essent. 

3. Insolenlia gloriae, instead of insolenti gloriatione. 

4. Securis, i. e. us Graecorum, qui, quod se pacem existimabant 
habere, sine metu securi erant. 

5. Archidamus, son of Agesilaus. 

30 1. Principio noctis, i. e. node appetente, primis noctis tenebris. 

2. Aciem, hostium exercitum impetumque eorum, quibus antea 
robur copiarum Lacedaemoniorum resistere non potuerat. 

3. Ex continenli, i. e. confestim, e vestigio. 

4. Victoria, in the battle fought near Mantinea in Arcadia. 
Olymp. 104. 2. 

5. Hunc ante, instead of ante hunc. 

6. Vir melior, instead of utrum vir melior. The omission of the 
first interrogative is not unusual 

7. Accipere, scil. ex honoribus. 

31 1. Muneris, i. e. beneficii a capris accepti. 

2. Aegae, from aX^, aiyos, a goat. 

3. Mortis postrema, instead of mors, rerum omnium postrema ; as 
in the language of Homer, ri\os davdrov. 

4. Praefatus, i. e. dicens. 

5. Stirpem, scil. stirpem regum illius familiae. After the death of 
Alexander, the government of Macedonia devolved upon his gene- 
rals. 

6. Thracibus et lllyriis. The Thracians and Illyrians were the 
nearest neighbours of the Macedonians, the former on the east, the 
latter on the west. They were both rude and warlike nations. 

32 1. Regem, emphatically; a king, such as he should be. 

2. Sustulit, i. e. suscepit et educavit. 

3. Olynthus, a celebrated town and republic of Macedonia, in 
the district of Chalcidice, north of the peninsula of Pallene, and 
at the head of the Toronaicus Sinus, or Gulf of Cassandria. 

4. Occupatus fuisset, i. e. oppressus fuisset. 

5. Alexander occubuit. Diodorus (XV, 71) and others relate that 
he was murdered by Ptolemy Alorites, his younger brother, who held 
the kingdom for four years, and made way for Perdiccas and Philip, 

6. Pari . . . decipitur. According to Diodorus (XVI, 2) and 
others he was slain by the Illyrians. 

7. Serumque . . . erat, i. e. neque exspectari poterat, donee puer 
adultus auxilium f err e posset. 

8. Hinc, i. e. ab una parte, scil. a matre Eurydice. 

9. Immaturam . . . urgeret, i. e. adolescentem immaturae adhuc 
aetatis premeret. 

33 1. Redemit, i. e.pecunia data terminavit. 

2. Amphipolis, an Athenian colony on the Strymon, between 
Macedonia and Thrace. 

3. Bello . . . caedit. Philip with an army of 10,000 foot soldiers 
and 600 horsemen, slew 7,000 of 10,000 foot soldiers and 500 horse- 
men, whom Bardylis, king of the Illyrians, had brought against 
him. Upon this a treaty of peace was made, by which Philip re- 
covered from the Illyrians all the cities that had been previously 
taken from the kingdom of Macedon, Diodor. XVI. 4. 



^ 



NOTES. 119 

Page 

4. Thessalorum equitum. The Thessalian horses were univer- 33 
sally esteemed. 

5. Methona, a town of Macedonia, on the Thermaicus Sinus, in 
the province of Pieria, above Pydna. Diodorus makes this tc 
have been the third time that Philip had besieged this town. 

6. Jacta sagitta, by Aster, whose offer of his services had been 
slighted by Philip. 

7. Inter jectis diebus, i. e. post aliquot dies. 

8. Inferioribus, i, e. imbecillioribus. 

9. CoroTias lanreas, as tokens that they were devoted to the ser- 
vice of Apollo, to whom the laurel was sacred. 

10. Duos fratres ejus. Aridaeus and Menelaus, sons of Amyn- 
tas by his second wife. 

1. In Thracia. Especially in the vicinity of Crenides, after- 34 
wards called Philippi. T 

2. Fratres duo, scil. Berisades and Amadocus, sons of Cotys, a 
Thracian king. 

3. Adhibitis, i. e. ad causam suam defendendam assumtis. 

4. Bellum deprecabantur, i. e. bcllum a se avertere conabantur. 

5. His, scil. Phocensibus. , 

6. Veniam belli pollicetur, i. e. se bellum remissurum neque hostile 
quidquam in eos suscepturum promittit. 

7. Capios, i. e. deceptos. 

8. Pacta salute, i. e. facta pactione, ut eorum vitae parceret. 

9. Dardani, the northern neighbours of the Macedonians. 

10. Ckersonensium urbes, the towns of the Thracian Chersonese, 
which formed the western coast of the Hellespont, and consequent- 
ly commanded the navigation to the Propontis and Euxine. 

11. Auri argentique nihil. The Scythians led for the most part 
a pastoral life, and possessed no other wealth than their herds. 

1. Dissimulatum properly refers to the hostile intentions, which 35 
Philip had long entertained, but knew how to conceal until he 
found a convenient opportunity to declare open war against them. 

2. Atheniensibus. The Athenians had opposed him in many of 
his undertakings, and had baffled his designs in several instances. 

3. Legationibus Graeciam fat. i. e. plurimas legationes per totam 
Graeciam mittunt. 

4. Chaeronaea, a town in Boeotia on a small branch of the Ce- 
phissus. It was the birth-place of Plutarch. 

5. Adversis vulneribus. i. e. pectore, adverso corpore acceptis. 

6. Ita vicit, i. e. victoria ita usus est. 

7. Passus. i. e. expertus. 

8. Corinthus, one of the most celebrated cities of Greece, situate 
upon the isthmus which connects the Peloponnesus with Greece 
Proper. 

9. Alexander, son of Neoptolemus, king of Epirus. 

10. Contenderet, i. e. incederet. 

11. Attains, one of the generals of Philip, and uncle of his wife 
Cleopatra. 

1. Poterat, scil. exigere. which must be taken from the following 36 
exegit. 

2. Gander e, the historical infinitive. 

1. Triballi, a people of Illyria. 3T 

2. Qua opinione, i. e. hoc nuntio,falso Mo et inani. 

3. Bellum remisit. As above, cap. &. belli veniam dedit ; i. e. bel- 
lum hand ultcrius prosecutus est. 



120 NOTES. 

Page 

3 7 4. Ita, i. e. hac conditions proposita. 

5. Ex continently i. e. vestigio, statim. 

6. Praefatus, i. e. dicens, addens. 

38 1. Suis rebus, i. e. regioni quampro sua jam nunc haberet. 

2. In campisAdrastiae^ plain near the Granicus,a river of Mysia, 

3. Asiae, i. e. of Asia Minor. 

4. Gordius, a Phrygian, who, though originally a peasant, was 
raised to the throne. He consecrated in the temple of Jupiter the 
wagon in which he was riding when saluted king. 

5. Tarsus, a town in Cilicia, the most southern orovince of Asia 
Minor. 

39 1. Indubitato, i. e. certo. 

2. Divitiarum, scil. quae illis expraeda hostium obventurae essent 

3. Nee inven. &c. instead of nullas vires inventas esse pares illo- 
rum viribus. 

4:0 1. Sidoniae, scil. urbis. Sidon, the oldest and most powerful city 
of Phoenicia,five geographical miles north of Tyrus,on the sea-coast. 

2. Spretis, i. e. posthabitis. 

3. Ne...putarent, i. e. ne cives hujus urbis existimarent, regem, 
ipsis datum, hoc beneficium nobilitati generis sui potiuSj quam Alex- 
andri voluntati debere. 

4. Tyrus, the great trading town of the Phoenicians. This com- 
mercial city consisted of two parts or towns ; one of them was built 
on the main land, and called Palaetyros ; the other, on a small island 
opposite to it. Its ancient Phoenician name, Tzur, is retained in 
the modern Sur. Hercules was the chief deity of the place 

5. Ammon. See above, B. cap. 9. note 5. 

6. Alexandria. See Part First, p. 56, n. 8. 

7. Babyloniam profugisset. After the battle of Issus. 

8. Faciat. Understand ut after precatur. 

9. Sua sibi dari, i. e. his oblatis conditionibus nihil sibi offer ri, 
quod non jam teneret. 

10. Regni arbitria, i. e. arbitrium de regno r quam ejus partem, 
ipse sibi servaturus, quamque Dario relicturus esset. 

11. Victori, emphatically, instead of sibi. 

4b 1 1. Euphrates, one of the most considerable rivers in Asia, which 
rises in a part of the most northern branch of Taurus, and, flow- 
ing about 1400 British miles, finally empties itself into the Persian 
Gulf. In its course it washes the skirts of Syria, and divides Ara- 
bia, and also Chaldaea and Babylonia, from Mesopotamia. 

2. Gaugamela, a village near Arbela, beyond the Tigris, where 
Alexander obtained his third victory over Darius. Gaugamela 
being an obscure place, the battle was named after Arbela. 

3. Persepolis, a celebrated city, the capital of the Persian empire. 
The ruins of Persepolis, now Estaker^ or Shehel-Minar, still as- 
tonish the modern traveller by their grandeur and magnificence. 

4. Cognovit, i. e. audivit. 

42 1. Hyrcania, a large country of Asia, situate to the south of the 
eastern part of the Caspian sea. 

£. Mardi, a people of Persia, on the confines of Media. 
3. Propter quae crimina, instead of ob hanc co/iisam, quod talibus 
in cum sermonibus esset usus. 

43 1. Exquibus cognitojudicio, i. e. quum ex his cognovissei judicium. 

2. Opinati fuerant, i. e. judicaverant. 

3. Consumturus eos, i. e. eo consilio, ut hanc cohcrtem gravissimis 
periculis objiceret, in qnibus periret. 



NOTES. 121 

Page 

4. Tanais. The proper Tanais, now the Don. formed the divi- 43 
sion line between European and Asiatic Sarmatia, and emptied it- 
self into the Palus Maeotis. The Iaxartes, a large river of Asia, 
rising in the chain of Mons Imaus, and flowing into the Sea of Aral, 
after a course of 1682 English miles, was confounded with the Ta- 
nais in the time of Alexander. The Iaxartes is here meant. 

5. Sogdiana, a country of Asia, north of Bactria, between the 
Oxus and Iaxartes. Its capital was called Maracanda, the famous 
Samarcand of Tartan history. 

6. Chorasmi et Dahae, nations of Scythia, on the Iaxartes. 

7. Argyraspidas, apyvpcurmdas. 

8. Liber, a name of Bacchus. 

1. Commisso praelio, at the river Hydaspes. 44 

2. Nicaea, from vbm\ victory. 

3. Bucephdlen. This city was built by Alexander in honour of 
his favourite horse Bucephalus, killed in the battle against Porus. 

4. Oslendere, the historical infinitive. 

5. Acesines, a large and rapid river of India, falling into the Indus. 

1. Gravior, i. e. major e cumpericulo conjuncta. 45 

2. Saluti redditus, i. e. vulnere sanato in pristinam sanitatem res- 
titutus. 

3. Polyperchon, otherwise written Polysperchon. 

4. Oceano libamenta dedit ; Oceanum, ut deum, solemni libatione 
%ibi propitium reddere studvit. 

5. Praedixit, i. e. monuit. 

6. Testatus, i.e. dice?is, affirmans. 

7. Anaxarchus, a philosopher of Abdera, the friend of Alexander. 

8. Cammissatione, instead of compotatione. 

9. Domus, i. e. ge?Uis. 

10. Aeacidarum. 01ympias,the mother of Alexander, was daugh- 
ter of Ncoptolemus, a king of the Molossi, who was descended from 
Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles ; Achilles was grandson of Aeacus. 

1. Acerrimus, i. e. vividissimi ingenii. 46 

2. Litterarum studiis, a periphrasis for litteris. 

3. Vidoriarumflore, i. e. in media cursu xictoriarum. 

4. Talentiim, instead of talentorum. 

1. Adformundum rerum praescntium statum, i. e. ad capiendum 4T 
consilium de formando rerum statu. 

2. Negat expectandum. i e. dicebat, minime expectandum. 

3. Valetudinem, ob animi imJbecillitatem. 

4. In tutorum obsequia jura'nt, i. e. jurant, se tutoribus Mis obse- 
quium praeslituros esse. 

^ 5. Nullas sibi consiliorum partes relictas, instead of se non in con- 
siliorum societatem esse vocatos. 

1. Inmercatu Olympiaco, at the Olympic games, which were at- 48 
tended with much traffic, (mercatu). 

2. LibertaUm . . . fremebant, i. e. voces jaciebant, dicebant, liberta- 
tem, 7'ecuperatam, bello contra Macedonas suscepto tucndavi esse. 

3. Lamia, a town of Thessaly, at the bottom of the Sinus Mali- 
acus or Lamiaeus, and north of the river Sperchius. 

4. Discurrentibus, instead of disccdentibus. 

5. In civilem sanguinem, instead of in cives. 

6. Ptolemaeus, Lagijilius, also styled Sotcr. 

7. Demetrius, surnamed Poliorcetes, " destroyer of cities." 

8. Gamala, a town in Palestine. 

9. Instrumenlum, i. e. omnem supellectilem, opes privatas, 

10. Pamiliam, i. e. servos. 



122 NOTES. 

Page 

49 1. Navali praelio, .near Salamis, Olymp. 118. 3. 

2. Iterato, adverbially instead of iierum. 

3. Bellumjlnitimum, instead of cum finitimis. 

4. Callisthenes, a philosopher of Olynthus, intimate with Alex- 
ander ; he was tortured in the shocking manner here described 
for refusing to pay honours to the king. 

5. Propter constantiam tantae virtutis, i. e. propter tantam tamque 
constantern virtutem. 

50 1. Proelium, the battle of Ipsus, a town of Phrygia, fought 
Olymp. 119. 4. 

2. Continuae mortes, i. e. quae se exiguo admodum intervallo tern- 
poris secutae fuerant. 

3. Ei, scil. Demetrio. 

51 1. Minimo natu exfiliis. To Ptolemy Philadelphus. 

2. Strenue, i. e. forti animo. 

3. Moritur. Lysimachus fell in a bloody battle, fought in Phry- 
gia, near the Hellespont. 

4. Ptolemaeus Ceraunus, son of Ptolemy Soter, was prevented 
succeeding to the throne of Egypt by his father's partiality for his 
younger brother Philadelphus. He fled to the court of Seleucus in 
Macedonia, and, notwithstanding the kindness of his reception, per- 
fidiously murdered his protector, and ascended his throne, B. C.280. 

5. Antiochus, the son of Seleucus. 

6. Antigonus Gonatas, the son of Demetrius Poliorcetes. 

7. Campus Cirrhaeus, so called from Cirrha, a maritime town 
of Phocis, at the top of the Sinus Crissaeus, serving as a port to 
Delphi, and being 60 stadia distant from it. 

52 1. Romam incendit, after the battle fought at the Allia, in which 
the Romans were totally defeated, B. C. 387. See Part I. V. Lib. 
I. Cap. 32. 

2. Pannonia, a large country of Europe, bounded on the north 
by the Danube, east by Upper Moesia, south by Dalmatia, and 
west by Noricum. In the time of Antonine it was divided into 
Superior and Inferior, the former answering to part of Hungary \ 
the latter to Sclavonia. 

3. Saudi, i. e. ebrii. Saucius is used of every kind of hurt or 
damage; thus it is applied to a drunken man, qui mente non est 
integra. 

53 1. Diis antesignanis, i. e. diis ipsis dpcentibus. 

2. Brevi, scil. tempore. 

3. Statuta, i. e. Constituta, composita. 

4. Opinio, instead of fama et existimatio. 

5. Ex Sicilia. See Part I. V. Lib. II. Cap. 5. et seqq. 

54 1. Ptolemaei. Ptolemaeus Philadelphus is here meant. 

2. Affluxisset, instead of insuper accepisset, supervenisset. 

3. Transitione militum destitutus, i. e. Militum adhostes transe- 
untium defectione copiis destitutus, instead of solus relictus. 

55 1. Antiochus, surnamed Hierax. 

2. Supra aetatem avidus, i.e. avidior quam pueri hac aetate esse 
solent. 

3. Amisso regno. He had been for some time a prisoner in Par- 
thia. 

4. Doson, Awow, Daturus, from his promising much, and giving 
nothing. 

5. Dardani, a northern tribe of Upper Moesia, inhabiting the 
territory now called Servia. 



NOTES. 123 

Wm 

1. Victi Lacedaemonii. This battle was fought in the vicinity 56 
of Sellasia, a town in Laconia, north-east of Sparta. 

2. Saluti. Instead of vitae. 

3. Ad Ptolemaeum, to Ptolemy Erergetes, who had aided him 
against the leaders of the Achaean league. 

4. Afilio ejus. The 4th Ptolemy, son of Evergetes, was suraa- 
med Pkilopdtor. 

5. Seleucus, the 3d, sumamed Ceraunus, by antiphrasis, as he 
was a very weak and irresolute monarch. He was son of Seleu- 
cus the 2d, surnamed Callinicus. 

6. Antiockus, brother of Seleucus Ceraunus, though only 15 years 
old when he ascended the throne, rendered himself so celebrated 
that he acquired the name of Great: 

7. Pkilopdtor, by antiphrasis ; ^tXoTrdrwp, parentum amans. 

1. Imperium totius orbis spe complexi, i.e. sper antes, fieri posse, ut 51 
imperio orbis terrarum potirentur ; or, imperio totius terrarum orbis 
inhiantes. 

2. Mi, (scil. regi Philippo) i. e. inPhilippo gratiam; regno (in 
the ablative) a Romanis occupato. So below, C. 68. Ut Rex Asia 
Romanis cederet. 

3. Gratius habiturus, &c. i. e. se maUe socium (Philippum) quam 
kostes (Romanos) in imperii sui possessione videre. 

4. Minus negotii, i. e. id bellum facilius profligari posse. 

5. Trasime?ius, or T^rasymenus, or Thrasymenus. now the lake 
of Perugiap. lake of Italy near Perusia,celebrated for abattle fought 
there between Annibal and the Romans under Flaminius, B.C. 217. 

1. Injurias Philippi, instead of de injuriis a Philippo acceptis. 58 

2. THtulo, i. e. sub praetextu. 

1. Abstineret. Understand ut 59 

2. Scripsit, i. e. per liter as imperavit, ut. 

3. Assiduo colloquio i i. e. Crebris sermonibus cum Hannibale mix- 
Us ; frequeate cum eo colloquendi occasions quaesita. 

. 4. Reconciliatam ejus cum Romanis gratiam, instead of reconci- 
liatum ejus cum Romanis animum ; xel, eum cum Romanis in gra- 
tiam rediisse. 

5. Congressione, near Thermopylae in Greece. 

6. Praelium commUtitur,ueB,rVh.oco.e3i,on the coast of AsiaMinor. 

1. llion. Where formerly Troja (Dium) stood. 60 

2. Post praelium commissum, near Magnesia, in Lydia. 

3. Ambiguo, i. e. utrimque imminente. 

4. Aetoli. The Aetolians rendered themselves conspicuous, as 
the allies of Rome, in the war against Philip of Macedon; but 
when they did not receive the whole of his kingdom as their re- 
ward, they went over to their former enemies. 

1. Velut in Mo omne bellum confccissent, i. e. quasi illo capto, omne 61 
bellum confectum esset. Philopoemen was one of the greatest gene- 
rals of his age. He has been styled the last of the Greeks. 

2. Quaesito. Ablative absolute ; i. e. quum prius quaesivisset. 

3. ConsulVicm, i. e. provisum afortuna. 

4. Pudorem, i. e. modestiam (auifaocvvriv). 

1. Invidiosum, i. e. hominum invidiae obnoxium. 82 

2. Omne serpentium genus. Instead of serpentes omnis generis. 

3. In pacem cogerent, i. e. abello desistcrc jubcrent. 

4. Ne usu eveniret, quod accidit, i. e. ne idfieret, quod turn factum 
est, ut scil. Romani ipsum comprehensum renirent. Usu and usus 
cenit, equivalent to fit, accidit. 

PART II. 12 



124 NOTES. 

Page 

62 5. Sensit, scil. Hannibal. 

6. Dimitteret, instead of amitteret, deponeret. 

7. Suspensa, i. e. quae adhuc dubia et ambigua fuerat. 

8. Lege victi, i. e. hand aliter ac si victus esset. 

9. Quam victo, quam si victus esset. 

63 1. Proelium. This battle was fought near Pydna, in Macedonia. 

2. Samothracia, now Samanaraki or Mandraki, an island in the 
Aegaean sea, opposite the mouth of the Hebrus, on the coast of 
Thrace. 

3. Conspirationem. In a good sense, " unanimity" 

4. Praedam, non proelium agitantes, i. e. non de proelio, sed de 
praeda cogitantes. 

5. Proelio commisso. Near Leucopetra,on the Isthftnus of Corinth. 

64 1. Novarum rerum. A milder expression for seditionum. 

2. Attains, the third. He reigned only five years. 

3. Summittit. Instead of promittit. 

4 Parthia, the country of the Parthi, was a small province 
south-east of the Caspian sea. In this restricted sense, Parthia 
must not be confounded with what the ancients called the Parthian 
empire. This last was of vast extent, being bounded on the east 
by the Indus, on the west by the Tigris, on the south by the Mare 
Erythraeum, and on the north by Caucasus. 

5. Binisbellis. Orodes, a prince of Parthia, defeated Crassus, 
the Roman triumvir. His son and successor, Phraaies the 4th, 
made war against M. Antony with great success, and obliged him 
to retire with much loss. 

6. Non pares solum, scil. Romanis. 

6s5 1. Sui moris, i. e. ipsis propria et peculiaris. 

2. Fluida, " flowing, loose, very wide." 

3. Ut incautiores adversus vulnera insequentes habeant, i. e. earn 
oh causam, ut insequentes hostes minus a vulneribus caveant. The 
art which the Parthians possessed of discharging their arrows 
while retiring at full speed, gained them many victories. 

4. Carne nonn. ven. quaes, vesc. l. e. nulla came vescuntur nisi 
ferarum, quas venantes ceperunt. 

5. litis, scil. vectati. 

6. In supers, praec. amn. ven. est. i. e. quod ad eorum supersti- 
. tiones attinet, amnes praecipue venerantur, 

7. Taciti, scil. homines, the idea of which is contained in genii. 

8. Pudore, i. e. reverentia. 

9. Seleucus, king of Syria. 
66 1. Praeteritis, i. e. postpositis. 

2. Elymaei, the inhabitants of Elymais, a province of Persia, 
lying to the south of Media, and forming the northern part of the 
large district of Susiana. 
6T 1. Thogarii, a people of Scythia. 

2. lnsultare, scil. sibi ; i. e. Confidentia virium suarum ipsum 
contemnere. 
68. 1. Ex dolor e in fur or em vertitur, properly, ejus dolor infurorem 
versus est ; or, tantum animo dolorem concepit, ut nihil a furore 
abesset. . 

2. Vhi dolor vocem laxaverat, i. e. ubi doloris vehementia nonnihii 
imminuta vocis edendae potestatem fecit. So Virgil ( Aen . XI. 151 .) 
says of Evander, who was overwhelmed with grief at the loss of 
his son ; Et via vix tandem voci laxata dolore est. 

3. Ad Caesarem. To Octavianus. 






NOTES. 125 

Page 

1. Cum signis militarUnis. These were the ensigns and stand- 69 
ards which the Parthians had taken from Crassus. 

2. Trinacria. So called from its three promontories (rpctj dKpai). 

3. Sicania. This name was derived from the Sicani, a people 
of Iberian origin, who came from Upper Asia. They settled first 
in Italy, whence they passed to Sicily, and took possession of the 
western parts of the island. 

4. Graeci nominis. A periphrasis for Graecos, as Romanum 
nomen for Romani. The lower part of Italy was settled chiefly by 
Grecian colonies, whence the name of Magna Graecia. 

1. Romam incenderant. See above, E. cap. 51. TO 

2. Ncxorum, i. e. captivorum. Nexi is sometimes used in a more 
limited sense for qui ob aes alienum nexi, i. e in servitutem detrusi 
sunt. 

3. Sollicitat, i. e. sibi conciliare studet. 

4. Dubitavit. Understand utrum. 

5. In quam rem miss. prim, in care. ret. i. e. quod quum Syracu- 
sani fecissent, principes que cives pads conciliandae causa ad eum 
nusistent, Dionysius hos retinuit. 

1. Locri, called Epizephyrii, inhabited Magna Graecia, near Tl 
the promontory of Zephyrium, at the southern extremity of the 
Bruttiorum ager. 

2. Sine fide fuit, i. e. nemo eifidemhabuit ; ommxbus suspectusfuit. 

1. Murgantium, a town of Sicily, in the eastern part of the island. T 2 

2. Leontium vel Leontini, a town on the coast, north of Syracuse. 

3. Auxilio fugae ademto, i.e. ademta spe fugae } qua se periculis 
sv.btraherent. 

4. Duo, scil. millia. 

5. Specular entur, scil. Carthaginienses, the idea of which is con- 
tained in the word Carthagine. 

G. Poeni . . . occidione caesi nuntiabantur •, instead of nuntiatmm 
est Poenos . . . occidione caesos esse. 

7. Auctus, scil. Agathocles. 

1. Err ore noctis, i. e. node et tenebris in err or em inductus. T3 

2. Ampliandi, i. e. augendi. 

3. Magnis viribus, i. e. multis cumcopiis. 

4. Bellum gcrebat. See Part First, V. Lib. II. cap. 5—9. 

1. Hiero, the 2d. The first of that name lived two centuries 14 
earlier. 

2. Ad spem majestalis, quae promittebat/wr, \. e. ad dignitatis fas- 
tigium, quod aruspices eum spe rare jubebant. 

3. Hlspanus, a son of Hercules. x 

1. Nee summae tantum terrae bona, i. e. ea bona (those produc- 75 
lions) quae e superficie terrae nascuntur. 

2. Vineis campisque irrigui, instead of campos et vineas irrigantes. 

3. Ad inediam, i. e. ad famem prefer endam. 

4. Extraneus, scil. host Is. 

5. Arma sanguine ipso cariora ) i. e. sanguinem et vitam, quam 
arma, perdere malunt. 

6. Ipsi, scil. viri. 

7. Serviunt, i. e. operam dant. 

1. Gades, a flourishing commercial city of Spain, at the mouth T6 
of one of the arms of the Baetis, now Cadiz. It was founded by 

a Phoenician colony. Hercules, surnamed Gaditanus. had here 
a celebrated temple. 

2. Ligures. This nation was settled on the southern coast of 



126 NOTES. 

Page 

76 Gaul. They gradually extended themselves into Italy, and ob- 
tained exclusive possession of that part of Gallia Cisalpina which 
lay between the Padus or Po on the north, the Ligusiicus Sinus 
or G. of Genoa on the south, the river Macra on the east, and the 
Varus on the west. 
3. Illic, i. e. inter epulas. 

TT 1. Fatigabant, i. e. vexabant. 

2. In tantum, i. e. tantopere. 

3. Quandoque, instead of aliquando, in posterum. 

4. Domestico praesidio fortem, i, e. adjutam catvXorwm^ quos ad 
domus praesidium educaverat, auxilio. 

5. Floralia, games celebrated in honour of Flora. 

6. Apertae forent, scil. ab Us quos clam in urbem miser at, 

7. Sepultam, scil. oppressam. 

8. Recognoscere, i. e. diligenter inspicere, num arma celarent aliav* 
de causa suspecti essent. 

XS L Nomen Massiliensium i instead of Massilienses. 

2. Petitoque, the ablative absolute, instead of et quum pelivisset. 
- 3. Eos ad cur. deor. imm. pert. i. e. eos deorum euro, hdberi dig" 
nos, i. e. deos eorum cur am habere. 

4. Urb. Rom. incens. See Part First, V. Lib. I. cap. 32. 

5, Funere, i. e. luctu. 



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